Proverbs 20:1

KJV

¶ Wine [is] a mocker, strong drink [is] raging: and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.

KJV (with Strong's)

Wine {H3196} is a mocker {H3887}, strong drink {H7941} is raging {H1993}: and whosoever is deceived {H7686} thereby is not wise {H2449}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Wine is a mocker, strong liquor a rowdy; anyone led astray by it is unwise.

Berean Standard Bible

Wine is a mocker, strong drink is a brawler, and whoever is led astray by them is not wise.

American Standard Version

Wine is a mocker, strong drink a brawler; And whosoever erreth thereby is not wise.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Proverbs 20:1 delivers a potent warning against the deceptive and destructive nature of intoxicating beverages, declaring that wine acts as a scornful deceiver and strong drink incites chaos. The verse profoundly asserts that anyone who succumbs to their allure and is led astray by them demonstrates a fundamental lack of true wisdom, underscoring the ancient wisdom tradition's emphasis on discernment and self-control as hallmarks of a righteous life.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Proverbs 20:1 is situated within the broader collection of wisdom literature, specifically the Book of Proverbs, which serves as a compendium of divine instruction for practical living. This particular verse falls within a section of individual proverbs (chapters 10-29) that often present contrasting paths—the way of wisdom versus the way of folly. It stands as a distinct, pithy saying, yet it resonates deeply with other warnings against various forms of excess, impulsivity, and self-indulgence found throughout the book. Its placement reinforces the consistent call for prudence, discernment, and adherence to righteous principles as foundational for a flourishing life, aligning with the overarching theme that true wisdom begins with [the fear of the LORD](/proverbs/9-10 "Proverbs 9:10 - The Fear of the LORD as the Beginning of Wisdom").
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** In ancient Israel, wine was a common beverage, integral to daily life, social gatherings, and even religious ceremonies (e.g., offerings, Passover). However, the Bible consistently distinguishes between the moderate, appropriate use of wine and its abuse, which leads to drunkenness. "Strong drink" (Hebrew: _shêkâr_) refers to other fermented beverages, possibly made from grains, dates, or other fruits, typically having a higher alcohol content than wine. Society recognized the intoxicating effects of both, and while they were available, their misuse was widely understood to lead to societal disorder, personal disgrace, and impaired judgment. This proverb reflects a cultural understanding that excessive consumption of alcohol was a significant pathway to foolish behavior and moral compromise, contrasting sharply with the societal value placed on sobriety and self-control.
* **Key Themes:** This proverb highlights several critical themes. Firstly, it underscores **The Deceptive Nature of Intoxication**, personifying wine as a "mocker" that initially promises pleasure or escape but ultimately scoffs at its user, leading to foolishness and public shame. Secondly, it addresses the **Loss of Self-Control and Sound Judgment**, portraying strong drink as "raging," implying the tumultuous, chaotic, and often violent behavior that accompanies drunkenness, which strips individuals of their inhibitions and capacity for rational thought. Thirdly, and most significantly, it links intoxication directly to a **Lack of True Wisdom**. To be "deceived" by alcohol means to err or go astray from the path of prudence and righteousness, demonstrating that yielding to its allure is a clear sign of folly, as it impairs the very faculties necessary for discernment and wise decision-making, which are central to the entire [Book of Proverbs](/proverbs/1 "Proverbs 1 - Introduction to Wisdom").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Mocker (Hebrew, _lûwts'_):** From H3887, this root means "to make mouths at, i.e. to scoff." In the context of Proverbs, a "mocker" (or "scorner") is a significant character type, one who despises wisdom, rejects correction, and delights in foolishness. By personifying wine as a "mocker," the proverb vividly portrays how alcohol itself behaves like such a character, leading its devotees to scorn sound judgment and righteous living, ultimately making them objects of ridicule.
* **Raging (Hebrew, _hâmâh'_):** From H1993, this primitive root means "to make a loud sound," by implication "to be in great commotion or tumult, to rage, war, moan, clamor." This word powerfully evokes the chaotic, noisy, and uncontrolled behavior often associated with drunkenness. It suggests an internal and external uproar, a loss of peace and order, reflecting the disquieted state of one under the influence of strong drink.
* **Wise (Hebrew, _châkam'_):** From H2449, this root means "to be wise (in mind, word or act)." In Proverbs, wisdom is not merely intellectual knowledge but the practical skill of living a life in accordance with God's will, characterized by discernment, prudence, and righteousness. The declaration that "whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise" directly links the inability to resist the allure of alcohol to a fundamental deficiency in this practical, godly wisdom.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Wine is a mocker":** This clause personifies wine, attributing to it the characteristics of a "mocker" or "scorner." It implies that wine, far from being a harmless pleasure, actively deceives and ridicules those who indulge in it to excess. It promises escape or enjoyment but delivers folly, public shame, and a loss of dignity, ultimately mocking the one who thought they were in control.
* **"strong drink is raging":** This parallel clause extends the warning to "strong drink," which typically refers to more potent fermented beverages. The term "raging" (Hebrew: _hâmâh_) vividly describes the tumultuous, boisterous, and often violent behavior that accompanies severe intoxication. It speaks to the loss of self-control, the outburst of uncontrolled emotions, and the potential for conflict and chaos that strong drink can unleash.
* **"and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise":** This concluding clause presents the direct consequence and theological implication. To be "deceived" (Hebrew: _shâgâh_) means to err, go astray, or be led astray, often through ignorance or delusion. The proverb states unequivocally that anyone who falls victim to the deceptive and chaotic influence of wine and strong drink, allowing themselves to be led astray, demonstrates a profound lack of true wisdom. Their actions reveal an inability to discern good from evil, to exercise prudence, and to maintain self-control, all of which are foundational elements of biblical wisdom.

#### Literary Devices
Proverbs 20:1 employs several powerful **Literary Devices** to convey its message. **Personification** is central, as "wine" is depicted as a "mocker" and "strong drink" as "raging." This gives inanimate substances active, malevolent qualities, making their destructive influence more vivid and immediate. The verse also utilizes **Parallelism**, a hallmark of Hebrew poetry, particularly **synonymous parallelism**, where the second line ("strong drink is raging") echoes and amplifies the sentiment of the first ("Wine is a mocker"), reinforcing the unified message about the dangers of intoxicants. Furthermore, the entire verse functions as a **Metaphor** or **Symbolism**, where the physical effects of alcohol (deception, rage) symbolize the broader spiritual and moral consequences of yielding to temptation and folly, contrasting sharply with the sober, discerning path of wisdom.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Proverbs 20:1 is a theological anchor in the biblical understanding of self-control, discernment, and the nature of true wisdom. It underscores that the pursuit of godly wisdom inherently involves resisting anything that impairs judgment or leads one away from righteousness. The verse implicitly connects to the broader biblical theme that the body is a temple of the Holy Spirit and that believers are called to live soberly and righteously in a world prone to excess. It highlights the spiritual danger of intoxication, not merely as a social problem, but as a direct affront to the wisdom that God desires for His people, leading to a state where one is easily deceived and unable to walk in the light of truth.

* [Proverbs 23:29-35](/proverbs/23-29 "Proverbs 23:29-35 - The Woes of Drunkenness") provides a graphic and detailed description of the physical, emotional, and social woes that accompany excessive drinking, reinforcing the warning of Proverbs 20:1.
* [Ephesians 5:18](/ephesians/5-18 "Ephesians 5:18 - Be Filled with the Spirit") contrasts being "drunk with wine, wherein is excess" with being "filled with the Spirit," presenting spiritual fullness as the true alternative to worldly intoxication and its associated lack of self-control.
* [1 Peter 5:8](/1_peter/5-8 "1 Peter 5:8 - Be Sober and Watchful") exhorts believers to "Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil walks about like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour," directly linking sobriety and self-control to spiritual warfare and the ability to resist temptation.

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Proverbs 20:1 offers a timeless and profoundly relevant caution for contemporary life. In a world where alcohol and other intoxicating substances are readily available and often glorified, this verse serves as a piercing reminder of their inherent deceptive power. It challenges us to look beyond superficial pleasures and immediate gratification to discern the long-term consequences of impaired judgment and lost self-control. For believers, it's a call to cultivate a life marked by spiritual sobriety, where our minds are clear, our decisions are sound, and our actions reflect the wisdom of God rather than the folly of the world. True wisdom empowers us to make choices that honor God, protect our witness, and preserve our relationships, recognizing that anything that diminishes our capacity for discernment ultimately leads us astray from the path of righteousness. It compels us to consider how we steward our bodies, minds, and spirits, ensuring that we are not "deceived" by anything that would hinder our walk with Christ.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what ways might "wine" or "strong drink" (broadly interpreted as anything that impairs judgment or leads to folly) act as a "mocker" in your life or in society today?**
* **How does the concept of "raging" manifest in behaviors or situations where self-control is lost, and what steps can be taken to cultivate greater self-control?**
* **What does it truly mean to be "wise" in the biblical sense, and how does avoiding deception by intoxicating influences contribute to that wisdom?**
* **Beyond literal alcohol, what other "deceptions" in modern culture might cause us to act unwisely or stray from God's path?**

### FAQ
**Does Proverbs 20:1 advocate for total abstinence from alcohol?**

Answer: While Proverbs 20:1 strongly warns against the dangers of excessive alcohol consumption and its deceptive nature, it does not explicitly command total abstinence. The Bible acknowledges the use of wine in various contexts (e.g., [Psalm 104:15](/psalms/104-15 "Psalm 104:15 - Wine that makes glad the heart of man")), but consistently condemns drunkenness and its associated behaviors. This verse, like many in Proverbs, focuses on the *misuse* of wine and strong drink, highlighting the folly of being "deceived" by them. For believers, the principle is to exercise self-control, avoid anything that causes one to stumble or become a stumbling block to others ([Romans 14:21](/romans/14-21 "Romans 14:21 - It is good not to eat meat or drink wine")), and to prioritize spiritual wisdom over worldly indulgence. For some, abstinence may be the wisest and most loving choice.

**Why is wine called a "mocker" and strong drink "raging"?**

Answer: The proverb uses vivid personification to describe the destructive nature of alcohol. Wine is called a "mocker" (Hebrew: _lûwts_) because, like a scornful person, it promises pleasure or escape but ultimately leads to foolishness, public disgrace, and a loss of dignity, making its user an object of ridicule. It "mocks" the one who thought they were in control. Strong drink is described as "raging" (Hebrew: _hâmâh_) to convey the tumultuous, chaotic, and often violent behavior that accompanies severe intoxication. It signifies a loss of internal peace and external order, reflecting the disquieted state and uncontrolled outbursts of one under its influence. These descriptions highlight the deceptive and chaotic outcomes of excessive consumption.

**What is the connection between being "deceived" by alcohol and not being "wise"?**

Answer: The phrase "whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise" directly links succumbing to the allure of alcohol with a fundamental lack of wisdom. To be "deceived" (Hebrew: _shâgâh_) means to err, go astray, or be led astray, often through delusion or impaired judgment. True biblical wisdom (Hebrew: _châkam_) is not merely intellectual knowledge but the practical skill of living a life in accordance with God's will, characterized by discernment, prudence, and self-control. When one is "deceived" by alcohol, their judgment is clouded, their inhibitions are lowered, and they are led away from the path of righteousness and sound decision-making. Therefore, yielding to such deception is a clear indicator of folly, as it demonstrates an inability to exercise the discernment and self-control that define true wisdom.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Proverbs 20:1, with its stark warning against the deception and chaos wrought by intoxication, finds its ultimate fulfillment and resolution in the person and work of Jesus Christ. While the Old Testament wisdom literature points to the dangers of folly and the pursuit of human wisdom, Christ himself is revealed as the very embodiment of divine wisdom. [Colossians 2:3](/colossians/2-3 "Colossians 2:3 - Christ, in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge") declares that "in Him are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge," meaning that true discernment and understanding are found not in avoiding external substances alone, but in a relationship with Him. The "mocker" of wine and the "raging" of strong drink symbolize the deceptive and destructive power of sin that leads humanity astray. However, Jesus came to set the captives free from the bondage of sin ([John 8:36](/john/8-36 "John 8:36 - The Son sets you free")), offering a freedom that contrasts sharply with the enslavement of addiction or foolish choices. Instead of being "filled with wine, wherein is excess," believers are called to be "filled with the Spirit" ([Ephesians 5:18](/ephesians/5-18 "Ephesians 5:18 - Be Filled with the Spirit")), through whom the fruit of self-control is cultivated ([Galatians 5:22-23](/galatians/5-22 "Galatians 5:22-23 - The Fruit of the Spirit")). Thus, the wisdom warned about in Proverbs is perfectly realized in Christ, who empowers His followers to live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present age, no longer deceived by the world's allurements but guided by the Spirit of truth.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Hosea 4:11

Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart.

Ephesians 5:18

And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit;

Isaiah 28:7

But they also have erred through wine, and through strong drink are out of the way; the priest and the prophet have erred through strong drink, they are swallowed up of wine, they are out of the way through strong drink; they err in vision, they stumble [in] judgment.

Proverbs 31:4

[It is] not for kings, O Lemuel, [it is] not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink:

1 Corinthians 6:10

Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God.

Galatians 5:21

Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, and such like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told [you] in time past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God.

Habakkuk 2:15

¶ Woe unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest thy bottle to [him], and makest [him] drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness!