### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **yayin**, represented by `{{H3196}}`, is the primary term for **wine**. Its base definition, derived from a root meaning to effervesce, describes fermented wine and, by implication, intoxication and banqueting. It appears 140 times across 134 unique verses, underscoring its common presence in biblical life. This term encompasses the beverage itself, the state of being a wine-bibber, and even a place of feasting.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical narratives, `{{H3196}}` is used in diverse and often contrasting contexts. It is presented as a provision for hospitality and blessing, as when Melchizedek brought forth bread and **wine** [[Genesis 14:18]]. It is a gift that "maketh glad the heart of man" [[Psalms 104:15]] and is part of a life accepted by God [[Ecclesiastes 9:7]]. However, scripture also warns of its dangers. **Wine** is described as a "mocker" [[Proverbs 20:1]] that leads to error and deception [[Isaiah 28:7]]. It is linked to the prideful man who transgresses [[Habakkuk 2:5]] and is the substance through which Noah became drunken [[Genesis 9:21]]. The word is also used to refer to a "banqueting" house, a place of celebration [[Song of Solomon 2:4]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide a fuller picture of drink and its effects in the Bible:
* `{{H7941}}` **shêkâr** (strong drink): This term for an intensely alcoholic liquor frequently appears alongside **yayin**. Proverbs warns that **wine** is a mocker and **strong drink** is raging [[Proverbs 20:1]]. Priests were forbidden from consuming either before ministering in the tabernacle [[Leviticus 10:9]].
* `{{H8492}}` **tîyrôwsh** (new, sweet wine): This word typically refers to fresh grape-juice as a product of the harvest, often listed with grain and oil as a sign of agricultural blessing [[Deuteronomy 11:14]]. However, it can also be said to "take away the heart" along with **yayin** [[Hosea 4:11]].
* `{{H7937}}` **shâkar** (to become tipsy): This verb describes the direct result of consuming **yayin**. After Noah drank the **wine**, he "was drunken" [[Genesis 9:21]]. The term can also be used positively, as an invitation to "drink abundantly" in a context of love and celebration [[Song of Solomon 5:1]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H3196}}` is demonstrated through several key themes:
* **A Divine Provision and a Source of Joy:** God provides **wine** as a blessing that can "maketh merry" [[Ecclesiastes 10:19]]. In times of future restoration, drinking **wine** from one's own vineyard is a sign of peace and security [[Amos 9:14]]. Love itself is described as better than **wine** [[Song of Solomon 1:2]].
* **A Warning Against Excess and Deception:** Scripture repeatedly warns that loving **wine** can lead to poverty [[Proverbs 21:17]]. It can cause priests and prophets to err in vision and stumble in judgment [[Isaiah 28:7]], and kings are specifically cautioned against its consumption [[Proverbs 31:4]].
* **A Symbol of Divine Judgment:** In the hands of the LORD, **wine** becomes a metaphor for divine wrath. The nations are made to drink from the "wine cup of this fury," which makes them mad [[Jeremiah 25:15]]. God can also make His people drink the "wine of astonishment" [[Psalms 60:3]].
* **An Element in Sacred Contexts:** **Yayin** was a required part of drink offerings [[Exodus 29:40]]. At the same time, its use was forbidden for priests on duty [[Leviticus 10:9]] and for Nazarites [[Numbers 6:3]], establishing its role in rituals of separation and consecration.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H3196}}` is a complex and multifaceted word. It is depicted as both a blessing from God associated with joy, provision, and hospitality [[Psalms 104:15]], and as a substance whose misuse leads to mockery, violence, and spiritual error ([[Proverbs 20:1]], [[Proverbs 4:17]]). From its place in sacred offerings [[Leviticus 23:13]] to its role as a metaphor for God's judgment [[Jeremiah 51:7]], **yayin** is woven into the fabric of biblical life, illustrating the profound tension between the goodness of God's creation and the human potential for its corruption.
TRV