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Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Luke 10:25–37. His four-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
We have here Christ's discourse with a lawyer about some points of conscience, which we are all concerned to be rightly informed in and are so here from Christ though the questions were proposed with no good intention.
I.We are concerned to know what that good is which we should do in this life, in order to our attaining eternal life.
A question to this purport was proposed to our Saviour by a certain lawyer, or scribe, only with a design to try him, not with a desire to be instructed by him, Luk 10:25. The lawyer stood up, and asked him, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? If Christ had any thing peculiar to prescribe, by this question he would get it out of him, and perhaps expose him for it; if not, he would expose his doctrine as needless, since it would give no other direction for obtaining happiness than what they had already received; or, perhaps, he had no malicious design against Christ, as some of the scribes had, only he was willing to have a little talk with him, just as people go to church to hear what the minister will say. This was a good question: What shall I do to inherit eternal life? But it lost all its goodness when it was proposed with an ill design, or a very mean one. Note, It is not enough to speak of the things of God, and to enquire about them, but we must do it with a suitable concern. If we speak of eternal life, and the way to it, in a careless manner, merely as matter of discourse, especially as matter of dispute, we do but take the name of God in vain, as the lawyer here did. Now this question being started, observe,
1.How Christ turned him over to the divine law, and bade him follow the direction of that. Though he knew the thoughts and intents of his heart, he did not answer him according to the folly of that, but according to the wisdom and goodness of the question he asked. He answered him with a question: What is written in the law? How readest thou? Luk 10:26. He came to catechize Christ, and to know him; but Christ will catechize him, and make him know himself. He talks to him as a lawyer, as one conversant in the law: the studies of his profession would inform him; let him practise according to his knowledge, and he should not come short of eternal life. Note, It will be of great use to us, in our way to heaven, to consider what is written in the law, and what we read there. We must have recourse to our bibles, to the law, as it is now in the hand of Christ and walk in the way that is shown us there. It is a great mercy that we have the law written, that we have it thereby reduced to certainty, and that thereby it is capable of spreading the further, and lasting the longer. Having it written, it is our duty to read it, to read it with understanding, and to treasure up what we read, so that when there is occasion, we may be able to tell what is written in the law, and how we read. To this we must appeal; by this we must try doctrines and end disputes; this must be our oracle, our touchstone, our rule, our guide. What is written in the law? How do we read? if there be light in us, it will have regard to this light.
2.What a good account he gave of the law, of the principal commandments of the law, to the observance of which we must bind ourselves if we would inherit eternal life. He did not, like a Pharisee, refer himself to the tradition of the elders, but, like a good textuary, fastened upon the two first and great commandments of the law, as those which he thought must be most strictly observed in order to the obtaining of eternal life, and which included all the rest, Luk 10:27.
(1.)We must love God with all our hearts, must look upon him as the best of beings, in himself most amiable, and infinitely perfect and excellent; as one whom we lie under the greatest obligations to, both in gratitude and interest. We must prize him, and value ourselves by our elation to him; must please ourselves in him, and devote ourselves entirely to him. Our love to him must be sincere, hearty, and fervent; it must be a superlative love, a love that is as strong as death, but an intelligent love, and such as we can give a good account of the grounds and reasons of. It must be an entire love; he must have our whole souls, and must be served with all that is within us. We must love nothing besides him, but what we love for him and in subordination to him.
(2.)We must love our neighbours as ourselves, which we shall easily do, if we, as we ought to do, love God better than ourselves. We must wish well to all and ill to none; must do all the good we can in the world and no hurt, and must fix it as a rule to ourselves to do to others as we would they should do to us; and this is to love our neighbour as ourselves.
3.Christ's approbation of what he said, Luk 10:28. Though he came to tempt him, yet what he said that was good Christ commended: Thou hast answered right. Christ himself fastened upon these as the two great commandments of the law (Mat 22:37): both sides agreed in this. Those who do well shall have praise of the same, and so should those have that speak well. So far is right; but he hardest part of this work yet remains: "This do, and thou shalt live; thou shalt inherit eternal life."
4.His care to avoid the conviction which was now ready to fasten upon him. When Christ said, This do, and thou shalt live, he began to be aware that Christ intended to draw from him an acknowledgment that he had not done this, and therefore an enquiry what he should do, which way he should look, to get his sins pardoned; an acknowledgment also that he could not do this perfectly for the future by any strength of his own, and therefore an enquiry which way he might fetch in strength to enable him to do it: but he was willing to justify himself, and therefore cared not for carrying on that discourse, but saith, in effect, as another did (Mat 19:20), All these things have I kept from my youth up. Note, Many ask good questions with a design rather to justify themselves than to inform themselves, rather proudly to show what is good in them than humbly to see what is bad in them.
II.We are concerned to know who is our neighbour, whom by the second great commandment we are obliged to love.
This is another of this lawyer's queries, which he started only that he might drop the former, lest Christ should have forced him, in the prosecution of it, to condemn himself, when he was resolved to justify himself. As to loving God, he was willing to say no more of it; but, as to his neighbour, he was sure that there he had come up to the rule, for he had always been very kind and respectful to all about him. Now observe,
1.What was the corrupt notion of the Jewish teachers in this matter. Dr. Lightfoot quotes their own words to this purport: "Where he saith, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, he excepts all Gentiles, for they are not our neighbours, but those only that are of our own nation and religion." They would not put an Israelite to death for killing a Gentile, for he was not his neighbour: they indeed say that they ought not to kill a Gentile whom they were not at war with; but, if they saw a Gentile in danger of death, they thought themselves under no obligation to help to save his life. Such wicked inferences did they draw from that holy covenant of peculiarity by which God had distinguished them, and by abusing it thus they had forfeited it; God justly took the forfeiture, and transferred covenant-favours to the Gentile world, to whom they brutishly denied common favours.
2.How Christ corrected this inhuman notion, and showed, by a parable, that whomsoever we have need to receive kindness fRom. and find ready to show us the kindness we need, we cannot but look upon as our neighbour; and therefore ought to look upon all those as such who need our kindness, and to show them kindness accordingly, though they be not of our own nation and religion. Now observe,
(1.)The parable itself, which represents to us a poor Jew in distressed circumstances, succoured and relieved by a good Samaritan. Let us see here,
[1.]How he was abused by his enemies. The honest man was traveling peaceably upon his lawful business in the road, and it was a great road that led from Jerusalem to Jericho, Luk 10:30. The mentioning of those places intimates that it was matter of fact, and not a parable; probably it happened lately, just as it is here related. The occurrences of Providence would yield us many good instructions, if we would carefully observe and improve them, and would be equivalent to parables framed on purpose for instruction, and be more affecting. This poor man fell among thieves. Whether they were Arabians, plunderers, that lived by spoil, or some profligate wretches of his own nation, or some of the Roman soldiers, who, notwithstanding the strict discipline of their army, did this villany, does not appear; but they were very barbarous; they not only took his money, but stripped him of his clothes, and, that he might not be able to pursue them, or only to gratify a cruel disposition (for otherwise what profit was there in his blood?) they wounded him, and left him half dead, ready to die of his wounds. We may here conceive a just indignation at highwaymen, that have divested themselves of all humanity, and are as natural brute beasts, beasts of prey, made to be taken and destroyed; and at the same time we cannot but think with compassion on those that fall into the hands of such wicked and unreasonable men, and be ready, when it is in our power, to help them. What reason have we to thank God for our preservation from perils by robbers!
[2.]How he was slighted by those who should have been his friends, who were not only men of his own nation and religion, but one a priest and the other a Levite, men of a public character and station; nay, they were men of professed sanctity, whose offices obliged them to tenderness and compassion (Heb 5:2), who ought to have taught others their duty in such a case as this, which was to deliver them that were drawn unto death; yet they would not themselves do it. Dr. Lightfoot tells us that many of the courses of the priests had their residence in Jericho, and thence came up to Jerusalem, when it was their turn to officiate there, and so back again, which occasioned abundance of passing and repassing of priests that way, and Levites their attendants. They came this way, and saw the poor wounded man. It is probable that they heard his groans, and could not but perceive that if he were not helped he must quickly perish. The Levite not only saw him, but came and looked on him Luk 10:32. But they passed by on the other side; when they saw his case, they got as far off him as ever they could, as if they would have had a pretence to say, Behold, we knew it not. It is sad when those who should be examples of charity are prodigies of cruelty, and when those who should by displaying the mercies of God, open the bowels of compassion in others, shut up their own.
[3.]How he was succoured and relieved by a stranger, a certain Samaritan, of that nation which of all others the Jews most despised and detested and would have no dealings with. This man had some humanity in him, Luk 10:33. The priest had his heart hardened against one of his own people, but the Samaritan had his opened towards one of another people. When he saw him he had compassion on him, and never took into consideration what country he was of. Though he was a Jew, he was a man, and a man in misery, and the Samaritan has learned to honour all men; he knows not how soon this poor man's case may be his own, and therefore pities him, as he himself would desire and expect to be pitied in the like case. That such great love should be found in a Samaritan was perhaps thought as wonderful as that great faith which Christ admired in a Roman, and in a woman of Canaan; but really it was not so, for pity is the work of a man, but faith is the work of divine grace. The compassion of this Samaritan was not an idle compassion; he did not think it enough to say, "Be healed, be helped" (Jam 2:16); but, when he drew out his soul, he reached forth his hand also to this poor needy creature, Isa 58:7, Isa 58:10; Pro 31:20. See how friendly this good Samaritan was. First, He went to the poor man, whom the priest and Levite kept at a distance from; he enquired, no doubt, how he came into this deplorable condition, and condoled with him. Secondly, He did the surgeon's part, for want of a better. He bound up his wounds, making use of his own linen, it is likely, for that purpose; and poured in oil and wine, which perhaps he had with him; wine to wash the wound, and oil to mollify it, and close it up. He did all he could to ease the pain, and prevent the peril, of his wounds, as one whose heart bled with him. Thirdly, He set him on his own beast, and went on foot himself, and brought him to an inn. A great mercy it is to have inns upon the road, where we may be furnished for our money with all the conveniences for food and rest. Perhaps the Samaritan, if he had not met with this hindrance, would have got that night to his journey's end; but, in compassion to that poor man, he takes up short at an inn. Some think that the priest and Levite pretended they could not stay to help the poor man, because they were in haste to go and attend the temple-service at Jerusalem. We suppose the Samaritan went upon business; but he understood that both his own business and God's sacrifice too must give place to such an act of mercy as this. Fourthly, He took care of him in the inn, got him to bed, had food for him that was proper, and due attendance, and, it may be, prayed with him. Nay, Fifthly, As if he had been his own child, or one he was obliged to look after, when he left him next morning, he left money with the landlord, to be laid out for his use, and passed his word for what he should spend more. Twopence of their money was about fifteen pence of ours, which, according to the rate of things then, would go a great way; however, here it was an earnest of satisfaction to the full of all demands. All this was kind and generous, and as much as one could have expected from a friend or a brother; and yet here it is done by a stranger and foreigner.
Now this parable is applicable to another purpose than that for which it was intended; and does excellently set forth the kindness and love of God our Saviour towards sinful miserable man. We were like this poor distressed traveller. Satan, our enemy, had robbed us, stripped us, wounded us; such is the mischief that sin had done us. We were by nature more than half dead, twice dead, in trespasses and sins; utterly unable to help ourselves, for we were without strength. The law of Moses, like the priest and Levite, the ministers of the law, looks upon us, but has no compassion on us, gives us no relief, passes by on the other side, as having neither pity nor power to help us; but then comes the blessed Jesus, that good Samaritan (and they said of him, by way of reproach, he is a Samaritan), he has compassion on us, he binds up our bleeding wounds (Psa 147:3; Isa 61:1), pours in, not oil and wine, but that which is infinitely more precious, his own blood. He takes care of us, and bids us put all the expenses of our cure upon his account; and all this though he was none of us, till he was pleased by his voluntary condescension to make himself so, but infinitely above us. This magnifies the riches of his love, and obliges us all to say, "How much are we indebted, and what shall we render?"
(2.)The application of the parable. [1.] The truth contained in it is extorted from the lawyer's own mouth. "Now tell me," saith Christ, "which of these three was neighbour to him that fell among thieves (Luk 10:36), the priest, the Levite, or the Samaritan? Which of these did the neighbour's part?" To this the lawyer would not answer, as he ought to have done, "Doubtless, the Samaritan was;" but, "He that showed mercy on him; doubtless, he was a good neighbour to him, and very neighbourly, and I cannot but say that it was a good work thus to save an honest Jew from perishing." [2.] The duty inferred from it is pressed home upon the lawyer's own conscience: Go, and do thou likewise. The duty of relations is mutual and reciprocal; the titles of friends, brethren, neighbours, are, as Grotius here speaks tōn pros ti - equally binding on both sides: if one side be bound, the other cannot be loose, as is agreed in all contracts. If a Samaritan does well that helps a distressed Jew, certainly a Jew does not well if he refuses in like manner to help a distressed Samaritan. Petimusque damusque vicissim - These kind offices are to be reciprocated. "And therefore go thou and do as the Samaritan did, whenever occasion offers: show mercy to those that need thy help, and do it freely, and with concern and compassion, though they be not of thy own nation and thy own profession, or of thy own opinion and communion in religion. Let thy charity be thus extensive, before thou boastest of having conformed thyself to that great commandment of loving thy neighbour." This lawyer valued himself much upon his learning and his knowledge of the laws, and in that he thought to have puzzled Christ himself; but Christ sends him to school to a Samaritan, to learn his duty: "Go, and do like him." Note, It is the duty of every one of us, in our places, and according to our ability, to succour, help, and relieve all that are in distress and necessity, and of lawyers particularly; and herein we must study to excel many that are proud of their being priests and Levites.
Historical interpretation
Ten Centuries of Reception
16 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
Wherefore none of the devices of the devil shall be hidden from you, if, like Paul, ye perfectly possess that faith and love towards Christ which are the beginning and the end of life. The beginning of life is faith, and the end is love. And these two being inseparably connected together, do perfect the man of God; while all other things which are requisite to a holy life follow after them. No man making a profession of faith ought to sin, nor one possessed of love to hate his brother. For He that said, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God," said also, "and thy neighbour as thyself." Those that profess themselves to be Christ's are known not only by what they say, but by what they practise. "For the tree is known by its fruit."
Thus also, "Thou shalt love the Load thy God with all thy heart, and thy neighbour as thyself; "for it is said, "On these commandments the law and the prophets hang and are suspended.".
So also is it said, "Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself."
In the true Gospel, a certain doctor of the law comes to the Lord and asks, "What shall I do to inherit eternal life? "In the heretical gospel life only is mentioned, without the attribute eternal; so that the lawyer seems to have consulted Christ simply about the life which the Creator in the law promises to prolong, and the Lord to have therefore answered him according to the law, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength," since the question was concerning the conditions of mere life.
Are we to paint ourselves out that our neighbours may perish? Where, then, is (the command), "Thou shall love thy neighbour as thyself? " "Care not merely about your own (things), but (about your) neighbour's? " No enunciation of the Holy Spirit ought to be (confined) to the subject immediately in hand merely, and not applied and carried out with a view to every occasion to which its application is useful.
This Spirit, (according to the apostle's showing, ) meant not that the service of these gifts should be in the body, nor did He place them in the human body); and on the subject of the superiority of love above all these gifts, He even taught the apostle that it was the chief commandment, just as Christ has shown it to be: "Thou shalt love the Lord with all thine heart and soul, with all thy strength, and with all thy mind, and thy neighbour as thine own self." When he mentions the fact that "it is written in the law," how that the Creator would speak with other tongues and other lips, whilst confirming indeed the gift of tongues by such a mention, he yet cannot be thought to have affirmed that the gift was that of another god by his reference to the Creator's prediction.
From these words it is undoubtingly gathered, that the life which is preached according to God the Creator of the world, and the Scriptures given by Him, is life everlasting. For the Lord Himself bears testimony to the passage from Deuteronomy, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God; (Deut. 6:5.) and from Leviticus, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. (Lev. 19:18.) But these things were spoken against the followers of Valentinus, Basil, and Marcion. For what else did he wish us to do in seeking eternal life, but what is contained in the Law and the Prophets?
What is the greatest and first commandment of the law? He said to him, “You shall love the Lord your God, and your neighbor as yourself.” … All this teaching is held high through the two commandments, as though by means of two wings, that is, through the love of God and of humanity.
(in Ps. 44.) By saying, with all thy mind, he does not admit of any division of love to other things, for whatever love you cast on lower things necessarily takes away from the whole. For as a vessel full of liquid, whatever flows therefrom must so much diminish its fulness; so also the soul, whatever love it has wasted upon things unlawful, has so much lessened its love to God.
(Reg. fus. ad int. 2.) But if any one ask how the love of God is to be obtained, we are sure that the love of God cannot be taught. For neither did we learn to rejoice in the presence of light, or to embrace life, or to love our parents and children; much less were we taught the love of God, but a certain seminal principle was implanted in us, which has within itself the cause, that man clings to God; which principle the teaching of the divine commands is wont to cultivate diligently, to foster watchfully, and to carry on to the perfection of divine grace. For naturally we love good; we love also what is our own, and akin to us; we likewise of our own accord pour forth all our affections on our benefactors. If then God is good, but all things desire that good, which is wrought voluntarily, He is by nature inherent in us, and although from His goodness we are far from knowing Him, yet from the very fact that we proceeded forth from Him, we are bound to love Him with exceeding love, as in truth akin to us; He is likewise also a greater benefactor than all whom by nature we love here. (ad int 3.). And again. The love of God then is the first and chief command, but the second, as filling up the first and filled up by it, bids us to love our neighbour. Hence it follows, And thy neighbour as thyself. But we have an instinct given us by God to perform this command, as who does not know that man is a kind and social animal? For nothing belongs so much to our nature as to communicate with one another, and mutually to need and love our relations. Of those things then of which in the first place He gave us the seed, He afterwards requires the fruits.
(de Hom. Opif. c. 8.) the soul is divided into three faculties; one merely of growth and vegetation, such as is found in plants; another which relates to the senses, which is preserved in the nature of irrational animals; but the perfect faculty of the soul is that of reason, which is seen in human nature. By saying then the heart, He signified the bodily substance, that is, the vegetative; by the soul the middle, or the sensitive; but by saying the mind, the higher nature, that is, the intellectual or reflective faculty.
For he was one of those who think themselves skilled in the law, and who keep the letter of the law, while they know nothing of its spirit. From a part of the law itself our Lord proves them to be ignorant of the law, showing that at the very first the law preached the Father and the Son, and announced the sacraments of the Lord's Incarnation; for it follows, And he answering said, Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind.
With these verses belongs the text that exposes those who seem to themselves to be experts on the law, who keep the letter of the law but disregard its spirit. He teaches that they are ignorant of the law from its very first chapter. He proves this immediately at the beginning of the law. Both the Father and the Son proclaimed and announced the sacrament of the divine incarnation, saying, “You shall love the Lord your God” and “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” The Lord said to the lawyer, “Do this, and you shall live.” He who did not know his neighbor, because he did not believe in Christ, answered, “Who is my neighbor?” Whoever does not know Christ does not know the law either. How can he know the law when he is ignorant of the Truth, since the law proclaims the Truth?
(Hom. 32. in 1 Cor.) Yet observe how, almost to the same extent of obedience he requires the performance of each command, For of God he says, with all thy heart. Of our neighbour, as thyself. Which if it were diligently kept, there would be neither slave nor free man, neither conqueror nor conquered, (or rather, neither prince nor subject,) rich nor poor, nor would the devil be even known, for the chaff would rather stand the touch of fire than the devil the fervour of love; so surpassing all things is the constancy of love.
(19. Moral. c. 14.) But since it is said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself, how is he merciful in taking compassion upon another, who still, by unrighteous living, is unmerciful to himself?
To this end then the law commanded a threefold love to God, that it might pluck us away from the threefold fashion of the world, as touching possessions, glory, and pleasure, wherein also Christ was tempted.
Our Lord had told His disciples above that their names were written in Heaven; from this it seems to me the lawyer took occasion of tempting our Lord, as it is said, And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him.
We must hereby understand that it becomes us to submit every power of the soul to the divine love, and that resolutely, not slackly. Hence it is added, And with all thy strength.
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Summary
Luke 10:27 presents the lawyer's profound summary of the Law, echoing Jesus' own teachings, by articulating the two greatest commandments: an all-encompassing love for God and a genuine, selfless love for one's neighbor. This verse serves as the theological bedrock for understanding the essence of biblical righteousness, emphasizing that true devotion is not merely ritualistic but involves every faculty of one's being directed towards God, which then naturally overflows into compassionate action towards humanity.
Context
Literary Context
Luke 10:27 arises from a direct encounter between Jesus and a lawyer, initiated by the lawyer's challenging question in Luke 10:25: "What shall I do to inherit eternal life?" Instead of providing an immediate answer, Jesus skillfully redirects the question back to the expert in the Mosaic Law, asking, "What is written in the law? how readest thou?" The lawyer's reply in verse 27 demonstrates his deep knowledge of the Scriptures, synthesizing the core commands of the Torah. This foundational principle then directly leads to the lawyer's follow-up question in Luke 10:29, "And who is my neighbour?", which prompts Jesus to deliver the iconic Parable of the Good Samaritan, illustrating the practical implications of neighborly love. Thus, Luke 10:27 is not merely a statement of law but a pivotal point that sets the stage for Jesus' teaching on radical compassion and the true nature of discipleship.
Historical & Cultural Context
The lawyer's response in Luke 10:27 reflects a well-established tradition within Judaism of summarizing the Law. The command to love God with all one's heart, soul, and strength is a direct quotation from Deuteronomy 6:5, which forms the central declaration of the Shema, a daily prayer and confession of faith for Jews. This passage was not merely a verse but a foundational principle shaping Jewish identity, devotion, and ethical life. The command to love one's neighbor as oneself is drawn from Leviticus 19:18. Rabbinic Judaism frequently debated which commandments were "greatest" or encompassed the whole Law, and the synthesis of these two commands was a recognized, though not universally agreed upon, summary. The addition of "mind" in the New Testament accounts (as seen here and in Mark 12:30) likely reflects a Hellenistic influence on the Greek translation of the Old Testament (the Septuagint) or an emphasis by Jesus and the Gospel writers to explicitly include intellectual engagement, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of love that transcends mere emotion or physical action.
Key Themes
The primary theme of Luke 10:27 is the summation of the Law into two paramount commandments. This verse encapsulates the entire ethical and spiritual framework of the Old Testament, presenting a holistic understanding of righteousness. Firstly, it highlights holistic love for God, emphasizing that devotion is not compartmentalized but involves every facet of human existence: emotions and will ("heart"), life and inner self ("soul"), physical and mental energy ("strength"), and intellectual understanding ("mind"). This comprehensive love demands total allegiance and undivided loyalty to God. Secondly, it underscores the inseparability of love for God and love for neighbor. The second commandment is presented as a direct outflow and tangible expression of the first. True love for God cannot exist in isolation from genuine care and benevolence towards fellow human beings. This theme is further developed by Jesus in Matthew 22:37-40, where He states that "On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets," confirming their foundational importance for all of God's revealed will.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This verb signifies a love that is volitional, sacrificial, and based on commitment rather than mere emotion or affection. It is a divine love, often characterized by benevolence and active goodwill. In this context, it describes the comprehensive, all-encompassing devotion required towards God, and the selfless, outward-focused care required towards one's neighbor.
Derived from a root meaning "force," this word denotes inherent might, power, or ability. When applied to loving God, it implies dedicating all one's physical, mental, and spiritual energy, resources, and capabilities to Him. It's not just about emotional or intellectual assent, but about active, vigorous commitment in all one does.
This term refers to deep thought, the faculty of understanding, intellect, or reason. Its inclusion alongside heart, soul, and strength emphasizes that love for God is not an irrational or purely emotional experience but involves deliberate thought, intellectual engagement, and a conscious understanding of God's character and will. It means loving God with our cognitive faculties, seeking to know Him more deeply.
Verse Breakdown
"And he answering said,"
This phrase sets the stage for the lawyer's authoritative and knowledgeable response to Jesus' question. It indicates a direct and confident articulation of what is written in the Law.
"Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,"
This is the first and primary command, echoing Deuteronomy 6:5. "Heart" (kardia) represents the innermost being, the seat of emotions, will, and moral character. It signifies a love that originates from the core of one's person, involving one's deepest affections and intentions.
"and with all thy soul,"
"Soul" (psychē) refers to one's life, inner self, and vitality. Loving God with all one's soul means dedicating one's very existence, one's life force and animating principle, to Him. It implies a total commitment that permeates one's entire being.
"and with all thy strength,"
"Strength" (ischys) encompasses all one's physical, mental, and spiritual energy and capabilities. This clause demands that devotion to God be expressed through vigorous action, diligent effort, and the full deployment of all one's resources in His service.
"and with all thy mind;"
"Mind" (dianoia) specifically highlights the intellectual aspect of love. This addition, more explicit in the New Testament accounts, emphasizes that loving God involves rational thought, understanding, and knowledge. It calls for intellectual engagement with God's truth, reasoning, and deliberate focus on Him.
"and thy neighbour as thyself."
This is the second great commandment, quoted from Leviticus 19:18. It mandates that the comprehensive love for God must manifest outwardly in genuine, selfless care for others. "As thyself" implies treating others with the same consideration, respect, and benevolence one naturally desires for oneself, recognizing their inherent value.
Literary Devices
Luke 10:27 employs several significant literary devices that enhance its profound message. The most prominent is Parallelism, specifically a fourfold Merism in the first part of the verse ("heart, soul, strength, mind"). This merism, by listing distinct parts, signifies the totality of the human being, emphasizing that love for God must be comprehensive and involve every aspect of one's existence. The inclusion of "mind" alongside the traditional Old Testament triad (heart, soul, strength) creates an intensified and complete picture of holistic devotion. Furthermore, the verse functions as a Summary Statement, encapsulating the essence of the Mosaic Law, which Jesus Himself affirms elsewhere. The structure of the verse also presents a clear Dichotomy between vertical love (for God) and horizontal love (for neighbor), presenting them as two inseparable yet distinct facets of true righteousness. This serves as a Didactic statement, instructing the lawyer and, by extension, all listeners, on the fundamental principles of eternal life.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Luke 10:27 articulates the foundational principle of biblical ethics, demonstrating that all divine commands ultimately distill into the twin pillars of love for God and love for neighbor. This synthesis reveals God's character as love and His desire for humanity to reflect that love both upwards towards Him and outwards towards one another. The comprehensive nature of loving God—with heart, soul, strength, and mind—underscores that true worship is not compartmentalized but saturates every aspect of human existence, integrating emotion, will, action, and intellect. This holistic devotion then naturally overflows into genuine compassion and service towards others, making love for neighbor the tangible evidence of one's love for God. The verse thus establishes that genuine faith is inherently relational and finds its fullest expression in selfless love, fulfilling the very essence of the Law and the Prophets.
Reflection and Application
Luke 10:27 provides a timeless and profound blueprint for Christian living, challenging believers to cultivate a love for God that is truly all-encompassing, impacting every facet of their being—their deepest affections, their very life force, their physical and mental energies, and their intellectual pursuits. This means not just feeling love for God, but actively directing one's will, thoughts, and actions towards Him. Furthermore, it mandates that this profound, internal love for God must inevitably manifest in tangible, selfless love for others. This calls us to treat our neighbors—whether friends, family, or strangers, even those we find difficult—with the same care, respect, and consideration we desire for ourselves. True spirituality, according to this verse, is not merely intellectual assent, ritualistic observance, or emotional fervor in isolation, but an active, passionate, and comprehensive love for God that overflows into genuine, practical love for humanity, reflecting the very heart of Christ.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why does Luke's account (and Mark's) include "mind" when the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 6:5) only mentions "heart, soul, and strength"?
The inclusion of "mind" (Greek: dianoia) in the New Testament renditions of this commandment, while not explicitly present in the Hebrew text of Deuteronomy 6:5, serves to emphasize the intellectual dimension of loving God. The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) sometimes included "mind" in its rendering of Deuteronomy 6:5, suggesting that the concept was already implicitly understood or seen as part of a comprehensive love. In the New Testament, its explicit mention clarifies that loving God is not merely an emotional or volitional act, but also involves our intellect, understanding, and rational engagement with His truth. It underscores that faith is not blind, but requires thoughtful devotion and the application of our cognitive faculties to know and serve God.
Who is my "neighbor" according to this commandment?
The concept of "neighbor" in Leviticus 19:18 originally referred primarily to fellow Israelites or those within one's community. However, Jesus radically expands this definition. Immediately following the lawyer's recitation of this commandment in Luke 10:27, the lawyer asks, "And who is my neighbour?" (see Luke 10:29). Jesus responds with the Parable of the Good Samaritan, which illustrates that a "neighbor" is anyone in need, regardless of their ethnicity, social status, or relationship to us. It is not about who we consider our neighbor, but about acting as a neighbor to anyone we encounter who needs our compassion and help.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Luke 10:27 finds its ultimate fulfillment and perfect embodiment in the person of Jesus Christ. He alone perfectly loved the Lord His God with all His heart, soul, strength, and mind, demonstrating unwavering obedience and devotion throughout His earthly life, even unto death on the cross (Philippians 2:8). His entire ministry was an expression of total allegiance to the Father's will (John 4:34). Furthermore, Jesus perfectly exemplified the love for neighbor, not merely as an abstract principle, but as a lived reality, culminating in His sacrificial death for humanity (John 15:13). He is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29), demonstrating the ultimate act of neighborly love for a fallen humanity. For believers, living out Luke 10:27 is not achieved by sheer willpower, but by the transforming power of the Holy Spirit, who indwells those united with Christ (Romans 5:5). Through Christ, we are empowered to love God and neighbor, as His love is poured into our hearts, enabling us to walk in newness of life and fulfill the righteous requirement of the law (Romans 8:4). Thus, Luke 10:27 is not just a command to obey, but a call to participate in the very life and love of Christ Himself.