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Ezekiel 16

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The Allegory of the Abandoned Infant 1–5

1
Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,
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Son of man, cause Jerusalem to know her abominations, ​
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And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto Jerusalem; Thy birth and thy nativity is of the land of Canaan; thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite. ​
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And as for thy nativity, in the day thou wast born thy navel was not cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee; thou wast not salted at all, nor swaddled at all. ​
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None eye pitied thee, to do any of these unto thee, to have compassion upon thee; but thou wast cast out in the open field, to the lothing of thy person, in the day that thou wast born.

God’s Compassion and Covenant 6–14

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And when I passed by thee, and saw thee polluted in thine own blood, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live; yea, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live. ​
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I have caused thee to multiply as the bud of the field, and thou hast increased and waxen great, and thou art come to excellent ornaments: thy breasts are fashioned, and thine hair is grown, whereas thou wast naked and bare.
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Now when I passed by thee, and looked upon thee, behold, thy time was the time of love; and I spread my skirt over thee, and covered thy nakedness: yea, I sware unto thee, and entered into a covenant with thee, saith the Lord GOD, and thou becamest mine. ​
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Then washed I thee with water; yea, I throughly washed away thy blood from thee, and I anointed thee with oil.
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I clothed thee also with broidered work, and shod thee with badgers' skin, and I girded thee about with fine linen, and I covered thee with silk. ​
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I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck.
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And I put a jewel on thy forehead, and earrings in thine ears, and a beautiful crown upon thine head.
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Thus wast thou decked with gold and silver; and thy raiment was of fine linen, and silk, and broidered work; thou didst eat fine flour, and honey, and oil: and thou wast exceeding beautiful, and thou didst prosper into a kingdom.
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And thy renown went forth among the heathen for thy beauty: for it was perfect through my comeliness, which I had put upon thee, saith the Lord GOD. ​

Jerusalem’s Unfaithfulness and Idolatry 15–34

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But thou didst trust in thine own beauty, and playedst the harlot because of thy renown, and pouredst out thy fornications on every one that passed by; his it was. ​
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And of thy garments thou didst take, and deckedst thy high places with divers colours, and playedst the harlot thereupon: the like things shall not come, neither shall it be so.
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Thou hast also taken thy fair jewels of my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images of men, and didst commit whoredom with them, ​
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And tookest thy broidered garments, and coveredst them: and thou hast set mine oil and mine incense before them.
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My meat also which I gave thee, fine flour, and oil, and honey, wherewith I fed thee, thou hast even set it before them for a sweet savour: and thus it was, saith the Lord GOD.
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Moreover thou hast taken thy sons and thy daughters, whom thou hast borne unto me, and these hast thou sacrificed unto them to be devoured. Is this of thy whoredoms a small matter, ​
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That thou hast slain my children, and delivered them to cause them to pass through the fire for them?
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And in all thine abominations and thy whoredoms thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, when thou wast naked and bare, and wast polluted in thy blood. ​
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And it came to pass after all thy wickedness, (woe, woe unto thee! saith the Lord GOD;)
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That thou hast also built unto thee an eminent place, and hast made thee an high place in every street.
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Thou hast built thy high place at every head of the way, and hast made thy beauty to be abhorred, and hast opened thy feet to every one that passed by, and multiplied thy whoredoms.
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Thou hast also committed fornication with the Egyptians thy neighbours, great of flesh; and hast increased thy whoredoms, to provoke me to anger. ​
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Behold, therefore I have stretched out my hand over thee, and have diminished thine ordinary food, and delivered thee unto the will of them that hate thee, the daughters of the Philistines, which are ashamed of thy lewd way.
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Thou hast played the whore also with the Assyrians, because thou wast unsatiable; yea, thou hast played the harlot with them, and yet couldest not be satisfied. ​
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Thou hast moreover multiplied thy fornication in the land of Canaan unto Chaldea; and yet thou wast not satisfied herewith.
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How weak is thine heart, saith the Lord GOD, seeing thou doest all these things, the work of an imperious whorish woman;
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In that thou buildest thine eminent place in the head of every way, and makest thine high place in every street; and hast not been as an harlot, in that thou scornest hire; ​
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But as a wife that committeth adultery, which taketh strangers instead of her husband!
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They give gifts to all whores: but thou givest thy gifts to all thy lovers, and hirest them, that they may come unto thee on every side for thy whoredom.
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And the contrary is in thee from other women in thy whoredoms, whereas none followeth thee to commit whoredoms: and in that thou givest a reward, and no reward is given unto thee, therefore thou art contrary.

The Judgment of the Adulteress 35–43

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Wherefore, O harlot, hear the word of the LORD: ​
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Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness discovered through thy whoredoms with thy lovers, and with all the idols of thy abominations, and by the blood of thy children, which thou didst give unto them;
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Behold, therefore I will gather all thy lovers, with whom thou hast taken pleasure, and all them that thou hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather them round about against thee, and will discover thy nakedness unto them, that they may see all thy nakedness. ​
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And I will judge thee, as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged; and I will give thee blood in fury and jealousy. ​
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And I will also give thee into their hand, and they shall throw down thine eminent place, and shall break down thy high places: they shall strip thee also of thy clothes, and shall take thy fair jewels, and leave thee naked and bare.
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They shall also bring up a company against thee, and they shall stone thee with stones, and thrust thee through with their swords. ​
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And they shall burn thine houses with fire, and execute judgments upon thee in the sight of many women: and I will cause thee to cease from playing the harlot, and thou also shalt give no hire any more.
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So will I make my fury toward thee to rest, and my jealousy shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more angry.
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Because thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, but hast fretted me in all these things; behold, therefore I also will recompense thy way upon thine head, saith the Lord GOD: and thou shalt not commit this lewdness above all thine abominations.

Worse Than Samaria and Sodom 44–59

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Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb against thee, saying, As is the mother, so is her daughter. ​
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Thou art thy mother's daughter, that lotheth her husband and her children; and thou art the sister of thy sisters, which lothed their husbands and their children: your mother was an Hittite, and your father an Amorite. ​
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And thine elder sister is Samaria, she and her daughters that dwell at thy left hand: and thy younger sister, that dwelleth at thy right hand, is Sodom and her daughters. ​
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Yet hast thou not walked after their ways, nor done after their abominations: but, as if that were a very little thing, thou wast corrupted more than they in all thy ways.
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As I live, saith the Lord GOD, Sodom thy sister hath not done, she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters.
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Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. ​
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And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw good.
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Neither hath Samaria committed half of thy sins; but thou hast multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast justified thy sisters in all thine abominations which thou hast done. ​
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Thou also, which hast judged thy sisters, bear thine own shame for thy sins that thou hast committed more abominable than they: they are more righteous than thou: yea, be thou confounded also, and bear thy shame, in that thou hast justified thy sisters.
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When I shall bring again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, then will I bring again the captivity of thy captives in the midst of them: ​
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That thou mayest bear thine own shame, and mayest be confounded in all that thou hast done, in that thou art a comfort unto them.
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When thy sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate, and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate, then thou and thy daughters shall return to your former estate.
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For thy sister Sodom was not mentioned by thy mouth in the day of thy pride,
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Before thy wickedness was discovered, as at the time of thy reproach of the daughters of Syria, and all that are round about her, the daughters of the Philistines, which despise thee round about.
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Thou hast borne thy lewdness and thine abominations, saith the LORD.
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For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even deal with thee as thou hast done, which hast despised the oath in breaking the covenant. ​

The Everlasting Covenant Restored 60–63

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Nevertheless I will remember my covenant with thee in the days of thy youth, and I will establish unto thee an everlasting covenant. ​
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Then thou shalt remember thy ways, and be ashamed, when thou shalt receive thy sisters, thine elder and thy younger: and I will give them unto thee for daughters, but not by thy covenant. ​
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And I will establish my covenant with thee; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD:
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That thou mayest remember, and be confounded, and never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame, when I am pacified toward thee for all that thou hast done, saith the Lord GOD. ​

Bible text: King James Version (1769 Blayney text) · Public domain

Study Notes for Ezekiel 16

Verse 2

cause Jerusalem to know her abominations — The verb yada' is causative: make her know. 'Abominations' (to'ebah) is the word for what the LORD loathes, especially idolatry. The same charge is laid on Aholah and Aholibah: 'declare unto them their abominations' (Ezek 23:36; cf. 20:4).

Verse 3

thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite — Jerusalem's 'birth' (mekurah) is traced to Canaan, to nations marked for destruction (Deut 20:17). The reader is sent from 'Abraham your father' (Isa 51:2) to the pagan stock; the same names return in v.45.

Verse 4

thou wast not salted at all, nor swaddled at all — Four acts of newborn care are withheld: cord cut, washing, salting, swaddling. The Hebrew doubles the verbs for 'salted' and 'swaddled' (chathal), stressing total neglect. At birth Christ was 'wrapped … in swaddling clothes' (Luke 2:7).

Verse 6

Live; yea, I said unto thee… Live — Chayah, to live, spoken twice over one 'polluted' (bus, trampled) in her blood. The command comes before any merit, as God, 'even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ' (Eph 2:5).

Verse 8

I spread my skirt over thee — Kanaph, the flap of a garment. Ruth asked Boaz, 'spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid' (Ruth 3:9), claiming his protection as kinsman. Here the LORD adds an oath and a covenant (berith): 'thou becamest mine'. Cf. 'the love of thine espousals' (Jer 2:2).

Verse 10

shod thee with badgers' skin — Tachash, a clean animal with fur; its skins formed the top covering of the tent in the wilderness (Ex 26:14). Beside 'broidered work' (riqmah), fine linen (shesh) and silk (meshi), the bride is dressed in costly materials.

Verse 14

thy renown went forth among the heathen — 'Perfect' is kalil, complete, and 'comeliness' is hadar, majesty, 'which I had put upon thee'. The beauty was given, not earned: 'what hast thou that thou didst not receive?' (1 Cor 4:7). Cf. 'The perfection of beauty' (Lam 2:15).

Verse 15

thou didst trust in thine own beauty — Batach, to trust, the verb of confidence in the LORD, here turned to her own beauty. 'Fornications' (taznuth) is harlotry in the sense of idolatry, poured out on 'every one that passed by'. The faithful city has 'become an harlot' (Isa 1:21).

Verse 17

images of men — Tselem with zakar, male: male figures, made from 'my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee'. The gift is turned against the giver, as in Hos 2:8: 'I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal.'

Verse 20

thy sons and thy daughters, whom thou hast borne unto me — The children are the LORD's, yet are sacrificed 'to be devoured' (akal). Judah's kings did this: Ahaz 'made his son to pass through the fire' (2 Kings 16:3); Ps 106:38 calls it shedding 'innocent blood'.

Verse 22

thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth — Zakar, to remember, names the root failure. The charge returns in v.43 and is answered in v.60: 'I will remember my covenant with thee in the days of thy youth'. Cf. 'the love of thine espousals' (Jer 2:2).

Verse 26

the Egyptians thy neighbours, great of flesh — The Hebrew is literally sons of Egypt (Mitsrayim), where Israel's youth was spent; Ezek 23:3 says 'they committed whoredoms in Egypt'. Trust in Egypt's help is the same turning from God: 'the Egyptians shall help in vain' (Isa 30:7).

Verse 28

because thou wast unsatiable — Saba', to be filled, is used twice: 'unsatiable' and 'couldest not be satisfied'. Ahaz is an example: he sent to the king of Assyria, 'I am thy servant and thy son: come up, and save me' (2 Kings 16:7). Chaldea follows in v.29.

Verse 31

hast not been as an harlot, in that thou scornest hire — Qalas, to scorn; ethnan is the harlot's hire. The point is explained in vv.33–34: other women are paid, but she pays. The law barred 'the hire of a whore' from the LORD's house (Deut 23:18).

Verse 35

O harlot, hear the word of the LORD — Zanah, the harlot, is now addressed directly as the sentence begins. The summons matches Hos 4:1, 'Hear the word of the LORD, ye children of Israel'. The city once 'faithful' has 'become an harlot' (Isa 1:21).

Verse 37

I will gather all thy lovers — Qabats, to gather: both those 'loved' and those 'hated'. The lovers become the instrument: 'now will I discover her lewdness in the sight of her lovers' (Hos 2:10); her sister was given over: 'delivered her into the hand of her lovers' (Ezek 23:9).

Verse 38

as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged — Na'aph, to commit adultery, which the law punished by death (Lev 20:10); shedding blood answers to 'by man shall his blood be shed' (Gen 9:6). 'Fury and jealousy' are chemah and qin'ah.

Verse 40

they shall stone thee with stones — Ragam, to stone, the law's penalty for adultery: 'Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be stoned' (John 8:5). The 'company' (qahal, assembly) and the swords recur in Ezek 23:47.

Verse 44

As is the mother, so is her daughter — 'Useth proverbs' is from mashal, a saying or likeness. The proverb is explained in v.45: the daughter shares the mother's loathing of husband and children, so her Canaanite descent of v.3 shows in her conduct.

Verse 45

thou art the sister of thy sisters — 'Lotheth' is ga'al, to detest, said of both the mother and the sisters. The Hittite and Amorite parentage of v.3 returns. The family image resembles Ezek 23:2, 'two women, the daughters of one mother'.

Verse 46

thine elder sister is Samaria — Samaria lay to the north, the 'left hand'; Sodom is the 'younger', at the right (yamin, also 'the south'), near the Dead Sea. Samaria is Aholah 'the elder' beside Aholibah (Ezek 23:4); Jeremiah sets Israel against Judah (Jer 3:11).

Verse 49

fulness of bread — Sibah lechem: Sodom's iniquity is 'pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness' (shalvah, ease), and 'neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy'. Lot had seen its plain 'well watered every where' (Gen 13:10).

Verse 51

hast justified thy sisters — Tsadaq, to make appear righteous: Jerusalem's sins so exceed theirs that Samaria and Sodom look just by comparison. Jeremiah says likewise, 'backsliding Israel hath justified herself more than treacherous Judah' (Jer 3:11).

Verse 53

bring again their captivity — Shub shebuth, the idiom of Ps 126:4, 'Turn again our captivity, O LORD'. It is promised to Egypt (Ezek 29:14) and to Jacob (Ezek 39:25). Here Jerusalem's restoration is placed 'in the midst of' her sisters'.

Verse 59

despised the oath in breaking the covenant — Bazah, to despise; alah, oath; parar, to break. The oath is the one sworn in v.8. The same pair is charged elsewhere: 'mine oath that he hath despised, and my covenant that he hath broken' (Ezek 17:19).

Verse 60

an everlasting covenant — Zakar, 'remember', answers the forgetting of v.22; 'olam is long-lasting, 'everlasting'. The LORD establishes it Himself. It is joined to the new covenant of Jer 31:31, cited in Heb 8:10, and to 'I will betroth thee unto me for ever' (Hos 2:19).

Verse 61

not by thy covenant — The sisters, elder and younger, are given to Jerusalem 'for daughters', on a footing other than the broken covenant of v.59. Paul says 'Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all' (Gal 4:26), and calls Gentiles 'fellowheirs' (Eph 3:6).

Verse 63

never open thy mouth any more — Literally no 'opening of the mouth' (pithchon peh). 'Pacified' is kaphar, to cover, the verb of atonement. Silence before God echoes Job 40:4, and Paul's 'that every mouth may be stopped' (Rom 3:19).