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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Deuteronomy 31:1–8. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Loth to part (we say) bids oft farewell. Moses does so to the children of Israel: not because he was loth to go to God, but because he was loth to leave them, fearing that when he had left them they would leave God. He had finished what he had to say to them by way of counsel and exhortation: here he calls them together to give them a word of encouragement, especially with reference to the wars of Canaan, in which they were now to engage. It was a discouragement to them that Moses was to be removed at a time when he could so ill be spared: though Joshua was continued to fight for them in the valley, they would want Moses to intercede for them on the hill, as he did, Exo 17:10. But there is no remedy: Moses can no more go out and come in, Deu 31:2. Not that he was disabled by any decay either of body or mind; for his natural force was not abated, Deu 24:7. But he cannot any longer discharge his office; for, 1. He is 120 years old, and it is time for him to think of resigning his honour and returning to his rest. He that had arrived at so great an age then, when seventy or eighty was the ordinary stint, as appears by the prayer of Moses (Psa 90:10), might well think that he had accomplished as a hireling his day. 2. He is under a divine sentence: Thou shalt not go over Jordan. Thus a full stop was put to his usefulness; hitherto he must go, hitherto he must serve, but no further. So God had appointed it and Moses acquiesces: for I know not why we should any of us desire to live a day longer than while God has work for us to do; nor shall we be accountable for more time than is allotted us. But, though Moses must not go over himself, he is anxious to encourage those that must.
I.He encourages the people; and never could any general animate his soldiers upon such good grounds as those on which Moses here encourages Israel.
1.He assures them of the constant presence of God with them (Deu 31:3): The Lord thy God. that has led thee and kept thee hitherto will go over before thee; and those might follow boldly who were sure that they had God for their leader. He repeats it again (Deu 31:6) with an emphasis: "The Lord thy God, the great Jehovah, who is thine in covenant, he it is, he and no less, he and no other, that goes before thee; not only who by his promise has assured thee that he will go before thee; but by his ark, the visible token of his presence, shows thee that he does actually go before thee." And he repeats it with enlargement: "Not only he goes over before thee at first, to bring thee in, but he will continue with thee all along, with thee and thine; he will not fail thee nor forsake thee; he will not disappoint thy expectations in any strait, nor will he ever desert thy interest; be constant to him, and he will be so to thee." This is applied by the apostle to all God's spiritual Israel, for the encouragement of their faith and hope; unto us is this gospel preached, as well as unto them He will never fail thee, nor forsake thee, Heb 13:5.
2.He commends Joshua to them for a leader: Joshua, he shall go over before thee, Deu 31:3. One whose conduct, and courage, and sincere affection to their interest, they had had long experience of; and one whom God had ordained and appointed to be their leader, and therefore, no doubt, would own and bless, and make a blessing to them. See Num 27:18. Note, It is a great encouragement to a people when, instead of some useful instruments that are removed, God raises up others to carry on his work.
3.He ensures their success. The greatest generals, supported with the greatest advantages, must yet own the issues of war to be doubtful and uncertain; the battle is not always to the strong nor to the bold; an ill accident unthought of may turn the scale against the highest hopes. But Moses had warrant from God to assure Israel that, notwithstanding the disadvantages they laboured under, they should certainly be victorious. A coward will fight when he is sure to be a conqueror. God undertakes to do the work - he will destroy these nations; and Israel shall do little else than divide the spoil - thou shalt possess them, Deu 31:3. Two things might encourage their hopes of this: - (1.) The victories they had already obtained over Sihon and Og (Deu 31:4), from which they might infer both the power of God, that he could do what he had done, and the purpose of God, that he would finish what he had begun to do. Thus must we improve our experience. (2.) The command God had given them to destroy the Canaanites (Deu 7:2; Deu 12:2), to which he refers here (Deu 31:5, that you may do unto them according to all which I have commanded you), and from which they might infer that, if God had commanded them to destroy the Canaanites, no doubt he would put it into the power of their hands to do it. Note, What God has made our duty we have reason to expect opportunity and assistance from him for the doing of. So that from all this he had reason enough to bid them be strong and of a good courage, Deu 31:6. While they had the power of God engaged for them they had no reason to fear all the powers of Canaan engaged against them.
II.He encourages Joshua, Deu 31:7, Deu 31:8. Observe,
1.Though Joshua was an experienced general, and a man of approved gallantry and resolution, who had already signalized himself in many brave actions, yet Moses saw cause to bid him be of good courage, now that he was entering upon a new scene of action; and Joshua was far from taking it as an affront, or as a tacit questioning of his courage, to be thus charged, as sometimes we find proud and peevish spirits invidiously taking exhortations and admonitions for reproaches and reflections. Joshua himself is very well pleased to be admonished by Moses to be strong and of good courage.
2.He gives him this charge in the sight of all Israel, that they might be the more observant of him whom they saw thus solemnly inaugurated, and that he might set himself the more to be an example of courage to the people who were witnesses to this charge here given to him as well as to themselves.
3.He gives him the same assurances of the divine presence, and consequently of a glorious success, that he had given the people. God would be with him, would not forsake him, and therefore he should certainly accomplish the glorious enterprise to which he was called and commissioned: Thou shalt cause them to inherit the land of promise. Note, Those shall speed well that have God with them; and therefore they ought to be of good courage. Through God let us do valiantly, for through him we shall do victoriously; if we resist the devil, he shall flee, and God shall shortly tread him under our feet.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
One surviving comment on this verse from the historical church.
Let brotherly love continue. Be not forgetful to entertain strangers: for thereby some have entertained angels unawares. Remember them that are in bonds, as bound with them; and them which suffer adversity, as being yourselves also in the body. Marriage is honourable in all, and the bed undefiled: but whoremongers and adulterers God will judge. Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee. [Deuteronomy 31:6-8] So that we may boldly say, The Lord is my helper, and I will not fear what man shall do unto me.
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Summary
Deuteronomy 31:7 captures the momentous public commissioning of Joshua by Moses, marking a pivotal transition in Israel's leadership just prior to their entry into the Promised Land. With the entire nation as witness, Moses charges Joshua with the immense responsibility of leading the Israelites to inherit the land that the LORD had solemnly sworn to their forefathers. This divine mandate is accompanied by a powerful exhortation to "be strong and of a good courage," underscoring that Joshua's success would be rooted not in his own might, but in God's unfailing faithfulness to His covenant promises and His empowering presence.
Context
Literary Context
Deuteronomy 31 is strategically placed within Moses' final, poignant discourses delivered on the plains of Moab, immediately preceding Israel's long-awaited entry into Canaan. The book of Deuteronomy itself serves as Moses' farewell address, a recapitulation of the Law, and a fervent call to covenant faithfulness for the new generation poised to inherit the land. Having been forbidden by God to enter Canaan himself (Deuteronomy 3:27), Moses uses this chapter to formally and publicly transfer the mantle of leadership to Joshua. This specific verse, therefore, functions as the climax of this leadership transition, providing a visible and audible assurance to all Israel that God's plan would continue under a divinely appointed successor. It directly sets the narrative stage for the subsequent book of Joshua, which chronicles the fulfillment of this very commission.
Historical & Cultural Context
The Israelites stood at a critical historical juncture, transitioning from forty years of nomadic wilderness existence under Moses' unique leadership to a settled, national life in the Promised Land. This transition necessitated not only military conquest against formidable Canaanite nations but also the establishment of a new societal and religious order. In the ancient Near East, public commissioning ceremonies were indispensable for establishing legitimacy and authority, particularly for military and political leaders. Moses' public affirmation of Joshua before the entire assembly, estimated to be in the millions, was far more than a symbolic gesture; it was a practical and theological necessity. It prevented potential dissent, ensured unity, and instilled confidence in the divine continuity of their leadership as they prepared for the daunting task of conquering and settling the land promised by God to their ancestors centuries earlier (Genesis 12:7).
Key Themes
Deuteronomy 31:7 powerfully encapsulates several overarching themes central to Deuteronomy and the broader Pentateuch. Firstly, Divine Commissioning is profoundly evident, highlighting that leadership within Israel was not a matter of human ambition or election, but a sovereign appointment by God, mediated through Moses. This underscores God's active involvement in raising and equipping leaders for His specific purposes. Secondly, the repeated exhortation to Strength and Courage is a core motif, acknowledging the immense challenges of conquest and settlement and underscoring the absolute necessity of faith, resolve, and fearlessness rooted in God's empowering presence. This powerful phrase becomes a recurring divine imperative throughout Joshua's life and the biblical narrative, most notably reiterated by God Himself to Joshua in Joshua 1:6-9. Thirdly, the verse explicitly highlights the Fulfillment of Promise, connecting Joshua's mission directly to the ancient covenant God made with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob concerning the land. Joshua's primary role is to ensure the people inherit what God had already sworn to give their ancestors, thereby demonstrating God's unwavering faithfulness to His word and covenant obligations. Finally, it speaks to Succession and Continuity, assuring Israel that God's redemptive plan for them would not cease with Moses' death but would continue seamlessly under new, divinely appointed leadership.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This verb, derived from H2388, signifies to fasten upon, seize, or be firm. In this context, it denotes a profound inner resolve, steadfastness of purpose, and the ability to stand firm against adversity. When applied to Joshua, it speaks to the mental, spiritual, and moral fortitude required to lead a nation into war, to administer justice, and to maintain covenant fidelity. It implies a firm grip on God's promises and a resolute will to obey His commands.
This verb, from H553, means to be alert, physically or mentally, and to be courageous, bold, or resolute. It often denotes a proactive, unyielding bravery in the face of danger or opposition. Paired with châzaq, it forms a powerful hendiadys, emphasizing a comprehensive strength that encompasses both an inner, unwavering spirit and an outward, bold determination. This combined strength is essential for facing the daunting tasks of leadership, warfare, and the administration of justice in the new land, rooted in confidence in God's presence and power.
Verse Breakdown
"And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel"
This clause establishes the profound public and official nature of Joshua's commissioning. Moses, as the established and divinely appointed leader of Israel, formally transfers his authority to Joshua. The phrase "in the sight of all Israel" emphasizes the transparency, legitimacy, and communal recognition of this transition, ensuring that the entire nation acknowledged Joshua's new role and mandate. This public act was crucial for fostering unity, obedience, and confidence in the continuity of God's leadership among the tribes as they faced the challenges ahead.
"Be strong and of a good courage"
This is the central imperative, a direct and emphatic command from Moses to Joshua. It acknowledges the immense and unprecedented challenges ahead—conquering powerful nations, settling a new land, and establishing a covenant society. This exhortation is not merely human encouragement but a divinely inspired charge, anticipating God's own similar words to Joshua in the subsequent book. It calls for unwavering faith, resolute determination, and fearlessness, recognizing that such qualities are indispensable for fulfilling a divine mission.
"for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers to give them"
This phrase provides the divine mandate, purpose, and theological grounding behind the command for strength and courage. Joshua's mission is not of his own choosing or ambition but is a direct continuation of God's sovereign covenant plan. The land is not merely a geographical territory to be conquered but a tangible fulfillment of God's solemn, unbreakable oath to the patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob), highlighting God's faithfulness across generations. Joshua is merely the chosen instrument through whom this ancient, divine promise will be realized for the current generation.
"and thou shalt cause them to inherit it"
This final clause clarifies Joshua's specific, active, and instrumental role. He is not merely to lead the people to the land but to lead them in the process of taking full possession and settling it. This implies direct military leadership in conquest, strategic planning for campaigns, the division of the land among the tribes, and the establishment of the covenant community within its borders. It places the weighty responsibility of actualizing the inheritance directly upon Joshua's shoulders, under divine guidance and empowerment.
Literary Devices
Deuteronomy 31:7 employs several significant literary devices that amplify its message. The most prominent is the Commissioning Narrative, a classic biblical pattern where a leader is formally appointed for a divine task, often accompanied by a divine charge, a promise of presence, and a clear articulation of the mission. This narrative structure lends immense authority and gravitas to Joshua's new role. The phrase "Be strong and of a good courage" functions as a powerful Exhortation or imperative, a direct command designed to instill resolve, faith, and unwavering determination. The Repetition of this exact phrase throughout the books of Deuteronomy and Joshua (e.g., Joshua 1:6, Joshua 1:9) elevates it to a recurring motif, emphasizing its critical importance and divine origin, reinforcing the idea that this strength is a prerequisite for success in God's work. Furthermore, the verse utilizes rich Covenant Language by referencing "the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers," firmly rooting Joshua's mission within the long-standing Abrahamic covenant and highlighting God's enduring faithfulness to His promises across generations.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Deuteronomy 31:7 profoundly illustrates God's unwavering commitment to His covenant people, even amidst significant leadership transitions. It reveals that God not only calls individuals to specific tasks but also sovereignly equips and empowers them, providing the necessary strength and courage for daunting assignments. Joshua's commissioning underscores the principle that God's plans are sovereign and will be accomplished, regardless of human limitations or the changing of the guard. The emphasis on inheriting the land directly links to God's faithfulness in fulfilling His ancient promises, demonstrating that His word is reliable and His purposes endure through generations. This passage serves as a powerful reminder that true strength and courage for God's work stem not from human might or self-reliance but from divine presence, the assurance of God's faithfulness to His covenant, and His active empowerment of His chosen servants.
Reflection and Application
Deuteronomy 31:7 offers timeless principles for believers navigating significant challenges or stepping into new responsibilities. Just as Joshua was commissioned for the formidable task of leading Israel into a physical inheritance, God often calls individuals to various "promised lands" in life—whether it's a new career, a challenging ministry, raising a family, enduring a difficult season, or embarking on a significant spiritual endeavor. The command to "be strong and of a good courage" is not an exhortation to self-reliance or a call to muster up human willpower; rather, it is a divine imperative rooted in the unwavering assurance of God's sovereign presence and faithfulness. Our courage is not born of our own might but from knowing that the LORD goes before us, is with us, and will never leave or forsake us. This verse profoundly encourages us to step forward boldly in faith, trusting that God will enable us to fulfill His purposes, even when the path ahead seems overwhelming or our own abilities feel utterly insufficient. It reminds us that our primary task is to be faithful to the mission God has given us, knowing that He is ultimately responsible for the outcome and the glorious fulfillment of His promises.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why was it important for Moses to commission Joshua publicly?
The public commissioning of Joshua "in the sight of all Israel" was crucial for several profound reasons. Firstly, it unequivocally established Joshua's legitimate authority as Moses' divinely appointed successor, thereby preventing any potential challenges or factions from arising within the twelve tribes. In ancient societies, public declarations were essential for validating transitions of power and ensuring social cohesion. Secondly, it instilled profound confidence in the people that God's covenant plan for them would continue uninterrupted, even with the departure of their revered leader, Moses. They saw that God was still actively guiding their nation through a chosen and publicly affirmed leader. Thirdly, it served as a powerful visual and auditory reminder of God's unwavering faithfulness to His covenant, as the new leader was charged with bringing them into the land God had solemnly sworn to their fathers. This public act ensured unity, obedience, and morale as they prepared for the daunting task of conquering Canaan.
How does "Be strong and of a good courage" relate to God's presence?
The exhortation "Be strong and of a good courage" is inextricably linked to the assurance of God's presence, forming a theological hendiadys where the command is empowered by the divine promise. In the immediate context, Moses is passing on a charge that God Himself will later reiterate to Joshua in Joshua 1:6-9, where the command is directly followed by the profound promise, "The LORD your God is with you wherever you go." True strength and courage for God's work do not originate from human willpower, physical might, or inherent bravery alone, but from the indwelling presence and empowering Spirit of God. It is the confidence that the Almighty God goes before us, fights for us, and remains steadfastly with us that enables believers to face overwhelming odds with boldness, unwavering resolve, and supernatural strength. This divine presence transforms human fear into faith and perceived weakness into God-given might.
What does "cause them to inherit it" imply about Joshua's role?
The phrase "thou shalt cause them to inherit it" highlights Joshua's active, instrumental, and indispensable role in the tangible fulfillment of God's promise. It implies far more than just leading the people to the land; it signifies his direct responsibility for leading them in the multifaceted process of taking full possession of it. This involved courageous military leadership in conquering the formidable Canaanite nations, strategic planning for campaigns, the equitable division of the land among the tribes of Israel, and the establishment of the covenant community within its borders according to God's Law. Joshua was God's chosen agent to actualize the inheritance, ensuring that the ancient covenant promise of land became a tangible, lived reality for the Israelites. His role was to faithfully execute God's will, enabling the people to enter into and enjoy the blessings of their divine inheritance through diligent obedience and decisive action.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Deuteronomy 31:7, with its profound focus on a divinely appointed leader bringing God's people into their promised inheritance, finds its ultimate and most profound fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. Joshua, whose very name (Hebrew: Yehoshua, meaning "the LORD saves") is the linguistic and theological equivalent of Jesus, serves as a powerful Old Testament type of Christ. Just as Joshua led Israel into a physical land of rest, Jesus, the true and greater Joshua, leads His people into a spiritual and eternal inheritance. The command to "be strong and of a good courage" for the daunting task of inheriting the land foreshadows the ultimate strength and courage displayed by Christ in His redemptive work—His unwavering resolve in facing the cross, His decisive victory over sin and death, and His securing of eternal triumph for His people (Colossians 2:15). Through His perfect obedience, sacrificial death, and glorious resurrection, Christ has not only opened the way to a spiritual "rest" (Hebrews 4:8-10) far greater than Canaan but has also guaranteed our eternal inheritance as co-heirs with Him (Ephesians 1:11-14). He is the one who truly "causes us to inherit" the spiritual blessings, eternal life, and the new heavens and new earth, fulfilling God's ancient promises in a way that transcends any earthly possession or conquest. Our strength and courage as believers are found entirely in Him, for He is "the way, and the truth, and the life" who leads us into the Father's presence and the fullness of our eternal dwelling (John 14:6).