Exodus 17:10

KJV

So Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek: and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.

KJV (with Strong's)

So Joshua {H3091} did {H6213} as Moses {H4872} had said {H559} to him, and fought {H3898} with Amalek {H6002}: and Moses {H4872}, Aaron {H175}, and Hur {H2354} went up {H5927} to the top {H7218} of the hill {H1389}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Y'hoshua did as Moshe had told him and fought with 'Amalek. Then Moshe, Aharon and Hur went up to the top of the hill.

Berean Standard Bible

Joshua did as Moses had instructed him and fought against the Amalekites, while Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.

American Standard Version

So Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek: and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Exodus 17:10 marks a pivotal moment in Israel's wilderness journey, initiating their first major military engagement against the formidable Amalekites. This verse meticulously outlines the distinct yet complementary roles of leadership: Joshua is strategically appointed to lead the physical combat in the valley, while Moses, accompanied by Aaron and Hur, ascends a prominent hill. It masterfully sets the stage for a battle whose outcome is uniquely dependent on the intricate interplay of human obedience, strategic action, and profound divine intervention, underscoring the indispensable nature of both practical leadership and spiritual intercession in overcoming formidable opposition.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Exodus 17:10 is strategically positioned immediately following the Israelites' desperate plea for water at Rephidim, a crisis miraculously resolved by God's provision from the rock at Horeb, as detailed in [Exodus 17:1-7 - Water from the Rock](/exodus/17-1-7 "Exodus 17:1-7 - Water from the Rock"). This sequence highlights a rapid transition from internal challenges of faith and sustenance to an external, unprovoked military threat. The verse initiates the detailed account of the battle, which unfolds in subsequent passages like [Exodus 17:11-16 - The Battle Against Amalek](/exodus/17-11-16 "The Battle Against Amalek"), where Moses' sustained intercession proves pivotal for Israel's victory. It marks a significant development in the narrative, showcasing God's unwavering protection and the nascent formation of Israel's military and spiritual leadership structures as they continue their journey toward the Promised Land.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The Amalekites were a notoriously predatory, nomadic people, descended from Esau through Eliphaz, as noted in [Genesis 36:12 - Amalek's Genealogy](/genesis/36-12 "Amalek's Genealogy"). Their attack on the Israelites was not a conventional war but a cowardly ambush targeting the rear of the weary and vulnerable, recently liberated slaves traversing the harsh wilderness. This act of unprovoked malice established them as a perpetual, insidious enemy of Israel, symbolizing persistent opposition to God's chosen people throughout their history, a hostility later underscored in [Deuteronomy 25:17-18 - Remember Amalek's Attack](/deuteronomy/25-17-18 "Remember Amalek's Attack"). For Israel, a newly formed nation of former slaves, this encounter represented their inaugural major military engagement, necessitating immediate and decisive leadership. Moses, as God's divinely appointed leader, had to swiftly delegate military command to Joshua while simultaneously recognizing the paramount need for spiritual intercession from a strategic vantage point.
* **Key Themes:** This verse powerfully contributes to several major theological and narrative themes within Exodus and the broader Pentateuch. It highlights the theme of **Divine Providence and Protection**, demonstrating God's active involvement in defending His people against external threats, even when they are vulnerable. The delegation of roles underscores the theme of **Leadership and Delegation**, showing Moses' wisdom in empowering Joshua and recognizing the multifaceted nature of leadership—both practical and spiritual. Crucially, it introduces the theme of **Spiritual Warfare and Intercession**, illustrating that battles are won not merely by human strength but by divine power accessed through prayer and spiritual authority. This battle also serves as a foundational moment in the development of Israel's national identity and their understanding of God as a warrior on their behalf, a concept echoed throughout their history, as seen in passages like [Exodus 15:3 - The Lord is a Warrior](/exodus/15-3 "The Lord is a Warrior").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Joshua (Hebrew, _Yᵉhôwshûwaʻ'_):** This name, derived from the Hebrew for "Jehovah-saved" or "The Lord saves," carries immense theological significance. It profoundly foreshadows Joshua's future, pivotal role as the one chosen by God to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land, bringing them salvation from their enemies and establishing them in their divine inheritance. His name intrinsically links his actions and leadership to God's saving power, setting him forth as a significant type of the ultimate Savior, Jesus Christ.
* **Amalek (Hebrew, _ʻĂmâlêq'_):** The name of this people group transcends a mere ethnic designation, becoming synonymous with a persistent, insidious, and divinely condemned enemy. Their unprovoked attack on the vulnerable Israelites, particularly those lagging behind, revealed a deep-seated, malicious antagonism toward God's chosen people. The ongoing, divinely mandated conflict with Amalek throughout Israel's history, notably in [1 Samuel 15 - Saul and the Amalekites](/1_samuel/15 "Saul and the Amalekites"), highlights a profound spiritual principle: certain enemies represent an enduring, spiritual opposition to God's kingdom that demands constant vigilance, unwavering faith, and divine intervention to overcome.
* **Hill (Hebrew, _gibʻâh'_):** More than a simple geographical elevation or "hillock," the "hill" in this context serves as both a strategic observation post and a profoundly symbolic location. In biblical narratives, elevated places frequently signify proximity to God, serving as sites of revelation, prayer, and spiritual confrontation. Moses' deliberate ascent to the hill with Aaron and Hur immediately imbues this conflict with a crucial spiritual dimension, signaling that the ultimate victory would be secured not solely by physical prowess in the valley, but by divine power accessed through persistent intercession and spiritual authority from above.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"So Joshua did as Moses had said to him,"**: This opening clause immediately establishes Joshua's exemplary obedience and readiness to assume a significant leadership role. It highlights a critical aspect of effective leadership and military discipline: the ability to receive and execute instructions promptly and without hesitation. This swift compliance underscores Moses' trust in Joshua's capabilities and Joshua's emerging stature as a key figure in Israel's unfolding history, marking his first major command and demonstrating his faithfulness in carrying out delegated authority.
* **"and fought with Amalek:"**: This concise phrase describes the commencement of the physical engagement in the valley below. It signifies Israel's first direct military confrontation as a newly formed nation, transitioning them from passive recipients of divine deliverance to active participants in their own defense. The simplicity of the statement belies the intensity, danger, and existential threat posed by the Amalekites, emphasizing the immediate and tangible nature of the conflict and the necessity for a courageous, direct response.
* **"and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill."**: This parallel action reveals the dual nature of the warfare, emphasizing that the battle was fought on two fronts: physical and spiritual. While Joshua leads the earthly combat, Moses, Aaron, and Hur ascend to a vantage point that is both strategically advantageous for observation and profoundly symbolic for spiritual engagement. This ascent immediately signals that the battle's outcome is not solely dependent on human strength or military strategy but on divine assistance, accessed through the intercession and spiritual authority represented by Moses and his companions. Their presence underscores the communal aspect of spiritual support.

#### Literary Devices
Exodus 17:10 employs several potent literary devices to convey its profound message. **Juxtaposition** is prominently featured, presenting two distinct yet complementary actions: Joshua's engagement in physical combat in the valley below, representing human effort and military strategy, is set against Moses, Aaron, and Hur's ascent to the hill, symbolizing the essential spiritual dimension of the conflict. This immediate contrast underscores that true victory necessitates both diligent human action and indispensable divine intervention. **Foreshadowing** is also powerfully evident, particularly in the introduction of Joshua. His immediate obedience and leadership in this inaugural battle foreshadow his future, paramount role as Moses' successor, leading Israel into the Promised Land, as vividly depicted in [Joshua 1 - God's Charge to Joshua](/joshua/1 "God's Charge to Joshua"). Furthermore, Moses' ascent to the hill foreshadows the critical role of intercession and divine aid that will be explicitly revealed as the key to victory in the subsequent verses, such as [Exodus 17:11-12 - Moses' Hands and Victory](/exodus/17-11-12 "Moses' Hands and Victory"). Finally, **Symbolism** permeates the narrative, with the "hill" representing a sacred space of divine encounter, spiritual authority, and intercession, and Amalek embodying a persistent, insidious spiritual enemy that actively opposes God's people.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Exodus 17:10 profoundly illustrates the intricate interplay between divine sovereignty and human responsibility in the face of adversity. It teaches that while God is ultimately the source of all victory, He sovereignly calls His people to active participation, whether through diligent physical engagement or fervent spiritual intercession. The strategic delegation of military leadership to Joshua, combined with Moses' ascent for prayer and divine communion, powerfully underscores the necessity of both practical action and absolute reliance on God. This verse also highlights the critical importance of communal support in spiritual warfare; Moses' hands, crucial for Israel's success, needed to be upheld by Aaron and Hur, signifying that no leader or individual is ever meant to fight alone. It is a foundational lesson that true victory in life's battles is a collaborative effort, empowered by God's grace and sustained by the community of faith, demonstrating that God often works through the faithful obedience and mutual support of His people.

* [Numbers 27:18-23](/numbers/27-18-23 "Numbers 27:18-23 - Joshua Appointed Moses' Successor")
* [Ephesians 6:12](/ephesians/6-12 "Ephesians 6:12 - Our Struggle Against Spiritual Forces")
* [Ecclesiastes 4:9-12](/ecclesiastes/4-9-12 "Ecclesiastes 4:9-12 - The Strength of Community")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Exodus 17:10 offers timeless and profound principles for navigating the multifaceted challenges of life, both personal and communal. It calls us to embrace a balanced and holistic approach, recognizing that while diligent effort, strategic planning, and courageous action (like Joshua fighting in the valley) are absolutely essential, they must be inextricably coupled with fervent prayer, unwavering faith, and absolute reliance on divine power (like Moses on the hill). This passage serves as a potent reminder that our most significant battles are often fought on two interconnected fronts: the visible, practical realm of human endeavor and the unseen, spiritual realm of divine intervention. We are powerfully encouraged to identify the "Amalekites" in our own lives—whether they be persistent temptations, systemic injustices, personal struggles, or spiritual strongholds—and to engage them with both our very best efforts and our deepest spiritual commitment. Furthermore, the supportive presence of Aaron and Hur profoundly underscores the vital, indispensable role of community. No one is ever meant to face life's struggles in isolation. We are called to both humbly offer and graciously receive support, upholding one another in prayer, encouragement, and practical assistance, recognizing that our collective strength in Christ is immeasurably greater than our individual capacities and that God delights in using our unity for His glory.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what specific areas of my life am I currently called to "fight in the valley" with practical effort and strategic action, and in what areas am I called to "go up to the hill" in fervent prayer and absolute spiritual reliance?**
* **Who are the "Aaron and Hur" in my life—those faithful individuals who consistently support me in prayer, encourage me in times of struggle, and uphold me when I am weary? How can I more intentionally cultivate, appreciate, and reciprocate these vital relationships?**
* **How does Joshua's immediate and unwavering obedience to Moses' command challenge or inspire my own response to God-given instructions, divine callings, or delegated authority in my life and ministry?**

### FAQ
**Why did Moses go to the hill instead of fighting with Joshua?**

Answer: Moses' primary and overarching role was not that of a military general or warrior, but rather that of God's chosen spiritual leader, prophet, and intercessor for the nation of Israel. By ascending the hill, Moses profoundly demonstrated that the battle against Amalek was not merely a physical conflict to be won by human might, but fundamentally a spiritual one, entirely dependent on God's power and direct intervention. His strategic position on the hill, with his hands raised in prayer and supplication, was unequivocally crucial for Israel's victory, as the subsequent verses, [Exodus 17:11-12 - The Power of Moses' Raised Hands](/exodus/17-11-12 "The Power of Moses' Raised Hands"), explicitly reveal: when his hands were uplifted, Israel prevailed, and when they grew heavy and were lowered, Amalek gained the upper hand. This act also served a crucial purpose in delegating military leadership to Joshua, thereby preparing and commissioning him for his monumental future role as Israel's military commander and successor to Moses.

**Who was Hur, and why was he with Moses and Aaron?**

Answer: Hur is a less extensively developed figure in the biblical narrative, yet his presence at this pivotal moment is profoundly significant. He is mentioned again alongside Aaron as one of the elders left in charge when Moses ascends Mount Sinai to receive the Law, as recorded in [Exodus 24:14 - Moses Leaves Aaron and Hur in Charge](/exodus/24-14 "Moses Leaves Aaron and Hur in Charge"). Tradition, supported by [Exodus 31:2 - Bezaleel, Son of Hur](/exodus/31-2 "Bezaleel, Son of Hur"), identifies him as the grandfather of Bezaleel, the chief craftsman divinely appointed to construct the Tabernacle. His inclusion with Aaron highlights the critical importance of communal support for leadership, especially during times of intense spiritual and physical battle. He, along with Aaron, provided the necessary physical and spiritual assistance to Moses, literally holding up his hands, thereby ensuring that Moses' intercession remained unbroken and sustaining the flow of divine power that secured Israel's victory. Hur's presence underscores the principle that even the greatest leaders require the faithful support of a community and that God often uses the collective strength of His people.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Exodus 17:10, with its vivid depiction of Joshua leading the physical battle while Moses intercedes on the hill, profoundly foreshadows the multi-faceted and comprehensive work of Jesus Christ. Joshua, whose Hebrew name _Yᵉhôwshûwaʻ_ is the linguistic root of the Greek name Jesus, emerges as a powerful type of Christ—the ultimate leader who guides God's people to decisive victory over their enemies and into their eternal inheritance. Just as Joshua courageously fought the physical battle against Amalek, Jesus, the ultimate General and King, engaged in decisive spiritual warfare, triumphing over sin, death, and the principalities and powers of darkness through His crucifixion and glorious resurrection, as perfectly described in [Colossians 2:15 - Christ's Triumph Over Principalities and Powers](/colossians/2-15 "Christ's Triumph Over Principalities and Powers"). Furthermore, Moses' crucial role on the hill, with his hands uplifted in sustained intercession, beautifully prefigures Christ's ongoing, perpetual intercessory ministry. While Jesus secured our salvation through His finished work on the cross, He now ever lives to intercede for us before the Father, as [Hebrews 7:25 - Jesus Our Continual Intercessor](/hebrew/7-25 "Jesus Our Continual Intercessor") powerfully affirms, ensuring our continued victory and perseverance in the spiritual battles we face daily. Thus, Exodus 17:10 reveals Christ as both our conquering King, who has already won the decisive war against evil, declaring in [John 16:33 - Jesus Overcomes the World](/john/16-33 "Jesus Overcomes the World"), and our compassionate High Priest, who continually sustains us through His powerful and unfailing intercession, as [Romans 8:34 - Christ Intercedes for Us](/romans/8-34 "Christ Intercedes for Us") teaches, enabling us to overcome every "Amalek" in our lives by His abundant grace and power.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Exodus 24:14

And he said unto the elders, Tarry ye here for us, until we come again unto you: and, behold, Aaron and Hur [are] with you: if any man have any matters to do, let him come unto them.

Exodus 31:2

See, I have called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah:

Exodus 17:12

But Moses' hands [were] heavy; and they took a stone, and put [it] under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun.

Joshua 11:15

¶ As the LORD commanded Moses his servant, so did Moses command Joshua, and so did Joshua; he left nothing undone of all that the LORD commanded Moses.

John 2:5

His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do [it].

Matthew 28:20

Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, [even] unto the end of the world. Amen.

John 15:14

Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you.