Acts 23:21

KJV

But do not thou yield unto them: for there lie in wait for him of them more than forty men, which have bound themselves with an oath, that they will neither eat nor drink till they have killed him: and now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee.

KJV (with Strong's)

But {G3767} do {G3982} not {G3361} thou {G4771} yield {G3982} unto them {G846}: for {G1063} there lie in wait for {G1748} him {G846} of {G1537} them {G846} more than {G4119} forty {G5062} men {G435}, which {G3748} have bound {G332} themselves {G1438} with an oath {G332}, that they will {G5315} neither {G3383} eat {G5315} nor {G3383} drink {G4095} till {G2193}{G3739} they have killed {G337} him {G846}: and {G2532} now {G3568} are they {G1526} ready {G2092}, looking for {G4327} a promise {G1860} from {G575} thee {G4675}.

Complete Jewish Bible

But don’t let yourself be talked into it, because more than forty men are lying in wait for him. They have taken an oath neither to eat nor to drink until they kill him; and they are ready now, only waiting for you to give your consent to their request.”

Berean Standard Bible

Do not let them persuade you, because more than forty men are waiting to ambush him. They have bound themselves with an oath not to eat or drink until they have killed him; they are ready now, awaiting your consent.”

American Standard Version

Do not thou therefore yield unto them: for there lie in wait for him of them more than forty men, who have bound themselves under a curse, neither to eat nor to drink till they have slain him: and now are they ready, looking for the promise from thee.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Acts 23:21 records the urgent warning delivered by Paul's nephew to the Roman tribune, Claudius Lysias, concerning a deadly conspiracy against the Apostle. More than forty Jewish men, fanatically opposed to Paul, had sworn a solemn, self-imprecatory oath to neither eat nor drink until they had assassinated him. This verse reveals their immediate readiness to execute their plot, awaiting only Lysias's consent to bring Paul before them, ostensibly for further questioning, but in reality, for ambush.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated within a highly dramatic and dangerous period of the Apostle Paul's ministry, specifically following his return to Jerusalem after his third missionary journey. The preceding chapters detail his arrest in the temple courts due to false accusations and a subsequent riot ([Acts 21:27-36](/acts/21-27-36 "Paul's Arrest in Jerusalem")). Paul's initial defense before the crowd ([Acts 22:1-21](/acts/22-1-21 "Paul's Defense to the Crowd")) and his subsequent appearance before the Sanhedrin ([Acts 23:1-10](/acts/23-1-10 "Paul Before the Sanhedrin")) only intensified the animosity against him, leading to a profound division within the council. The night before this warning, the Lord Himself appeared to Paul, assuring him that he must testify in Rome ([Acts 23:11](/acts/23-11 "The Lord's Assurance to Paul")). Paul's nephew's timely intervention, prompted by hearing of the plot, directly facilitates the next stage of Paul's journey, setting the stage for his transfer to Caesarea.

* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The first century Judea was a volatile region under Roman occupation, marked by intense religious and political fervor. Jewish factions, particularly the Sadducees and Pharisees, often clashed, but could unite against perceived threats to their traditions, such as Paul's message of a resurrected Messiah and the inclusion of Gentiles without full adherence to Mosaic law. Oaths, especially self-imprecatory ones, were taken with extreme seriousness in Jewish culture, reflecting a deep commitment to the vow, often with the understanding that divine judgment would fall upon the oath-taker if the vow was broken. The presence of a Roman garrison in Jerusalem, commanded by a tribune, highlights Rome's role in maintaining order and their legal obligation to protect Roman citizens, which Paul was. The conspirators' plan to ambush Paul en route to the Sanhedrin was a desperate measure, indicating their inability to secure a legal conviction and their profound hatred.

* **Key Themes:** Acts 23:21 contributes significantly to several overarching themes in the book of Acts. Firstly, it powerfully underscores the theme of **Divine Sovereignty and Protection**. Despite the intense human malice and a meticulously planned assassination attempt, God's providential hand is evident in using Paul's nephew and the Roman authorities to safeguard His servant, ensuring Paul would fulfill his mission to testify in Rome, as promised by the Lord Himself in [Acts 23:11](/acts/23-11 "God's Promise to Paul"). Secondly, the verse vividly portrays the **Human Malice and Conspiracy** faced by the early church. The extreme hatred and fanaticism of Paul's adversaries, willing to bind themselves with such a severe oath, highlights the depth of spiritual opposition against the spread of the Gospel. This fanaticism is a recurring motif in Acts, seen in opposition from Jewish leaders in various cities ([Acts 13:45](/acts/13-45 "Jewish Opposition in Pisidian Antioch"), [Acts 14:19](/acts/14-19 "Paul Stoned in Lystra"), [Acts 17:5](/acts/17-5 "Riot in Thessalonica")). Finally, the **Seriousness of Oaths** is highlighted, demonstrating the cultural weight placed on such vows and the desperate resolve of the conspirators.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **lie in wait for (Greek, _enedreúō'_):** This verb, G1748, signifies to "lurk" or, figuratively, to "plot assassination." It indicates a deliberate, concealed, and malicious intent to harm, specifically to kill. The use of this word emphasizes the treacherous and premeditated nature of the conspirators' plan, not merely a spontaneous outburst of anger, but a calculated ambush designed to take Paul's life.
* **bound themselves with an oath (Greek, _anathematízō'_):** G332, from _anáthema_, means "to declare or vow under penalty of execration." In this context, it signifies that the conspirators placed themselves under a solemn, self-imposed curse. They were invoking divine judgment upon themselves if they failed to fulfill their vow to kill Paul, specifically by refusing to eat or drink. This was not merely a strong promise, but a ritualistic act of dedicating themselves to a curse if their murderous intent was not fulfilled, revealing an extreme, fanatical commitment.
* **promise (Greek, _epangelía'_):** G1860, refers to an "announcement (for information, assent or pledge; especially a divine assurance of good)." Here, it is used in the sense of an assent or pledge from the tribune. The conspirators were "looking for a promise" from Lysias, meaning they sought his agreement or permission to bring Paul out, which would then allow them to execute their deadly ambush. This highlights their deceptive strategy, cloaking their murderous intent under the guise of legal process.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"But do not thou yield unto them:"** This is the direct, urgent plea from Paul's nephew to the Roman tribune, Claudius Lysias. The nephew, having overheard the plot, understands the gravity of the situation and immediately warns Lysias against succumbing to the conspirators' request. The implication is that yielding would mean handing Paul over to certain death.
* **"for there lie in wait for him of them more than forty men,"** This clause provides the crucial justification for the nephew's warning. It reveals the scale and seriousness of the threat: a large, organized group of over forty individuals. The phrase "lie in wait" (enedreúō) underscores the premeditated and ambush nature of their plan, indicating a hidden, deadly intent.
* **"which have bound themselves with an oath, that they will neither eat nor drink till they have killed him:"** This details the extreme fanaticism and unwavering resolve of the conspirators. Their "oath" (anathematízō) was a self-imprecatory vow, placing themselves under a curse if they failed. The refusal to eat or drink until their objective was achieved demonstrates their absolute commitment to Paul's assassination, highlighting the depth of their hatred and desperation.
* **"and now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee."** This final clause emphasizes the immediate danger. The conspirators are not merely planning; they are "ready" (hétoimos), poised to act. They are "looking for a promise" (prosdéchomai epangelía) from Lysias, meaning they expect him to agree to their request to bring Paul out, which would be the signal for their ambush. This reveals their deceptive tactic of using official channels to facilitate their murderous plot.

#### Literary Devices
Acts 23:21 effectively employs several literary devices to heighten the **Drama** and convey the urgency of the situation. The conspirators' vow, "that they will neither eat nor drink till they have killed him," is a powerful example of **Hyperbole** and **Fanaticism**, illustrating the extreme lengths to which Paul's enemies were willing to go. While literally true in their intent, it underscores their irrational and murderous zeal. There is also a strong element of **Dramatic Irony** at play; the reader knows from [Acts 23:11](/acts/23-11 "God's Promise to Paul") that Paul is destined for Rome, yet the conspirators believe their plot will succeed, unaware of God's overarching plan. The nephew's direct address to Lysias, "But do not thou yield unto them," creates a sense of **Urgency** and **Foreshadowing**, hinting at the imminent danger Paul faces and the critical role Lysias will play in his deliverance. The entire narrative segment serves as a **Plot Device**, directly leading to Paul's transfer to Caesarea and advancing the divine purpose for his ministry.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Acts 23:21 powerfully illustrates the enduring theological theme of divine providence amidst human opposition. The intense hatred and meticulously planned conspiracy against Paul underscore the spiritual warfare inherent in the advancement of the Gospel. Yet, God's sovereign hand is unmistakably at work, using seemingly ordinary means—a nephew's loyalty and a Roman officer's duty—to thwart a deadly plot and preserve His chosen instrument. This passage reminds us that even when evil schemes are meticulously crafted and human malice reaches its peak, God remains in control, orchestrating events to fulfill His purposes. It highlights that the safety of God's servants is not dependent on their own strength or cunning, but on the unfailing protection of the Almighty, who ensures His will is accomplished, often through unexpected channels.

* [Psalm 37:32-33](/psalms/37-32-33 "The Wicked Plot Against the Righteous")
* [Proverbs 16:9](/proverbs/16-9 "The Lord Directs Our Steps")
* [Romans 8:28](/romans/8-28 "All Things Work for Good")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Acts 23:21 serves as a profound reminder that following Christ often involves facing intense opposition, sometimes from unexpected and fanatical sources. The depth of hatred displayed by these conspirators, willing to bind themselves with a life-threatening oath, should prompt believers to recognize the spiritual realities behind earthly conflicts. Yet, the passage also offers immense comfort and practical guidance. It encourages us to trust in God's unfailing providence, knowing that even in the face of grave danger, His purposes for our lives and for His kingdom will prevail. Just as Paul's nephew acted with courage and discernment, we are called to be vigilant, wise, and proactive in addressing threats, while ultimately resting in the assurance that God is our ultimate protector. This passage challenges us to consider how we respond when faced with hostility for our faith—do we succumb to fear, or do we rely on divine wisdom and courage, knowing that our lives are in God's hands?

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does the extreme nature of the conspirators' oath in Acts 23:21 challenge or affirm your understanding of the spiritual opposition faced by believers today?**
* **In what ways can we, like Paul's nephew, demonstrate courage and discernment when we perceive threats to ourselves or others who are serving God?**
* **How does this passage encourage you to trust in God's sovereignty and protection, even when circumstances seem overwhelmingly dangerous or out of control?**

### FAQ

**What was the significance of the oath taken by the conspirators against Paul?**

Answer: The oath taken by the more than forty men in [Acts 23:21](/acts/23-21 "The Plot Against Paul") was a "self-imprecatory oath," meaning they invoked a curse upon themselves if they failed to fulfill their vow. By swearing to neither eat nor drink until they had killed Paul, they were binding themselves under the most severe terms imaginable in ancient Jewish culture. This was not merely a strong promise, but a ritualistic act of dedicating themselves to a curse if their murderous intent was not fulfilled. It signified an extreme, fanatical commitment to their goal, demonstrating the depth of their hatred for Paul and his message, and their desperate resolve to eliminate him. Such an oath would have been considered profoundly serious and binding, reflecting their willingness to risk divine judgment for their cause.

**How did Paul's nephew know about the plot, and what role did he play?**

Answer: The text does not explicitly state how Paul's nephew, identified as the son of Paul's sister in [Acts 23:16](/acts/23-16 "Paul's Nephew Learns of the Plot"), came to know about the conspiracy. It's plausible he overheard the plotters discussing their plan, perhaps in the temple courts or another public gathering place, as they were "looking for a promise" from the tribune, implying some public movement or discussion. His role was absolutely critical: upon hearing the plot, he immediately went to the barracks where Paul was being held and informed Paul. Paul then sent him to the Roman tribune, Claudius Lysias, to relay the warning. This act of courage and quick thinking by Paul's nephew directly led to Lysias taking action to protect Paul, arranging for his safe transfer to Caesarea under heavy guard, thereby thwarting the assassination attempt and ensuring Paul's journey to Rome, as promised by the Lord in [Acts 23:11](/acts/23-11 "God's Assurance to Paul").

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Acts 23:21, while detailing a specific plot against Paul, resonates with a profound Christ-centered fulfillment, revealing God's unwavering commitment to His redemptive plan through His chosen servants. Just as Paul faced intense, murderous opposition for proclaiming the Gospel, Jesus Himself endured relentless plots and conspiracies from religious authorities who sought to kill Him ([Matthew 26:3-4](/matthew/26-3-4 "The Plot Against Jesus"), [John 11:53](/john/11-53 "The Decision to Kill Jesus")). The fanatical oath of Paul's enemies foreshadows the ultimate rejection and crucifixion of Christ, the perfect Lamb of God. Yet, in both instances, God's sovereign hand was at work. Paul's deliverance from this plot, orchestrated through unexpected means like his nephew and a Roman tribune, mirrors God's providential care for Jesus, who, despite facing death, was ultimately raised to life, fulfilling His mission to redeem humanity ([Acts 2:23-24](/acts/2-23-24 "Peter's Sermon on Pentecost")). Paul's continued journey to Rome, assured by Christ Himself ([Acts 23:11](/acts/23-11 "God's Promise to Paul")), highlights that no human conspiracy can thwart God's divine purpose to spread the good news of His Son to the ends of the earth. The protection afforded to Paul underscores the truth that Christ, the Head of the Church, continues to guard and guide His body, ensuring that His mission through His people will be accomplished until His glorious return ([Matthew 16:18](/matthew/16-18 "The Gates of Hell Shall Not Prevail")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Acts 23:12

¶ And when it was day, certain of the Jews banded together, and bound themselves under a curse, saying that they would neither eat nor drink till they had killed Paul.

Acts 23:14

And they came to the chief priests and elders, and said, We have bound ourselves under a great curse, that we will eat nothing until we have slain Paul.

Exodus 23:2

Thou shalt not follow a multitude to [do] evil; neither shalt thou speak in a cause to decline after many to wrest [judgment]:

2 Corinthians 11:26

[In] journeyings often, [in] perils of waters, [in] perils of robbers, [in] perils by [mine own] countrymen, [in] perils by the heathen, [in] perils in the city, [in] perils in the wilderness, [in] perils in the sea, [in] perils among false brethren;

Romans 9:3

For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh:

Acts 25:3

And desired favour against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him.

Acts 20:19

Serving the Lord with all humility of mind, and with many tears, and temptations, which befell me by the lying in wait of the Jews: