### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **anathematízō**, represented by `{{G332}}`, means to **declare or vow under penalty of execration** or to **bind with an oath**. It is derived from ἀνάθεμα (anáthema) and signifies a solemn vow that invokes a curse upon oneself if broken. It appears **6 times** across **4 unique verses** in the Bible, highlighting its use in situations of extreme commitment or denial.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its biblical usage, `{{G332}}` describes the act of making a binding, self-cursing oath. It is most prominently featured in the book of Acts, where a group of more than forty Jews **bound themselves under a curse** `{{G332}}` to neither eat `{{G5315}}` nor drink `{{G4095}}` until they had killed `{{G615}}` the apostle Paul ([[Acts 23:12]], [[Acts 23:21]]). This act was a formal conspiracy, reported to the chief priests `{{G749}}` and elders `{{G4245}}` [[Acts 23:14]]. In a different context, the word is used to describe Peter's denial of Jesus. Under pressure, he **began to curse** `{{G332}}` and to swear `{{G3660}}`, saying he did not know the man [[Mark 14:71]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the meaning and context of `{{G332}}`:
* `{{G331}}` **anáthema** (a curse): This is the root noun from which `{{G332}}` is derived. It refers to the curse itself, a religious ban, or an excommunicated person. The plotters in Acts bound themselves under a "great **curse**" [[Acts 23:14]].
* `{{G3660}}` **omnýō** (to swear): This verb is used in direct parallel with `{{G332}}` in Mark's account of Peter's denial, where he began to curse and **to swear** [[Mark 14:71]]. It emphasizes the verbal act of taking an oath.
* `{{G615}}` **apokteínō** (to kill outright): This word reveals the deadly intent behind the oath made in Acts. The men bound themselves under a curse with the specific goal to **kill** Paul [[Acts 23:12]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G332}}` is demonstrated in its application, revealing the gravity of making vows before God.
* **Solemnity of Oaths:** The use of `{{G332}}` underscores the seriousness of an oath that carries a self-imposed penalty. The men plotting against Paul were willing to risk their own lives by forgoing food and drink to see their plan fulfilled [[Acts 23:12]].
* **Misguided Religious Zeal:** The conspiracy against Paul was undertaken by "certain of the Jews" `{{G2453}}` and reported to religious leaders, showing how intense religious fervor can be channeled into a binding, destructive curse ([[Acts 23:12]], [[Acts 23:14]]).
* **Human Frailty and Denial:** In contrast to the premeditated plot in Acts, Peter's use of `{{G332}}` illustrates a moment of extreme fear and human weakness, where he invokes a curse to distance himself from Jesus [[Mark 14:71]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G332}}` is a potent term for a vow sealed with a self-directed curse. Its usage in Scripture highlights moments of intense human resolve, whether for a murderous conspiracy born of religious zeal or a desperate denial rooted in fear. It serves as a powerful reminder of the profound significance and potential danger of the oaths people make.
TRV