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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 2 Corinthians 12:11–21. His three-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
In these verses the apostle addresses himself to the Corinthians two ways: -
I.He blames them for what was faulty in them; namely, that they had not stood up in his defence as they ought to have done, and so made it the more needful for him to insist so much on his own vindication. They in manner compelled him to commend himself, who ought to have been commended of them Co2 12:11. And had they, or some among them, not failed on their part, it would have been less needful for him to have said so much on his own behalf. He tells them further that they in particular had good reason to speak well of him, as being in nothing behind the very chief apostles, because he had given them full proof and evidence of his apostleship; for the signs of an apostle were wrought among them in all patience, in signs, and wonders, and mighty deeds. Note,
1.It is a debt we owe to good men to stand up in the defence of their reputation; and we are under special obligations to those we have received benefit by, especially spiritual benefit, to own them as instruments in God's hand of good to us, and to vindicate them when they are calumniated by others.
2.How much soever we are, or ought to be, esteemed by others, we ought always to think humbly of ourselves. See an example of this in this great apostle, who thought himself to be nothing, though in truth he was not behind the greatest apostles - so far was he from seeking praise from men, though he tells them their duty to vindicate his reputation - so far was he from applauding himself, when he was forced to insist upon his own necessary self-defence.
II.He gives a large account of his behaviour and kind intentions towards them, in which we may observe the character of a faithful minister of the gospel.
1.He was not willing to be burdensome to them, nor did he seek theirs, but them. He says (Co2 12:13) he had not been burdensome to them, for the time past, and tells them (Co2 12:14) he would not be burdensome to them for the time to come, when he should come to them. He spared their purses, and did not covet their money: I seek not yours but you. He sought not to enrich himself, but to save their souls: he did not desire to make a property of them to himself, but to gain them over to Christ, whose servant he was. Note, Those who aim at clothing themselves with the fleece of the flock, and take no care of the sheep, are hirelings, and not good shepherds.
2.He would gladly spend and be spent for them (Co2 12:15); that is, he was willing to take pains and to suffer loss for their good. He would spend his time, his parts, his strength, his interest, his all, to do them service; nay, so spend as to be spent, and be like a candle, which consumes itself to give light to others.
3.He did not abate in his love to them, notwithstanding their unkindness and ingratitude to him; and therefore was contented and glad to take pains with them, though the more abundantly he loved them the less he was loved, Co2 12:15. This is applicable to other relations: if others be wanting in their duty to us it does not follow therefore that we may neglect our duty to them.
4.He was careful not only that he himself should not be burdensome, but that none he employed should. This seems to be the meaning of what we read, Co2 12:16-18. If it should be objected by any that though he did not himself burden them, yet, being crafty, he caught them with guile, that is, he sent those among them who pillaged them, and afterwards he shared with them in the profit: "This was not so," says the apostle; "I did not make a gain of you myself, nor by any of those whom I sent; nor did Titus, nor any others - We walked by the same spirit and in the same steps." They all agreed in this matter to do them all the good they could, without being burdensome to them, to promote the gospel among them and make it as easy to them as possible. Or, this may be read with an interrogation, as utterly disclaiming any guile in himself and others towards them.
5.He was a man who did all things for edifying, Co2 12:19. This was his great aim and design, to do good, to lay the foundation well, and then with care and diligence to build the superstructure.
6.He would not shrink from his duty for fear of displeasing them, though he was so careful to make himself easy to them. Therefore he was resolved to be faithful in reproving sin, though he was therein found to be such as they would not, Co2 12:20. The apostle here mentions several sins that are too commonly found among professors of religion, and are very reprovable: debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, whisperings, swellings, tumults; and, though those who are guilty of these sins can hardly bear to be reproved for them, yet faithful ministers must not fear offending the guilty by sharp reproofs, as they are needful, in public and in private.
7.He was grieved at the apprehension that he should find scandalous sins among them not duly repented of. This, he tells them, would be the cause of great humiliation and lamentation. Note,
(1.)The falls and miscarriages of professors cannot but be a humbling consideration to a good minister; and God sometimes takes this way to humble those who might be under temptation to be lifted up: I fear lest my God will humble me among you.
(2.)We have reason to bewail those who sin and do not repent, to bewail many that have sinned, and have not repented, Co2 12:21. If these have not, as yet, grace to mourn and lament their own case, their case is the more lamentable; and those who love God, and love them, should mourn for them.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
3 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
Now Paul is openly expressing the love and affection which he had for them, since he is prepared not only to spend lavishly on their behalf but even to die for the salvation of their souls.
Let us then also emulate this man! For it is a serious charge, the not loving even; but becomes more serious, when although one is loved he loveth not. For if he that loveth one that loveth him be no better than the publicans; he that doth not so much as this ranks with the beasts; yea rather, is even below them. What sayest thou, O man? Lovest thou not him that loveth thee? What then dost thou live for? Wherein wilt thou be of use hereafter? in what sort of matters? in public? in private? By no means; for nothing is more useless than a man that knows not to love.
"I will most gladly spend and be spent for your souls."
'For the law of nature indeed has commanded the parents to lay up for the children; but I do not do this only, but I give myself also besides.' And this lavishness of his, the not only not receiving, but giving also besides, is not in common sort but accompanied with great liberality, and out of his own want; for the words, "I will be spent," are of one who would imply this. 'For should it be necessary to spend my very flesh, I will not spare it for your salvation.' And that which follows contains at once accusation and love, "though the more abundantly I love you, the less I be loved." 'And I do this,' he says, 'for the sake of those who are beloved by me, yet love me not equally.' Observe then, now, how many steps there are in this matter. He had a right to receive, but he did not receive; here is good work the first: and this, though in want; the second; and though preaching to them, the third; he gives besides, the fourth; and not merely gives, but lavishly too, the fifth; not money only, but himself, the sixth; for those who loved him not greatly, the seventh; and for those whom he greatly loved, the eighth.
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Summary
The Apostle Paul, in 2 Corinthians 12:15, articulates the profound depth of his sacrificial commitment to the Corinthian church. He expresses an eager willingness to exhaust his resources, energy, and very self for their spiritual benefit, even as he laments the painful paradox that his abundant love for them appears to be met with diminishing affection in return. This verse powerfully encapsulates Paul's selfless pastoral heart, his unwavering dedication to the gospel's advance, and the emotional cost of unreciprocated love in ministry.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is situated within Paul's "fool's speech" or "boasting" section (chapters 10-13), where he reluctantly defends his apostolic authority and ministry against false apostles who had infiltrated the Corinthian church. Paul's "boasting" is not in his own strength or achievements, but in his weaknesses and sufferings for Christ, as exemplified by his "thorn in the flesh" (2 Corinthians 12:7-10). Leading up to 2 Corinthians 12:15, Paul has reiterated his intention to visit Corinth for a third time, assuring them that he will not be a financial burden, unlike those who exploit them (2 Corinthians 12:14). His declaration of willingness to "spend and be spent" serves as a powerful contrast to the self-serving motives of his detractors, underscoring the purity of his intentions and his genuine, paternal affection for the Corinthians as his spiritual children.
Historical & Cultural Context
The Corinthian church, located in a bustling, cosmopolitan port city, was a melting pot of diverse cultures and philosophies. It faced numerous internal divisions and external pressures, including the influence of sophisticated rhetoricians and "super-apostles" who challenged Paul's authority, often by comparing his humble demeanor and lack of oratorical flair to their own impressive, self-aggrandizing styles. These false teachers likely demanded financial support and sought personal prestige, contrasting sharply with Paul's consistent practice of self-sufficiency (1 Corinthians 9:1-18) and his focus on the spiritual well-being of the church over personal gain. Paul's statement in 2 Corinthians 12:15 must be understood against this backdrop of apostolic rivalry and the Corinthians' susceptibility to those who prioritized outward appearances and material benefits.
Key Themes
2 Corinthians 12:15 contributes to several overarching themes in 2 Corinthians. Firstly, it highlights Sacrificial Love and Suffering in Ministry, a recurring motif throughout the epistle, where Paul consistently portrays his ministry as one of self-giving, even to the point of personal suffering and weakness, which he paradoxically claims reveals God's power (2 Corinthians 4:7-12). Secondly, it reinforces the theme of Apostolic Authenticity and Integrity, as Paul's willingness to give everything without expectation of return directly contrasts with the mercenary motives of the false apostles, thereby validating his genuine call from God. Lastly, the verse touches upon the Paradox of Christian Service, where genuine love and dedication may not always be met with reciprocal affection or appreciation, a reality Paul grapples with throughout his relationship with the Corinthians (2 Corinthians 11:1-15).
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From δαπάνη, meaning to expend, incur cost, or consume. In this context, Paul uses it to signify his willingness to incur any expense, whether of time, effort, or material resources, for the benefit of the Corinthians. It speaks to the active, intentional giving of oneself.
From ἐκ and δαπανάω, meaning to expend wholly or to exhaust. The prefix ek- intensifies the verb, indicating a complete and utter consumption or wearing out. Paul is not merely willing to give, but to be completely used up, to the point of exhaustion, for their spiritual growth and well-being. This signifies the totality of his self-sacrifice.
Perhaps from a word meaning "much," or related to a Hebrew word meaning "to love." This term denotes a selfless, benevolent, and unconditional love, distinct from mere affection or passion. Paul's use of agapáō here emphasizes the divine, self-giving nature of his affection and commitment to the Corinthians, mirroring God's own love for humanity.
Verse Breakdown
"And I will very gladly spend and be spent for you"
Paul emphatically declares his enthusiastic and complete devotion to the Corinthians. The phrase "very gladly" (Greek: hḗdista) underscores his joyful willingness to endure hardship and sacrifice. "Spend" (dapanáō) refers to giving his resources, and "be spent" (ekdapanáō) signifies being utterly consumed or worn out in the process. This expresses a total, unreserved commitment of his life, energy, and even physical being for their spiritual welfare, akin to a parent pouring out everything for their children.
"though the more abundantly I love you, the less I be loved."
This clause introduces a poignant paradox and expresses Paul's deep emotional pain. Despite his overwhelming, superabundant (Greek: perissotérōs) love for the Corinthians, he perceives a disproportionate lack of reciprocal affection or appreciation from them. This highlights the often-unrequited nature of selfless service and the emotional toll it can take on those who pour themselves out for others, especially when faced with suspicion, criticism, or indifference. It reveals the vulnerability of a true pastoral heart.
Literary Devices
Paul masterfully employs several literary devices in this verse. The most prominent is Paradox, evident in the stark contrast between his abundant love and their diminishing reciprocation ("though the more abundantly I love you, the less I be loved"). This highlights the often-painful reality of ministry and relationships where self-giving is not always met with equal return. The phrase "spend and be spent" is a form of Merism, where two contrasting or complementary parts are used to express a totality – in this case, the entirety of Paul's commitment, from active giving to passive exhaustion. There is also an element of Hyperbole in "very gladly spend and be spent," emphasizing the extreme degree of his willingness to sacrifice, underscoring the depth of his devotion. Finally, the entire verse functions as a powerful Antithesis to the self-serving motives of the false apostles, positioning Paul as a true servant leader whose integrity is rooted in selfless love.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Paul's declaration in 2 Corinthians 12:15 stands as a profound theological statement on the nature of Christian love, service, and leadership. It embodies the essence of agape love – a self-sacrificial, unconditional love that gives without expecting anything in return, mirroring the very heart of God. This love is not sentimental but active, costly, and enduring, even in the face of ingratitude or misunderstanding. The paradox of loving more and being loved less reveals the reality that true service in God's kingdom often involves suffering and unrequited effort, yet it remains the pathway to authentic discipleship and faithful ministry. Paul's willingness to be "spent" for the Corinthians reflects a cruciform pattern of life, where one's life is poured out for the benefit of others, trusting that ultimate reward and validation come from God, not human affirmation.
Reflection and Application
2 Corinthians 12:15 offers a challenging yet deeply inspiring model for every believer and especially for those in leadership. It calls us to examine the depth and purity of our own love and commitment within the body of Christ and in our broader relationships. Are we willing to give not just our surplus, but our very selves – our time, energy, resources, and even our emotional well-being – for the spiritual flourishing of others, without demanding immediate reciprocity or recognition? Paul's experience reminds us that genuine love often involves vulnerability and the potential for pain when our efforts are unappreciated or misunderstood. Yet, this verse encourages perseverance in such selfless service, trusting that our ultimate reward is from God. It also prompts us to cultivate a spirit of appreciation and reciprocal love for those who pour themselves out for us, recognizing the immense cost of such dedication.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does Paul mean by "spend and be spent"?
By "spend" (Greek: dapanáō), Paul refers to the active giving of his resources, time, and energy. By "be spent" (Greek: ekdapanáō), he means to be utterly consumed, exhausted, or worn out. The prefix ek- intensifies the verb, indicating a complete and total self-sacrifice. Together, the phrase signifies Paul's willingness to give everything he has and everything he is, to the point of complete depletion, for the spiritual benefit and growth of the Corinthian believers. It's a powerful expression of his selfless, unconditional love and dedication to their well-being, prioritizing their spiritual flourishing above his own comfort or gain, a theme he reiterates throughout 2 Corinthians.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Paul's declaration in 2 Corinthians 12:15 finds its ultimate and perfect fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. While Paul willingly spent and was spent for his spiritual children, Christ, the Son of God, truly "spent" His divine prerogatives and "was spent" on the cross for all humanity. He "emptied himself, by taking the form of a servant" (Philippians 2:7), pouring out His very life as a ransom for many (Mark 10:45). The paradox of Paul's unrequited love also echoes Christ's experience: though He came to His own, His own did not receive Him (John 1:11), and He was "despised and rejected by mankind" (Isaiah 53:3). Yet, it was precisely in this ultimate act of self-giving, even unto death, that God's boundless love for a fallen world was most profoundly demonstrated (Romans 5:8). Thus, Paul's commitment to "spend and be spent" is not merely a human ideal but a Christ-like pattern, reflecting the sacrificial love of the Lamb of God who laid down His life that others might have eternal life (John 10:11).