1 Samuel 16:12

KJV

And he sent, and brought him in. Now he [was] ruddy, [and] withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this [is] he.

KJV (with Strong's)

And he sent {H7971}, and brought him in {H935}. Now he was ruddy {H132}, and withal {H5973} of a beautiful {H3303} countenance {H5869}, and goodly {H2896} to look to {H7210}. And the LORD {H3068} said {H559}, Arise {H6965}, anoint {H4886} him: for this is he.

Complete Jewish Bible

He sent and brought him in. With ruddy cheeks, red hair and bright eyes, he was a good-looking fellow. ADONAI said, "Stand up and anoint him; he's the one."

Berean Standard Bible

So Jesse sent for his youngest son and brought him in. He was ruddy, with beautiful eyes and a handsome appearance. And the LORD said, “Rise and anoint him, for he is the one.”

American Standard Version

And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look upon. And Jehovah said, Arise, anoint him; for this is he.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Samuel 16:12 records the climactic moment of David's introduction to Samuel, revealing his physical attributes before God's immediate and unequivocal command to anoint him as the chosen king of Israel. This verse powerfully underscores God's sovereign selection, demonstrating that while human perception might note outward appearance, divine choice is rooted in a deeper, unseen reality, culminating in the formal consecration of the shepherd boy as the future monarch.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This pivotal verse is situated within a crucial transitional narrative in Israel's history, immediately following the divine rejection of King Saul due to his persistent disobedience, particularly regarding the Amalekites in [1 Samuel 15](/1_samuel/15 "1 Samuel 15 - Saul's Disobedience and Rejection"). God instructs Samuel to go to Bethlehem to anoint a new king from the sons of Jesse. The preceding verses in [1 Samuel 16](/1_samuel/16 "1 Samuel 16 - David's Anointing") meticulously detail Samuel's inspection of Jesse's seven elder sons, each seemingly more kingly by human standards. Yet, for each, the Lord declares, "Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him. For the LORD sees not as man sees: man looks on the outward appearance, but the LORD looks on the heart" ([1 Samuel 16:7](/1_samuel/16-7 "1 Samuel 16:7 - God Looks at the Heart")). This sets up a profound theological tension, making David's eventual selection, despite his youth and seemingly lesser status, a powerful demonstration of God's unconventional wisdom. Verse 12 thus serves as the resolution to this divine search, culminating in the identification of the true king.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The period described in 1 Samuel is the transition from a tribal confederacy led by judges to a monarchy. The people had demanded a king "like all the nations" ([1 Samuel 8:5](/1_samuel/8-5 "1 Samuel 8:5 - Israel Demands a King")), leading to Saul's anointing. However, Saul's reign proved problematic, highlighting the dangers of a king chosen by human preference rather than divine obedience. The anointing of kings in ancient Israel, often performed by prophets like Samuel, was a sacred ritual signifying divine appointment and the impartation of the Spirit of the Lord, setting the individual apart for a unique role. Bethlehem, a relatively small and unassuming town, would later gain immense significance as the birthplace of both David and, centuries later, the Messiah ([Micah 5:2](/micah/5-2 "Micah 5:2 - Bethlehem Ephrathah")). The description of David as a shepherd is also culturally significant, as shepherds were often seen as humble, yet responsible and courageous, a fitting background for a future king who would "shepherd" God's people.
* **Key Themes:** The central theme is **Divine Sovereignty and Unconventional Choice**. God's rejection of Saul and selection of David powerfully illustrates that His criteria for leadership transcend human expectations and outward appearances. This is explicitly stated in [1 Samuel 16:7](/1_samuel/16-7 "1 Samuel 16:7 - God Looks at the Heart") and profoundly demonstrated in David's anointing. Another key theme is the **Significance of Anointing**, which marks the transfer of divine authority and the empowering presence of the Holy Spirit for the divinely appointed task. David's anointing here initiates the Davidic dynasty, which would become the foundation for messianic hope. The verse also subtly touches on the theme of **Appearance vs. Heart**, as David is described as physically attractive, yet his true qualification, as emphasized elsewhere in the narrative, lies in his character and the state of his heart before God, a contrast to Saul's initial selection based on his imposing stature ([1 Samuel 9:2](/1_samuel/9-2 "1 Samuel 9:2 - Saul's Physical Stature")).

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Ruddy (Hebrew, _’admoni'_):** This term (אדמוני) describes a reddish complexion, often associated with health, youth, and vigor. It can also imply a fair or light skin tone, perhaps suggesting a contrast to the more sun-darkened appearance of those who worked outdoors. In a cultural context, it might have been seen as a desirable trait, indicating vitality. Its use here, immediately after the Lord's declaration in [1 Samuel 16:7](/1_samuel/16-7 "1 Samuel 16:7 - God Looks at the Heart") about not looking at outward appearance, creates a subtle irony or a narrative nuance, acknowledging David's physical attractiveness without it being the basis for God's choice.
* **Beautiful countenance (Hebrew, _yapheh mareh'_):** This phrase (יפה מראה) literally means "beautiful of appearance" or "handsome of sight." It refers to a pleasing or attractive physical form, particularly in the face. This reinforces the idea that David possessed a striking physical presence, a quality often associated with kings in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The inclusion of this detail, while not the reason for his selection, highlights that God's chosen one was not physically unappealing, but rather possessed qualities that human eyes might also appreciate, yet God's choice went deeper.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And he sent, and brought him in."**: This opening clause signifies Samuel's immediate obedience to God's instruction to fetch David, who was out tending the sheep. It marks the culmination of the divine search, as all of Jesse's older, more conventionally impressive sons had been presented and rejected. The simple, direct language emphasizes the swiftness and certainty of the divine command and its execution.
* **"Now he [was] ruddy, [and] withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to."**: This descriptive phrase offers a vivid physical portrait of David. "Ruddy" (אדמוני, _’admoni'_) suggests a healthy, youthful, reddish complexion. "Beautiful countenance" (יפה מראה, _yapheh mareh'_) indicates a handsome face, and "goodly to look to" (טוב רואי, _tov ro'i'_) reinforces the overall pleasing and attractive appearance. This description is notable because it immediately follows God's declaration in [1 Samuel 16:7](/1_samuel/16-7 "1 Samuel 16:7 - God Looks at the Heart") that He does not look on outward appearance. The text includes this detail not as the *reason* for David's selection, but perhaps to show that David was not physically lacking, even if his true qualification lay elsewhere. It also provides a contrast to Saul's imposing stature, suggesting that God's choice was not based on similar human criteria.
* **"And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this [is] he."**: This is the divine confirmation, the definitive word from God. The command "Arise, anoint him" is direct and urgent, leaving no room for doubt or further deliberation. The phrase "for this [is] he" (כי זה הוא, _ki zeh hu'_) is a powerful declaration of divine identification, confirming David as the long-awaited chosen one. This divine pronouncement overrides all human expectations and previous rejections, solidifying David's unique status as God's anointed king.

#### Literary Devices
The passage employs several significant literary devices. **Irony** is prominent, especially when considering David's physical description in light of [1 Samuel 16:7](/1_samuel/16-7 "1 Samuel 16:7 - God Looks at the Heart"), where God explicitly states He does not look at outward appearance. David is, in fact, described as physically attractive, creating a subtle tension that highlights God's ability to choose whom He wills, regardless of human criteria, while still acknowledging the chosen one's human qualities. **Foreshadowing** is also present, as David's anointing here sets the stage for his future kingship, the establishment of the Davidic dynasty, and ultimately, the lineage of the Messiah. The immediate divine command and identification ("this is he") serve as a powerful **Divine Command** or **Divine Fiat**, emphasizing God's absolute authority and direct involvement in human affairs. The narrative also uses **Contrast**, juxtaposing David's humble origins and youth with the grandeur of the kingly office, and contrasting God's choice with human expectations, particularly in light of Saul's initial selection based on his imposing stature.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
1 Samuel 16:12 is a foundational text for understanding God's sovereign choice and the nature of true leadership in His kingdom. It profoundly illustrates that God's ways are not man's ways, and His assessment of individuals transcends superficial qualities. The anointing of David, a humble shepherd boy, over his more outwardly impressive brothers, underscores a recurring biblical theme: God often chooses the weak, the overlooked, or the unexpected to accomplish His mighty purposes, thereby ensuring that the glory redounds to Him alone. This divine preference for the heart over outward appearance challenges human tendencies to judge based on status, wealth, or physical attributes, calling believers to cultivate inner character that aligns with God's values. David's anointing also inaugurates the Davidic covenant, establishing a lineage through which the ultimate King, the Messiah, would come.

* [Psalm 78:70-72](/psalm/78-70 "Psalm 78:70-72 - God Chose David")
* [Isaiah 55:8-9](/isaiah/55-8 "Isaiah 55:8-9 - God's Thoughts Higher Than Man's")
* [1 Corinthians 1:27-29](/1_corinthians/1-27 "1 Corinthians 1:27-29 - God Chooses the Foolish")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The narrative of David's anointing in 1 Samuel 16:12 offers profound lessons for contemporary believers. It is a powerful reminder that God's perspective on worth and potential is radically different from the world's. We are often tempted to value outward appearance, impressive resumes, or social status, but this verse, in conjunction with the broader chapter, redirects our gaze to the heart. It encourages us to cultivate inner qualities such as humility, faithfulness, courage, and a deep devotion to God, knowing that these are the true measures of character in His eyes. Furthermore, it challenges us to recognize and affirm God's hand in the lives of those who may seem unconventional or overlooked by human standards. Just as David was found tending sheep, God often calls individuals from unexpected places to fulfill His divine purposes. This should inspire us to embrace our own callings, no matter how humble they may seem, and to trust in God's perfect wisdom when His choices defy our expectations.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does God's choice of David, despite his physical appearance, challenge your own biases or criteria for evaluating others?**
* **In what areas of your life are you tempted to rely on outward appearances or human standards rather than seeking God's perspective?**
* **What "humble" or "unconventional" aspects of your own life or calling might God be preparing to use for His glory, much like David's shepherding?**

### FAQ

**Why does the text describe David's appearance if God doesn't look at outward appearance?**

Answer: The description of David's appearance in [1 Samuel 16:12](/1_samuel/16-12 "1 Samuel 16:12 - David's Anointing") serves a narrative purpose beyond simply stating the reason for God's choice. While [1 Samuel 16:7](/1_samuel/16-7 "1 Samuel 16:7 - God Looks at the Heart") explicitly states that God looks at the heart and not outward appearance, David's physical attractiveness is noted to show that he was not physically unappealing, even if his looks were not the basis for his divine selection. It might also create a subtle contrast with Saul, who was chosen partly for his imposing stature ([1 Samuel 9:2](/1_samuel/9-2 "1 Samuel 9:2 - Saul's Stature")). The text acknowledges David's human qualities, but ultimately emphasizes that God's choice was sovereign and based on a deeper, spiritual assessment, not superficial beauty.

**What is the significance of "ruddy" in David's description?**

Answer: The Hebrew word for "ruddy" (אדמוני, _’admoni'_) suggests a healthy, reddish, or fair complexion, often associated with youth and vitality. It is the same word used to describe Esau ([Genesis 25:25](/genesis/25-25 "Genesis 25:25 - Birth of Esau")). In David's context, it paints a picture of a vibrant, youthful individual, perhaps a contrast to the older, more weathered appearance of his brothers who had been working in the fields. It contributes to the overall image of a physically attractive young man, which, again, is noted by the narrator even as the divine choice transcends such factors.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
1 Samuel 16:12, with its account of David's divine selection and anointing, powerfully foreshadows the coming of Jesus Christ. David, the humble shepherd boy chosen from obscurity, serves as a profound type of Christ, the ultimate Shepherd-King. Just as David was chosen not for his outward appearance but for his heart, so too did Jesus come in humble form, without the external grandeur that many expected of the Messiah ([Isaiah 53:2](/isaiah/53-2 "Isaiah 53:2 - Suffering Servant")). His anointing by the Holy Spirit at His baptism ([Matthew 3:16-17](/matthew/3-16 "Matthew 3:16-17 - Jesus' Baptism")) marked Him as God's chosen King, the true "Son of David" who would establish an eternal kingdom. The declaration "this is he" for David finds its ultimate echo in God's pronouncements concerning Jesus: "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased" ([Matthew 3:17](/matthew/3-17 "Matthew 3:17 - God's Declaration at Baptism")). Jesus, like David, was a shepherd, but one who laid down His life for His sheep ([John 10:11](/john/10-11 "John 10:11 - The Good Shepherd")), and His kingship, though initially rejected by many, is now universally acknowledged by those who believe, culminating in His future reign as the King of kings and Lord of lords ([Revelation 19:16](/revelation/19-16 "Revelation 19:16 - King of Kings")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Song Of Solomon 5:10

My beloved [is] white and ruddy, the chiefest among ten thousand.

Lamentations 4:7

Her Nazarites were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk, they were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing [was] of sapphire:

Psalms 89:19

¶ Then thou spakest in vision to thy holy one, and saidst, I have laid help upon [one that is] mighty; I have exalted [one] chosen out of the people.

Psalms 89:20

I have found David my servant; with my holy oil have I anointed him:

1 Samuel 17:42

And when the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he disdained him: for he was [but] a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair countenance.

Genesis 39:6

And he left all that he had in Joseph's hand; and he knew not ought he had, save the bread which he did eat. And Joseph was [a] goodly [person], and well favoured.

Acts 4:27

For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together,