TRV
Study This Verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Psalms 46:1–5.
The psalmist here teaches us by his own example.
I.To triumph in God, and his relation to us and presence with us, especially when we have had some fresh experiences of his appearing in our behalf (Psa 46:1): God is our refuge and strength; we have found him so, he has engaged to be so, and he ever will be so. Are we pursued? God is our refuge to whom we may flee, and in whom we may be safe and think ourselves so; secure upon good grounds, Pro 18:10. Are we oppressed by troubles? Have we work to do and enemies to grapple with? God is our strength, to bear us up under our burdens, to fit us for all our services and sufferings; he will by his grace put strength into us, and on him we may stay ourselves. Are we in distress? He is a help, to do all that for us which we need, a present help, a help found (so the word is), one whom we have found to be so, a help on which we may write Probatum est - It is tried, as Christ is called a tried stone, Isa 28:16. Or, a help at hand, one that never is to seek for, but that is always near. Or, a help sufficient, a help accommodated to every case and exigence; whatever it is, he is a very present help; we cannot desire a better help, nor shall ever find the like in any creature.
II.To triumph over the greatest dangers:
God is our strength and our help, a God all-sufficient to us; therefore will not we fear. Those that with a holy reverence fear God need not with any amazement to be afraid of the power of hell or earth. If God be for us, who can be against us; to do us any harm? It is our duty, it is our privilege, to be thus fearless; it is an evidence of a clear conscience, of an honest heart, and of a lively faith in God and his providence and promise: "We will not fear, though the earth be removed, though all our creature-confidences fail us and sink us; nay, though that which should support us threaten to swallow us up, as the earth did Korah," for whose sons this psalm was penned, and, some think, by them; yet while we keep close to God, and have him for us, we will not fear, for we have no cause to fear;
- Si fractus illabatur orbis,
Impavidum ferient ruinae
- Hor.
- Let Jove's dread arm
With thunder rend the spheres,
Beneath the crush of worlds undaunted he appears.
Observe here, 1. How threatening the danger is. We will suppose the earth to be removed, and thrown into the sea, even the mountains, the strongest and firmest parts of the earth, to lie buried in the unfathomed ocean; we will suppose the sea to roar and rage, and make a dreadful noise, and its foaming billows to insult the shore with so much violence as even to shake the mountains, Psa 46:3. Though kingdoms and states be in confusion, embroiled in wars, tossed with tumults, and their governments in continual revolution - though their powers combine against the church and people of God, aim at no less than their ruin, and go very near to gain their point - yet will not we fear, knowing that all these troubles will end well for the church. See Psa 93:4. If the earth be removed, those have reason to fear who have laid up their treasures on earth, and set their hearts upon it; but not those who have laid up for themselves treasures in heaven, and who expect to be most happy when the earth and all the works that are therein shall be burnt up. Let those be troubled at the troubling of the waters who build their confidence on such a floating foundation, but not those who are led to the rock that is higher than they, and find firm footing upon that rock. 2. How well-grounded the defiance of this danger is, considering how well guarded the church is, and that interest which we are concerned for. It is not any private particular concern of our own that we are in pain about; no, it is the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the Most High; it is the ark of God for which our hearts tremble. But, when we consider what God has provided for the comfort and safety of his church, we shall see reason to have our hearts fixed, and set above the fear of evil tidings. Here is, (1.) Joy to the church, even in the most melancholy and sorrowful times (Psa 46:4): There is a river the streams whereof shall make it glad, even then when the waters of the sea roar and threaten it. It alludes to the waters of Siloam, which went softly by Jerusalem (Isa 8:6, Isa 8:7): though of no great depth or breadth, yet the waters of it were made serviceable to the defence of Jerusalem in Hezekiah's time, Isa 22:10, Isa 22:11. But this must be understood spiritually; the covenant of grace is the river, the promises of which are the streams; or the Spirit of grace is the river (Joh 7:38, Joh 7:39), the comforts of which are the streams, that make glad the city of our God. God's word and ordinances are rivers and streams with which God makes his saints glad in cloudy and dark days. God himself is to his church a place of broad rivers and streams, Isa 33:21. The streams that make glad the city of God are not rapid, but gentle, like those of Siloam. Note, The spiritual comforts which are conveyed to the saints by soft and silent whispers, and which come not with observation, are sufficient to counterbalance the most loud and noisy threatenings of an angry and malicious world. (2.) Establishment to the church. Though heaven and earth are shaken, yet God is in the midst of her, she shall not be moved, Psa 46:5. God has assured his church of his special presence with her and concern for her; his honour is embarked in her, he has set up his tabernacle in her and has undertaken the protection of it, and therefore she shall not be moved, that is, [1.] Not destroyed, not removed, as the earth may be Psa 46:2. The church shall survive the world, and be in bliss when that is in ruins. It is built upon a rock, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. [2.] Not disturbed, not much moved, with fears of the issue. If God be for us, if God be with us, we need not be moved at the most violent attempts made against us. (3.) Deliverance to the church, though her dangers be very great: God shall help her; and who then can hurt her? He shall help her under her troubles, that she shall not sink; nay, that the more she is afflicted the more she shall multiply. God shall help her out of her troubles, and that right early - when the morning appears; that is, very speedily, for he is a present help (Psa 46:1), and very seasonably, when things are brought to the last extremity and when the relief will be most welcome. This may be applied by particular believers to themselves; if God be in our hearts, in the midst of us, by his word dwelling richly in us, we shall be established, we shall be helped; let us therefore trust and not be afraid; all is well, and will end well.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
5 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
Some give the definition that a city is an established community, administered according to law. And the definition that has been handed down of the city is in harmony with the celestial city, Jerusalem above. For there it is a community of the first-born who have been enrolled in heaven, and this is established because of the unchanging manner of life of the saints, and it is administered according to the heavenly law. Therefore, it is not the privilege of human nature to learn the arrangement of that city and all its adornment. Those are the things “eye has not seen nor ear heard, nor has it entered into the human heart, what things God has prepared for those who love him,” but there are myriads of angels there, and an assembly of saints and a church of the firstborn that are enrolled in heaven. Concerning that David said, “Glorious things are said of you, O city of God.” To that city through Isaiah God has promised, “I will make you to be an everlasting glory, a joy unto generation and generation, and there shall not be wasting nor destruction in your borders, and salvation shall possess your walls.” Therefore, having raised the eyes of your soul, seek, in a manner worthy of things above, what pertains to the city of God.
The city of God, or the church, is the reasonable spirit. The flowing of the river is the gifts of the Spirit.
As a river divided into countless tributaries waters the surrounding land, so God’s providence flows everywhere, spreading copiously, advancing in a rush and covering everything.
"The streams of the river make glad the City of God" [Psalm 46:4]. When the mountains shake, when the sea rages, God deserts not His City, by the streams of the river. What are these streams of the river? That overflowing of the Holy Spirit, of which the Lord said, "If any man thirst, let him come unto Me, and drink. He that believes in Me, out of his bosom shall flow rivers of living water." [John 7:37-38] These rivers then flowed out of the bosom of Paul, Peter, John, the other Apostles, the other faithful Evangelists. Since these rivers flowed from one river, many "streams of the river make glad the City of God." For that you might know this to be said of the Holy Spirit, in the same Gospel next said the Evangelist, "But this spoke He of the Spirit, which they that were to believe in Him should receive. For the Holy Ghost was not yet given, because that Jesus was not yet glorified." [John 7:39] Jesus being glorified after His Resurrection, glorified after His Ascension, on the day of Pentecost came the Holy Spirit, and filled the believers, [Acts 2:1-2] who spoke with tongues, and began to preach the Gospel to the Gentiles. Hence was the City of God made glad, while the sea was troubled by the roaring of its waters, while the mountains were confounded, asking what they should do, how drive out the new doctrine, how root out the race of Christians from the earth. Against whom? Against the streams of the river making glad the City of God. For thereby showed He of what river He spoke; that He signified the Holy Spirit, by "the streams of the river make glad the City of God." And what follows? "The Most High has sanctified His tabernacle:" since then there follows the mention of Sanctification, it is manifest that these streams of the river are to be understood of the Holy Spirit, by whom is sanctified every godly soul believing in Christ, that it may be made a citizen of the City of God.
He gave the name “river” here to the preaching of the gospel and “city” to the way of life of God-fearing people, watered by the streams of the river to the point of fruitfulness.
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Summary
Psalm 46:4 offers a profound and comforting vision of divine provision and unwavering joy for God's people, even amidst global turmoil. It beautifully portrays a supernatural river, whose life-giving streams bring gladness and refreshment to "the city of God," which is identified as the sacred dwelling place of the Most High. This verse serves as a powerful declaration of God's immanent presence and His steadfast capacity to sustain, refresh, and delight His chosen community, offering an oasis of peace and security in a world often characterized by chaos and uncertainty.
Context
Literary Context
Psalm 46 is a "song of trust" or "song of Zion," commencing with a bold declaration of God as an ever-present refuge and strength in times of trouble, as stated in Psalm 46:1. The preceding verses (specifically Psalm 46:2-3) vividly depict cosmic and earthly upheaval: mountains shaking, waters roaring and foaming, and nations raging. Against this backdrop of cataclysmic chaos, verse 4 introduces a stark and comforting contrast. While the world outside is consumed by turmoil, within "the city of God," there is a serene and joyful flow of divine provision. This juxtaposition profoundly highlights God's sovereignty over chaos and His protective, life-giving presence within His sanctuary, leading to the confident refrain found later in the psalm: "The Lord of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge" (Psalm 46:7). The psalm's structure, punctuated by the term "Selah," invites contemplative pause, urging the reader to reflect deeply on these profound truths of divine steadfastness amidst worldly instability.
Historical & Cultural Context
The Book of Psalms reflects the rich spiritual and historical experiences of ancient Israel. Psalm 46 is traditionally associated with the miraculous deliverance of Jerusalem from the Assyrian siege during the reign of King Hezekiah, an event powerfully recounted in 2 Kings 19 and Isaiah 37. This historical intervention would have deeply impressed upon the people the tangible reality of God's protective and delivering presence. Geographically, Jerusalem was unique among many major ancient cities in that it was not built on a large, perennial river. Instead, it relied on springs (like the Gihon Spring) and cisterns for its water supply. Therefore, the imagery of a "river" in Psalm 46:4 is highly symbolic, transcending literal geography to represent a supernatural, inexhaustible source of divine blessing, life, and refreshment. This imagery stands in powerful contrast to the often-turbulent "waters" of the nations mentioned earlier in the psalm, emphasizing God's unique and unfailing provision for His chosen city, which was understood as His earthly dwelling place.
Key Themes
Psalm 46:4 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the psalm and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it underscores the theme of Divine Presence and Security. The "city of God" is secure not primarily because of its physical fortifications, but because God Himself "tabernacles" there, making it a "holy place." This highlights God's immanent dwelling among His people, providing an unshakeable foundation even when the "earth gives way" (Psalm 46:2). Secondly, the "river" with its "streams" symbolizes Abundant Provision and Spiritual Refreshment. This is not merely physical water but represents the overflowing grace, peace, and spiritual sustenance that God ceaselessly supplies. This divine provision brings profound "gladness," indicating a deep, inner joy that transcends mere external circumstances. Finally, the verse powerfully articulates the theme of Spiritual Joy Amidst Turmoil. While the surrounding world may rage and nations be in an uproar (Psalm 46:6), the city of God experiences an inner tranquility and delight. This peace is a direct result of trusting in God's sovereignty and experiencing His intimate presence, demonstrating that true joy is found in Him, regardless of the chaos outside.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From the root meaning "to flow," this term (H5104) refers to a stream or large body of water, including significant rivers like the Nile or Euphrates. Figuratively, it can represent prosperity. In this context, it signifies an abundant and constant source of life and blessing.
This word (H5892) denotes a city in its widest sense, referring to a place guarded or watched. It can even refer to a mere encampment or post. Here, it specifically designates Jerusalem as the recipient of divine gladness.
Derived from a root meaning "to ascend," this term (H5945) signifies an elevation, denoting that which is lofty or supreme. As a title for God, it emphasizes His supreme, exalted position and transcendence above all.
Verse Breakdown
"[There is] a river"
This opening phrase immediately establishes the existence of a vital source of life and blessing. The implied "there is" points to an ever-present reality, a divine provision that is always available. The "river" is presented not as a natural feature but as a symbolic representation of God's abundant and supernatural supply.
"the streams whereof shall make glad"
The "streams" (Hebrew peleg, H6388) suggest channels or divisions of this singular river, implying a controlled, purposeful, and pervasive distribution of its life-giving properties. The effect is "gladness" (Hebrew sâmach, H8055), a deep, abiding joy, cheer, and refreshment that goes beyond mere physical sustenance to encompass profound spiritual delight and well-being.
"the city of God"
This phrase identifies the specific recipient of this divine gladness. It unequivocally refers to Jerusalem, the chosen dwelling place of God, and by extension, the community of His people. This gladness is specifically for those who are in covenant relationship with God and dwell in His presence.
"the holy [place] of the tabernacles of the most High"
This final clause further defines "the city of God" and underscores the profound reason for its gladness and security. It is designated as "holy" (Hebrew qâdôwsh, H6918) because it is consecrated to God and is the place where the "tabernacles" (Hebrew mishkân, H4908, plural, perhaps referring to the various courts or the sacred precincts of the Temple) of the Supreme God reside. God's dwelling makes the place sacred and ensures its blessedness and protection.
Literary Devices
Psalm 46:4 is richly endowed with literary devices that amplify its theological impact. The most prominent is Metaphor, where the "river" is not a literal body of water but a profound symbolic representation of God's divine provision, grace, and life-giving Spirit. This metaphor is particularly striking given Jerusalem's actual arid geography, emphasizing the supernatural and miraculous nature of this provision. Closely related is Symbolism, where "the city of God" symbolizes not merely Jerusalem, but the entire community of God's people, chosen and protected by Him, and "the tabernacles of the Most High" symbolize God's immanent presence and dwelling among them. The verse also employs Contrast, implicitly setting the serene, life-giving river within the city against the roaring, tumultuous waters and shaking mountains of the world described in the preceding verses (Psalm 46:2-3). This contrast powerfully highlights the secure, joyful peace found in God's presence, which stands distinct from the chaos of the world. Furthermore, a subtle form of Personification can be observed in "the streams whereof shall make glad," as the streams are imbued with the active capacity to bestow joy, underscoring their role as dynamic conduits of divine blessing.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Psalm 46:4 powerfully articulates the foundational biblical truth that God is the ultimate and inexhaustible source of life, joy, and security for His people. The vivid imagery of a river flowing through "the city of God" speaks to the constant, abundant, and refreshing presence of God that sustains and delights those who dwell in Him. This spiritual gladness is not dependent on fickle external circumstances but flows intrinsically from the intimate reality of God's indwelling presence, transforming a place of potential vulnerability into an unshakeable sanctuary of peace. This profound truth foreshadows the New Covenant reality where God's Spirit indwells believers, making them living temples and dynamic sources of spiritual life, echoing the promise of an eternal, life-giving stream.
Reflection and Application
For contemporary believers, Psalm 46:4 offers profound encouragement and a vital blueprint for spiritual vitality. The "city of God" can be understood in multiple layers: the global Church, the local community of believers, and even the individual heart where God's Spirit dwells. The "river" represents the inexhaustible wellspring of God's grace, peace, and spiritual refreshment, primarily through the Holy Spirit. In a world fraught with anxiety, instability, and uncertainty, this verse assures us that true and lasting gladness is found not in external circumstances or fleeting material possessions, but in the unwavering presence and abundant provision of God. It challenges us to cultivate a deeper awareness of God's indwelling Spirit, to draw daily from His refreshing presence through prayer, diligent engagement with Scripture, and heartfelt worship, and to allow His peace to permeate every aspect of our lives, making us conduits of His joy to a thirsty world. Our hearts and communities, when authentically centered on God, become places where His holy presence is manifestly displayed, bringing profound gladness and unshakeable stability even when the world around us rages.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Is the "river" in Psalm 46:4 a literal river or symbolic?
The "river" in Psalm 46:4 is primarily symbolic, not a literal geographical feature. Jerusalem, famously known as "the city of God," is not situated on a major river like many other ancient cities. While it did rely on springs, such as the Gihon Spring, for its water supply, the imagery of a powerful "river" with multiple "streams" suggests something far grander and more abundant than its natural water sources. This symbolic river represents the supernatural, inexhaustible provision, grace, peace, and life-giving presence of God that continually sustains and delights His people. It contrasts sharply with the chaotic, destructive waters mentioned earlier in Psalm 46:3, emphasizing God's unique and unfailing spiritual sustenance.
What is meant by "the city of God" and "the tabernacles of the most High"?
"The city of God" refers to Jerusalem, the capital of Judah and the spiritual center where the Temple was located. It was considered God's chosen dwelling place on earth, a place of divine election and special status. "The tabernacles of the Most High" refers to God's dwelling place within Jerusalem, specifically the Temple or its sacred precincts. The use of "Most High" (Hebrew ʻelyôwn) highlights God's supreme authority, transcendence, and exalted position, yet He chooses to "tabernacle" or dwell intimately among His people. Together, these phrases signify God's intimate, protective, and sanctifying presence within His chosen community, making it a source of profound gladness and security. This concept finds its ultimate fulfillment in the New Testament Church and the New Jerusalem, where God truly dwells among His people (Revelation 21:3).
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Psalm 46:4, with its evocative imagery of a life-giving river making glad the city of God, finds its ultimate and profound fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. He is the true source of the "living water" that brings eternal gladness and spiritual refreshment. Jesus Himself declared, "If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink. Whoever believes in me, as the Scripture has said, streams of living water will flow from within him" (John 7:37-38). John clarifies that Jesus was speaking of the Holy Spirit, whom believers would receive through faith in Him. Thus, the symbolic river of Psalm 46:4 becomes a tangible reality in the outpouring of the Spirit, made possible through Christ's redemptive work on the cross. Furthermore, "the city of God" is ultimately realized in the Church, the spiritual body of Christ, which is built on Him as the cornerstone (Ephesians 2:19-22). Believers, individually and corporately, become the "holy place" and "tabernacles of the Most High," as God dwells in them through the Spirit (1 Corinthians 3:16). The gladness promised in the psalm is the deep joy of salvation and the peace that surpasses all understanding, found only in Christ (Philippians 4:7). Ultimately, the vision culminates in the New Jerusalem, where the "river of the water of life" flows eternally from the throne of God and of the Lamb, signifying God's eternal dwelling with His redeemed people in perfect joy and communion (Revelation 22:1-3).