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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 2 Kings 22:1–10. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Concerning Josiah we are here told,
I.That he was very young when he began to reign (Kg2 22:1), only eight years old.
Solomon says, Woe unto thee, O land! when thy king is a child; but happy art thou, O land! when thy king is such a child. Our English Israel had once a king that was such a child, Edward VI. Josiah, being young, had not received any bad impressions from the example of his father and grandfather, but soon saw their errors, and God gave his grace to take warning by them. See Eze 18:14, etc.
II.That he did that which was right in the sight of the Lord, Kg2 22:2.
See the sovereignty of divine grace - the father passed by and left to perish in his sin, the son a chosen vessel. See the triumphs of that grace - Josiah born of a wicked father, no good education nor good example given him, but many about him who no doubt advised him to tread in his father's steps and few that gave him any good counsel, and yet the grace of God made him an eminent saint, cut him off from the wild olive and grafted him into the good olive, Rom 11:24. Nothing is too hard for that grace to do. He walked in a good way, and turned not aside (as some of his predecessors had done who began well) to the right hand nor to the left. There are errors on both hands, but God kept him in the right way; he fell neither into superstition nor profaneness.
III.That he took care for the repair of the temple.
This he did in the eighteenth year of his reign, Kg2 22:3. Compare Ch2 34:8. He began much sooner to seek the Lord (as appears, Ch2 34:3), but it is to be feared the work of reformation went slowly on and met with much opposition, so that he could not effect what he desired and designed, till his power was thoroughly confirmed. The consideration of the time we unavoidably lost in our minority should quicken us, when we have come to years, to act with so much the more vigour in the service of God. Having begun late we have need work hard. He sent Shaphan, the secretary of state, to Hilkiah the high priest, to take an account of the money that was collected for this use by the door-keepers (Kg2 22:4); for, it seems, they took much the same way of raising the money that Joash took, Kg2 12:9. When people gave by a little at a time the burden was insensible, and, the contribution being voluntary, it was not complained of. This money, so collected, he ordered him to lay out for the repair of the temple, Kg2 22:5, Kg2 22:6. And now, it seems, the workmen (as in the days of Joash) acquitted themselves so well that there was no reckoning made with them (Kg2 22:7), which is certainly mentioned to the praise of the workmen, that they gained such a reputation for honesty, but whether to the praise of those that employed them I know not; a man should count money (we say) after his own father; it would not have been amiss to have reckoned with the workmen, that others also might be satisfied of their honesty.
IV.That, in repairing the temple, the book of the law was happily found and brought to the king, Kg2 22:8, Kg2 22:10.
Some think this book was the autograph, or original manuscript, of the five books of Moses, under his own hand; others think it was only an ancient and authentic copy. Most likely it was that which, by the command of Moses, was laid up in the most holy place, Deu 31:24, etc.
1.It seems, this book of the law was lost or missing. Perhaps it was carelessly mislaid and neglected, thrown by into a corner (as some throw their Bibles), by those that knew not the value of it, and forgotten there; or it was maliciously concealed by some of the idolatrous kings, or their agents, who were restrained by the providence of God or their own consciences from burning and destroying it, but buried it, in hopes it would never see the light again; or, as some think, it was carefully laid up by some of its friends, lest it should fall into the hands of its enemies. Whoever were the instruments of its preservation, we ought to acknowledge the hand of God in it. If this was the only authentic copy of the Pentateuch then in being, which had (as I may say) so narrow a turn for its life and was so near perishing, I wonder the hearts of all good people did not tremble for that sacred treasure, as Eli's for the ark, and I am sure we now have reason to thank God, upon our knees, for that happy providence by which Hilkiah found this book at this time, found it when he sought it not, Isa 65:1. If the holy scriptures had not been of God, they would not have been in being at this day; God's care of the Bible is a plain indication of his interest in it.
2.Whether this was the only authentic copy in being or no, it seems the things contained in it were new both to the king himself and to the high priest; for the king, upon the reading of it, rent his clothes. We have reason to think that neither the command for the king's writing a copy of the law, nor that for the public reading of the law every seventh year (Deu 17:18; Deu 31:10, Deu 31:11), had been observed for a long time; and when the instituted means of keeping up religion are neglected religion itself will soon go to decay. Yet, on the other hand, if the book of the law was lost, it seems difficult to determine what rule Josiah went by in doing that which was right in the sight of the Lord, and how the priests and people kept up the rites of their religion. I am apt to think that the people generally took up with abstracts of the law, like our abridgements of the statutes, which the priests, to save themselves the trouble of writing and the people of reading the book at large, had furnished them with - a sort of ritual, directing them in the observances of their religion, but leaving out what they thought fit, and particularly the promises and threatenings (Lev. 26 and Deu. 28, etc.), for I observe that these were the portions of the law which Josiah was so much affected with (Kg2 22:13), for these were new to him. No summaries, extracts, or collections, out of the Bible (though they may have their use) can be effectual to convey and preserve the knowledge of God and his will like the Bible itself. It was no marvel that the people were so corrupt when the book of the law was such a scarce thing among them; where that vision is not the people perish. Those that endeavoured to debauch them no doubt used all the arts they could to get that book out of their hands. The church of Rome could not keep up the use of images but by forbidding the use of the scripture.
3.It was a great instance of God's favour, and a token for good to Josiah and his people, that the book of the law was thus seasonably brought to light, to direct and quicken that blessed reformation which Josiah had begun. It is a sign that God has mercy in store for a people when he magnifies his law among them and makes that honourable, and furnishes them with means for the increase of scripture-knowledge. The translating of the scriptures into vulgar tongues was the glory, strength, and joy of the Reformation from Popery. It is observable that they were about a good work, repairing the temple, when they found the book of the law. Those that do their duty according to their knowledge shall have their knowledge increased. To him that hath shall be given. The book of the law was an abundant recompence for all their care and cost about the repair of the temple.
4.Hilkiah the priest was exceedingly well pleased with the discovery. "O," says he to Shaphan, "rejoice with me, for I have found the book of the law, heurēka, heurēka, - I have found, I have found, that jewel of inestimable value. Here, carry it to the king; it is the richest jewel of his crown. Read it before him. He walks in the way of David his father, and, if he be like him, he will love the book of the law and bid that welcome; that will be his delight and his counsellor."
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
One surviving comment on this verse from the historical church.
“Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign; and he did what was right in the sight of the Lord” for the thirty-one years in which he reigned. In the eighteenth year from the beginning of his rule, he began to purify Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. In fact, he removed the foreign religions introduced by Manasseh and overturned the sanctuaries and altars. In the same eighteenth year he ordered an expiation of the temple and commanded the priests to make repairs. He brought in workers, gathered stones, materials and other things useful to building and supplied the money for the expected expenses, and in this case he religiously emulated the pious zeal of his great-grandfather Jehoash. And at that time the refurbishment of the temple was not less necessary than it had been before, because for the fifty years in which Manasseh had reigned, it had been neglected or given to profane uses.
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Summary
Second Kings 22:2 introduces King Josiah as a singularly righteous monarch in Judah's tumultuous later history. Despite ascending the throne at a tender age of eight and inheriting a kingdom steeped in the profound spiritual apostasy of his father Amon and grandfather Manasseh, Josiah distinguished himself by consistently doing "that which was right in the sight of the LORD." His reign was characterized by an unwavering commitment to God's covenant, faithfully emulating the foundational piety of King David, and steadfastly adhering to divine commands without deviation. This verse sets the stage for the profound spiritual revival and national reforms that would define his rule, marking a pivotal, albeit temporary, return to covenant faithfulness for Judah.
Context
Literary Context
This verse immediately follows the brief introductory statement of Josiah's age upon ascending the throne (2 Kings 22:1). It serves as the crucial theological assessment of his character, sharply distinguishing him from his immediate predecessors, Amon and Manasseh, whose reigns are detailed in the preceding chapter (2 Kings 21). These chapters portray Judah's descent into unprecedented depths of idolatry, including the worship of foreign gods, astral deities, and even child sacrifice. Against this backdrop of profound spiritual decline, 2 Kings 22:2 highlights Josiah as a beacon of righteousness, setting the narrative tone for the extensive reforms and the dramatic rediscovery of the Book of the Law that follow in the chapter. His personal piety is presented as the catalyst for the subsequent national revival, making this verse foundational to understanding the pivotal events of his reign.
Historical & Cultural Context
Josiah's reign (640-609 BC) unfolded during a significant geopolitical shift in the Ancient Near East. The once-mighty Assyrian Empire, which had long dominated the region and exacted tribute from Judah, was in a period of rapid decline. This weakening of Assyrian power provided a crucial window of opportunity for Judah to assert its independence and, more importantly for Josiah, to undertake extensive religious reforms without immediate external interference. Culturally, Judah had been heavily influenced by Assyrian religious practices under Manasseh and Amon, leading to widespread syncretism and the abandonment of Yahwistic worship. Temples and high places dedicated to foreign deities dotted the landscape, even within Jerusalem. Josiah's commitment to "walk in all the way of David" was a radical departure from the prevailing religious climate, representing a conscious and courageous effort to restore the purity of Israelite worship and re-establish the covenant relationship with Yahweh, as outlined in the Torah.
Key Themes
This verse introduces several pivotal themes that resonate throughout the book of Kings and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it emphasizes Righteous Kingship, contrasting Josiah's obedience with the rampant apostasy of most other kings of Judah and Israel. His actions were not merely politically expedient but genuinely "right in the sight of the LORD," aligning with divine standards and expectations for a covenant ruler, as exemplified by King David. Secondly, the theme of Covenant Fidelity is prominent; Josiah's adherence to "the way of David" signifies a deliberate return to the foundational covenant established at Sinai and renewed through the Davidic line. This highlights the importance of national and individual obedience to God's revealed will. Lastly, the phrase "turned not aside to the right hand or to the left" underscores the theme of Unwavering Obedience and Steadfastness. This idiom, frequently found in the Pentateuch and particularly in Deuteronomic law, emphasizes uncompromising devotion to God's commands, avoiding any deviation into idolatry, syncretism, or complacency, which had been the downfall of so many of Judah's previous leaders.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This word (H3477) signifies being straight, upright, or correct. In a moral and theological sense, it denotes actions and character that are in alignment with God's divine standards and covenant requirements. It implies integrity, justice, and faithfulness, reflecting a heart that genuinely seeks to please God rather than merely conforming outwardly. Josiah's actions were not only outwardly proper but stemmed from an inward disposition of genuine obedience and moral rectitude.
While literally meaning "to walk," in this context, yâlak (H3212) is a common biblical metaphor for one's lifestyle, conduct, or course of life. To "walk in the way" of someone or something means to live according to their principles, emulate their example, or follow their path. Thus, Josiah's entire life's direction and his manner of ruling were characterized by adherence to God's will and the righteous example of David, signifying a consistent pattern of behavior.
The verb çûwr (H5493) means "to turn off" or "to depart." In the idiom "turned not aside to the right hand or to the left," it is a powerful expression of unwavering fidelity and strict adherence, emphasizing absolute obedience without deviation or compromise. Frequently found in the Deuteronomic literature (e.g., Deuteronomy 5:32) and particularly in Deuteronomic law, it signifies a disciplined commitment to God's commands, avoiding the temptations of idolatry, syncretism, or moral laxity that had plagued previous rulers.
Verse Breakdown
"And he did [that which was] right in the sight of the LORD"
This clause provides the overarching theological assessment of Josiah's reign. His actions, decisions, and character were not judged by human standards or political expediency but by their alignment with God's divine will and covenant law. This implies a deep personal piety and a commitment to justice, righteousness, and pure worship, in stark contrast to the wickedness of his immediate predecessors, Manasseh and Amon. It underscores that his entire life was lived under the discerning gaze of Yahweh, and found approval.
"and walked in all the way of David his father"
This phrase establishes Josiah as a worthy successor to the ideal standard of kingship set by David. Despite David's personal failings, he was remembered as a king whose heart was wholly devoted to God and who established the foundational covenant relationship between the monarchy and Yahweh. Josiah's emulation of David's "way" signifies his commitment to monotheistic worship, covenant faithfulness, and the principles of righteous governance that David embodied at his best, particularly his singular devotion to Yahweh.
"and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left"
This concluding clause powerfully emphasizes the uncompromising nature of Josiah's obedience. It means he did not deviate from the path God had prescribed, neither drifting into idolatry (often associated with turning "left" or to foreign ways) nor into legalistic rigidity or self-righteousness (turning "right" from the spirit of the law). It highlights his steadfastness, resoluteness, and singular focus on God's revealed will, resisting all temptations to compromise or stray from the covenant path, a direct echo of the commands given in the Law.
Literary Devices
The verse employs several significant literary devices to convey Josiah's exceptional character and the theological significance of his reign. Contrast is a primary device, as Josiah's righteousness is presented in stark opposition to the profound wickedness of his father Amon and grandfather Manasseh, whose reigns are detailed immediately prior in 2 Kings 21. This contrast highlights the miraculous nature of Josiah's piety in such a corrupt environment. The phrase "walked in all the way of David his father" functions as an allusion to the ideal standard of kingship established by David, serving as a benchmark against which all subsequent kings were measured. This phrase also contains a metaphor, as "walked in all the way" metaphorically describes a life's conduct or course of action. Finally, the concluding phrase, "turned not aside to the right hand or to the left," is a powerful idiom drawn from Deuteronomic law, emphasizing absolute and unwavering obedience. Its repetition in biblical texts underscores the importance of strict adherence to God's commands without deviation, making Josiah's fidelity particularly noteworthy.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Josiah's unwavering righteousness, as described in 2 Kings 22:2, offers a profound theological statement about the nature of true leadership and covenant faithfulness. In a period marked by pervasive idolatry and spiritual compromise, Josiah stands as a testament to the transformative power of a heart fully devoted to God. His commitment to "do what was right" and "walk in all the way of David" underscores the biblical emphasis on obedience as the proper response to God's covenant grace. This verse implicitly teaches that genuine spiritual reform, whether individual or national, begins with a deep, personal commitment to God's revealed will, unswayed by prevailing cultural norms or the failures of predecessors. It highlights the enduring truth that God seeks not merely outward conformity but inward alignment and steadfast fidelity from His people and their leaders, demonstrating that even in the darkest times, a remnant can walk faithfully with Yahweh.
Reflection and Application
Josiah's exemplary life, as encapsulated in 2 Kings 22:2, provides a timeless blueprint for spiritual integrity and leadership for believers today. His early commitment to God, despite a heritage of profound wickedness, reminds us that our past or family background does not dictate our spiritual destiny; personal choice and divine grace are paramount. We are called to actively choose the path of righteousness, regardless of our age or circumstances, understanding that God can raise up faithful servants even from unexpected places. Furthermore, Josiah's emulation of "David his father" encourages us to seek out and follow godly examples within the faith, learning from the lives of those who have walked faithfully with the Lord, both in Scripture and in our contemporary contexts. Most profoundly, the command to "turn not aside to the right hand or to the left" challenges us to cultivate an unwavering devotion to God's Word and His ways. In a world constantly pulling us towards compromise, distraction, or deviation from biblical truth, Josiah's steadfastness calls us to a disciplined, resolute commitment to Christ, resisting the allure of worldly values or spiritual apathy. Our personal piety, like Josiah's, has the potential to impact our families, communities, and spheres of influence for God's glory.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does "right in the sight of the LORD" truly mean?
This phrase signifies more than mere outward conformity to religious rituals or societal norms. It indicates that Josiah's actions, character, and intentions were in full alignment with God's divine standards and covenant expectations. It implies moral integrity, justice, and a heart genuinely devoted to Yahweh, reflecting a deep, personal relationship and obedience to His revealed will, as articulated in the Law (e.g., Deuteronomy 6:18). It's a comprehensive assessment of his entire being and reign as pleasing to God, emphasizing an internal disposition that produced righteous external conduct.
Why is David mentioned as a standard for Josiah?
King David, despite his personal moral failings, was considered the paradigmatic king in Israelite history because of his foundational commitment to God's covenant and his "wholehearted" devotion to Yahweh (e.g., 1 Kings 15:3). He established the spiritual and political ideal for the monarchy, emphasizing loyalty to God above all else. By stating that Josiah "walked in all the way of David his father," the text highlights Josiah's adherence to this ideal, distinguishing him from the many kings who strayed from David's righteous path and signaling a return to the purest form of kingship.
How is "turned not aside to the right hand or to the left" relevant for Christians today?
This idiom, rooted in the Pentateuch's call for strict obedience to God's commands (e.g., Joshua 1:7), remains profoundly relevant. For Christians, it represents a call to uncompromising faithfulness and steadfastness in following Jesus. It means adhering to biblical truth without drifting into theological error (turning to the "left" of liberal compromise or worldly values) or legalistic rigidity and self-righteousness (turning to the "right" of human traditions that supersede God's grace). It emphasizes a disciplined, focused walk with God, guided solely by His Word and the Holy Spirit, resisting all temptations to deviate from the narrow path of discipleship that leads to life (e.g., Matthew 7:13-14).
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
While Josiah stands as one of Judah's most righteous kings, his reign, like all Old Testament kings, was ultimately temporary, and his profound reforms were ultimately unable to prevent Judah's eventual exile due to the deep-seated sin of the people. Josiah serves as a powerful type and shadow of the perfect King to come: Jesus Christ. Unlike Josiah, who inherited a kingdom corrupted by sin and whose righteousness was still imperfect, Jesus, the true Son of David, perfectly "did that which was right in the sight of the LORD" in every thought, word, and deed, being without sin (e.g., Hebrews 4:15). He "walked in all the way of David his father" not merely as an emulation, but as the very fulfillment of the Davidic covenant, establishing an eternal kingdom that will never end (e.g., Luke 1:32-33). Crucially, Jesus never "turned aside to the right hand or to the left," demonstrating absolute and unwavering obedience to the Father, even to the point of death on a cross (e.g., Philippians 2:8). His perfect righteousness and steadfast obedience provide the basis for our salvation, accomplishing what no human king, not even Josiah, could achieve. Through Christ, we are invited into His eternal, righteous reign, experiencing true and lasting transformation that Josiah's temporary reforms could only foreshadow, and receiving His perfect righteousness by faith (e.g., 2 Corinthians 5:21).