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Study this verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Genesis 27:18–29. His three-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Observe here, I. The art and assurance with which Jacob managed this intrigue. Who would have thought that this plain man could have played his part so well in a design of this nature? His mother having put him in the way of it, and encouraged him in it, he dexterously applied himself to those methods which he had never accustomed himself to, but had always conceived an abhorrence of. Note, Lying is soon learnt. The psalmist speaks of those who, as soon as they are born, speak lies, Psa 58:3; Jer 9:5. I wonder how honest Jacob could so readily turn his tongue to say (Gen 27:19), I am Esau thy first-born; nor do I see how the endeavour of some to bring him off with that equivocation, I am made thy first-born, namely by purchase, does him any service; for when his father asked him (Gen 27:24), Art thou my very son Esau? he said, I am. How could he say, I have done as thou badest me, when he had received no command from his father, but was doing as his mother bade him? How could he say, Eat of my venison, when he knew it came, not from the field, but from the fold? But especially I wonder how he could have the assurance to father it upon God, and to use his name in the cheat (Gen 27:20): The Lord thy God brought it to me. Is this Jacob? Is this Israel indeed, without guile? It is certainly written, not for our imitation, but for our admonition. Let him that thinks he stands take heed lest he fall. Good men have sometimes failed in the exercise of those graces for which they have been most eminent.
II.The success of this management. Jacob with some difficulty gained his point, and obtained the blessing.
1.Isaac was at first dissatisfied, and would have discovered the fraud if he could have trusted his own ears; for the voice was Jacob's voice, Gen 27:22. Providence has ordered a strange variety of voices as well as faces, which is also of use to prevent our being imposed upon; and the voice is a thing not easily disguised nor counterfeited. This may be alluded to to illustrate the character of a hypocrite. His voice is Jacob's voice, but his hands are Esau's. He speaks the language of a saint, but does the works of a sinner; but the judgement will be, as here, by the hands.
2.At length he yielded to the power of the cheat, because the hands were hairy (Gen 27:23), not considering how easy it was to counterfeit that circumstance; and now Jacob carries it on dexterously, sets his venison before his father, and waits at table very officiously, till dinner is done, and the blessing comes to be pronounced in the close of this solemn feast. That which in some small degree extenuates the crime of Rebekah and Jacob is that the fraud was intended, not so much to hasten the fulfilling, as to prevent the thwarting, of the oracle of God: the blessing was just going to be put upon the wrong head, and they thought it was time to bestir themselves. Now let us see how Isaac gave Jacob his blessing, Gen 27:26-29.
(1.)He embraced him, in token of a particular affection to him. Those that are blessed of God are kissed with the kisses of his mouth, and they do, by love and loyalty, kiss the Son, Psa 2:12.
(2.)He praised him. He smelt the smell of his raiment, and said, See, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which the Lord hath blessed, that is, like that of the most fragrant flowers and spices. It appeared that God had blessed him, and therefore Isaac would bless him.
(3.)He prayed for him, and therein prophesied concerning him. It is the duty of parents to pray for their children, and to bless them in the name of the Lord. And thus, as well as by their baptism, to do what they can to preserve and perpetuate the entail of the covenant in their families. But this was an extraordinary blessing; and Providence so ordered it that Isaac should bestow it upon Jacob ignorantly and by mistake, that it might appear he was beholden to God for it, and not to Isaac. Three things Jacob is here blessed with: - [1.] Plenty (Gen 27:28), heaven and earth concurring to make him rich. [2.] Power (Gen 27:29), particularly dominion over his brethren, namely, Esau and his posterity. [3.] Prevalency with God, and a great interest in Heaven: "Cursed by every one that curseth thee and blessed be he that blesseth thee. Let God be a friend to all thy friends, and an enemy to all they enemies." More is certainly comprised in this blessing than appears prima facie - at first sight. It must amount to an entail of the promise of the Messiah, and of the church; this was, in the patriarchal dialect, the blessing: something spiritual, doubtless, is included in it. First, That from him should come the Messiah, who should have a sovereign dominion on earth. It was that top-branch of his family which people should serve and nations bow down to. See Num 24:19, Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion, the star and sceptre, Gen 27:17. Jacob's dominion over Esau was to be only typical of this, Gen 49:10. Secondly, That from him should come the church, which should be particularly owned and favoured by Heaven. It was part of the blessing of Abraham, when he was first called to be the father of the faithful (Gen 12:3), I will bless those that bless thee; therefore, when Isaac afterwards confirmed the blessing to Jacob, he called it the blessing of Abraham, Gen 28:4. Balaam explains this too, Num 24:9. Note, It is the best and most desirable blessing to stand in relation to Christ and his church, and to be interested in Christ's power and the church's favours.
Historical interpretation
Two Centuries of Reception
2 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
If one believes that this blessing was accomplished in Jacob, he is mistaken. Nothing of this ever happened to Jacob. First we find him in Mesopotamia at the service of Laban for twenty years; then he prostrates himself before his brother Esau and tries to make himself pleasing to him by offering presents; after this he goes down to Egypt to avoid starvation with his children. In whom then have the words “Ah, the smell of the clothes of my son is like the smell of a fruitful field that the Lord has blessed” been accomplished? In nobody else but Christ, Son of God. In fact, the field is the world, and the smell of his clothes are all those who believe in him, according to what the apostle says: “We are the aroma of Christ to God among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing; to the one a fragrance from death to death, to the other a fragrance from life to life.”The words “May God give you of the dew of heaven, and of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and wine” signify clearly the Word, who came down from heaven like dew. The earth is the flesh that he has assumed from the Virgin. Through the words “plenty of grain and wine,” the prophet signifies the saints, who are gathered together like the grain in a barn and are justified by the Spirit as by wine.
These things therefore fit with Christ and also fit quite reasonably with the new people: “May God give you of the dew of heaven and of the fatness of the earth and plenty of grain and wine.” The dew of heaven and the fatness of the earth, that is, the Word, was given to us by the Father, together with the participation through the Spirit, and therefore we were made participants in the divine nature through him. And we also received plenty of grain and wine, that is, strength and happiness. In fact, it is said truly, “Bread strengthens the heart of man, and wine makes glad his heart.” Bread is the symbol of spiritual strength, wine of the physical. They are given to those who are in Christ through him. In which other way were we made stable and firm in piety and immovable and aware to think the right things? Certainly the power “to trample serpents and scorpions underfoot and the whole power of the enemy” was given to us. This, I believe, is the meaning of the abundance of grain. But we have also received wine. “We rejoice in hope,” and “we have become glad,” according to Scripture. We expect heavenly dwellings, an eternal life in incorruption, and to reign together with Christ. Therefore these things may be said about us.
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Summary
Genesis 27:28 records Isaac's profound blessing bestowed upon Jacob, albeit through a deceptive exchange intended for Esau. This pivotal pronouncement invokes divine favor, promising abundant material prosperity through the provision of life-sustaining moisture from the heavens, the fertile richness of the earth, and plentiful harvests of essential grains and wine. It encapsulates the desires for sustenance, wealth, and flourishing within the agrarian society of the patriarchal era, all unfolding under the complex interplay of human agency and divine sovereignty.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is situated within the dramatic narrative of Jacob's deception of his blind and aging father, Isaac, to secure the patriarchal blessing meant for his elder brother, Esau. The preceding chapters establish the divine prophecy concerning the two brothers, where the elder would serve the younger (Genesis 25:23). Isaac, despite knowing this prophecy, attempts to bless Esau, his favorite. Rebekah, hearing Isaac's plans, orchestrates Jacob's impersonation. The blessing itself, once pronounced, is considered irrevocable, setting in motion a chain of events that profoundly shapes the destiny of both brothers and the nascent nation of Israel. This narrative highlights themes of sibling rivalry, parental favoritism, and the mysterious ways in which God's sovereign plan unfolds even through flawed human actions.
Historical & Cultural Context
In the ancient Near East, a father's blessing was far more than a mere wish; it was a solemn, performative utterance believed to carry inherent power and prophetic authority, shaping the recipient's future. Such blessings were considered legally and spiritually binding, often involving specific rituals and being irrevocable once given. Wealth and prosperity in this agrarian and nomadic society were directly tied to the productivity of the land and the health of livestock. The specific elements of Isaac's blessing—"dew of heaven," "fatness of the earth," "corn and wine"—were the very indicators of a thriving existence, signifying divine favor that ensured agricultural success and abundant provision in a land heavily dependent on natural elements and rainfall. The concept of primogeniture, where the firstborn received the double portion and the primary blessing, underscores the gravity of Jacob's deception.
Key Themes
Genesis 27:28 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book of Genesis and the broader biblical narrative. Foremost is the theme of Divine Sovereignty, demonstrating how God's preordained purposes, such as the covenant inheritance passing through Jacob, are accomplished despite human deception and manipulation. It also underscores the Power and Irrevocability of a Spoken Blessing, highlighting the spiritual weight of patriarchal pronouncements in ancient Israel. The verse also touches on Covenant Inheritance, as this blessing, though obtained deceitfully, aligns with the promises made to Abraham and later confirmed to Jacob himself in Genesis 28:3-4 and Genesis 35:11-12. Finally, it emphasizes Divine Provision and Material Abundance as a tangible sign of God's favor, a concept echoed throughout the Old Testament, such as in the promised blessings for obedience found in Deuteronomy 28.
Exposition and Analysis
Isaac's blessing upon Jacob in Genesis 27:28 is a rich declaration of earthly prosperity and divine favor, couched in terms vital to an ancient agrarian society. It is a performative utterance, intended not merely to express a wish but to bring about the reality it describes, reflecting the profound spiritual authority inherent in patriarchal pronouncements. That this blessing is obtained through deceit underscores a major theological tension in the narrative: God's ability to work through imperfect human means to fulfill His sovereign, preordained purposes.
Key Word Analysis
This word (H2919) refers to moisture that covers vegetation, often appearing as dew. In the arid climate of Canaan, dew was a crucial source of moisture, especially during the dry seasons when rainfall was scarce. Its presence symbolized direct divine sustenance and a supernatural provision of water, essential for life and agriculture. It signifies God as the ultimate provider, sending life-giving moisture directly from the heavens.
This term (H4924) denotes richness and productivity. While it can literally mean fat, it is used figuratively and concretely here to describe a fertile field or a rich dish. In the context of the earth, it signifies exceptionally rich, productive soil capable of yielding abundant harvests. It speaks of a land free from scarcity, where the very ground is blessed with inherent fertility.
This word (H1715) refers to grain in general, specifically meaning increase or produce, such as wheat or barley. These were staple cereals, foundational for daily bread and sustenance in the ancient world. Its inclusion signifies the promise of plentiful food, the very basis of survival and prosperity for a community.
Verse Breakdown
"Therefore God give thee of the dew of heaven"
This opening phrase establishes the divine source of the blessing. "God" (Hebrew, ʼĕlôhîym'), the supreme God, is invoked as the one who grants the blessing. "Dew of heaven" refers to the life-sustaining moisture that descends from the sky, critical for agricultural success in a land often dependent on limited rainfall. This symbolizes direct divine provision and supernatural favor, ensuring the fertility of the land.
"and the fatness of the earth"
This clause complements the previous one by focusing on the quality of the land itself. "Fatness" here denotes the richness and fertility of the soil, indicating a land that is exceptionally productive and yields abundant harvests. It signifies a life of material abundance, where the ground itself is blessed to produce plentifully.
"and plenty of corn and wine"
This final phrase specifies the tangible outcomes of the divine and earthly blessings. "Corn" (grain, such as wheat or barley) represents the staple food source, while "wine" (fresh grape-juice or fermented wine) symbolizes joy, celebration, and the fruit of the vine. Together, these represent comprehensive agricultural success and a life of full provision, signifying not just mere sustenance but a comfortable and abundant existence.
Literary Devices
The verse employs several significant literary devices that enhance its meaning and impact. Symbolism is prominent, with "dew of heaven" symbolizing divine favor and life-giving provision, and "fatness of the earth" representing the inherent fertility and abundance of the land. The pairing of "corn and wine" functions as Merism, representing the totality of agricultural produce and, by extension, comprehensive material prosperity. This phrase also exhibits a form of Parallelism, where the two elements together encapsulate the full scope of the blessing. The entire utterance is also a form of Prophetic Utterance, as it is a declaration intended to shape future reality, carrying the weight of divine authority even when spoken by a human agent. The blessing itself also serves as Foreshadowing, hinting at the future prosperity and the fertile land that the descendants of Jacob (Israel) would inherit.
Theological and Thematic Connections
This blessing, initially intended for Esau but received by Jacob, powerfully illustrates God's sovereign hand at work, fulfilling His preordained purposes despite human deception. It underscores that true blessing ultimately flows from God, who provides both the natural elements and the inherent fertility of the earth to sustain life and bring forth abundance. The material prosperity promised here is not merely a secular wish but a tangible manifestation of divine favor, deeply intertwined with the covenant promises of land and descendants. It reminds us that God is the ultimate source of all provision, whether physical or spiritual.
Reflection and Application
Genesis 27:28 offers profound insights for contemporary reflection and application. It serves as a powerful reminder that all provision, whether spiritual or material, ultimately originates from God's benevolent hand. This should cultivate within us a deep posture of gratitude for the resources we receive, recognizing them as divine gifts rather than entitlements or products solely of our own efforts. While Jacob's method of obtaining the blessing was morally flawed, the narrative powerfully underscores God's enduring sovereignty and His remarkable capacity to work His purposes through even the most complex and imperfect human circumstances. This prompts us to trust in God's overarching plan, even when our own paths are imperfect or when we observe the imperfections of others, knowing that His will ultimately prevails. Furthermore, it challenges us to faithfully steward the abundance He provides, understanding that true prosperity is not merely about accumulation but about living in alignment with His favor and using our resources for His glory and the good of others.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why did Isaac bless Jacob instead of Esau?
Isaac intended to bless Esau, his firstborn, but was deceived by Jacob, who, at Rebekah's instigation, impersonated Esau. Jacob disguised himself with animal skins and Esau's clothes, and Rebekah prepared a savory dish, leading the blind Isaac to believe he was blessing Esau. This deception, though morally questionable, ultimately served God's preordained purpose for Jacob to inherit the covenant promises, as prophesied before their birth in Genesis 25:23.
What does "dew of heaven" signify in this context?
In the arid climate of the ancient Near East, dew was a vital source of moisture for crops, especially during dry seasons when rainfall was scarce. Therefore, "dew of heaven" signifies direct divine sustenance and a miraculous provision of water, symbolizing God's supernatural blessing and care for the land and its inhabitants. It represents a direct, unmediated gift from God for agricultural flourishing.
What does "corn" refer to in "plenty of corn and wine"?
In this biblical context, "corn" refers to grain in general, such as wheat or barley, which were staple crops in the ancient world and foundational for daily bread. It does not refer to maize (what Americans typically call "corn"), which originated in the Americas and was unknown in the Middle East at this time. The phrase "corn and wine" collectively represents comprehensive agricultural abundance and prosperity.
Does this material blessing contradict the idea of spiritual blessings?
No, it does not. In the Old Testament, material blessings were often seen as tangible signs of God's favor and covenant faithfulness, demonstrating His commitment to His people's well-being. While spiritual blessings are paramount, the physical prosperity described here foreshadows and complements the holistic abundance God desires for His people, encompassing both physical well-being and spiritual flourishing. This earthly provision is a precursor and type of the greater spiritual inheritance found in Christ.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
The earthly and tangible blessings promised in Genesis 27:28 find their ultimate and spiritual fulfillment in Jesus Christ, the true heir of all things. The "dew of heaven" points forward to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, the divine, life-giving presence that nourishes believers, bringing spiritual fruit and refreshing their souls, as Jesus promised "rivers of living water" flowing from within those who believe in Him (John 7:38-39). The "fatness of the earth" can be seen as a foreshadowing of the spiritual richness and abundance found in Christ, who is the source of all true blessing and the "Bread of Life" that satisfies eternal hunger (John 6:35). The "corn and wine" ultimately point to the New Covenant established through Christ's body and blood, symbolized in the Eucharist, where believers partake in the ultimate spiritual sustenance and joy, remembering His sacrifice and anticipating His return (Matthew 26:26-28). Thus, the material prosperity promised to Jacob prefigures the immeasurable spiritual inheritance, eternal life, and abundant grace freely given to all who are united with Christ, the true and perfect fulfillment of every divine promise.