TRV
Study This Verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 1 Samuel 18:1–5. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
David was anointed to the crown to take it out of Saul's hand, and over Jonathan's head, and yet here we find,
I.That Saul, who was now in possession of the crown, reposed a confidence in him, God so ordering it, that he might by his preferment at court be prepared for future service. Saul now took David home with him, and would not suffer him to return again to his retirement, Sa1 18:2. And David having signalized himself above the men of war, in taking up the challenge which they declined, Saul set him over the men of war (Sa1 18:5), not that he made him general (Abner was in that post), but perhaps captain of the life-guard; or, though he was youngest, he ordered him to have the precedency, in recompence of his great services. He employed him in the affairs of government; and David went out withersoever Saul sent him, showing himself as dutiful as he was bold and courageous. Those that hope to rule must first learn to obey. He had approved himself a dutiful son to Jesse his father, and now a dutiful servant to Saul his master; those that are good in one relation it is to be hoped will be so in another.
II.That Jonathan, who was heir to the crown, entered into covenant with him, God so ordering it, that David's way might be the clearer when his rival was his friend.
1.Jonathan conceived an extraordinary kindness and affection for him (Sa1 18:1): When he had made an end of speaking to Saul he fell perfectly in love with him. Whether it refers to his conference with Saul before the battle (Sa1 17:34, Sa1 17:37), or to that after (v. 51), in which it is probable much more was said than is there set down, is uncertain. But, in both, David expressed himself with so much prudence, modesty, and piety, such a felicity of expression, with so much boldness and yet so much sweetness, and all this so natural and unaffected, and the more surprising because of the disadvantages of his education and appearance, that the soul of Jonathan was immediately knit unto the soul of David. Jonathan had formerly set upon a Philistine army with the same faith and bravery with which David had now attacked a Philistine giant; so that there was between them a very near resemblance of affections, dispositions, and counsels, which made their spirits unite to easily, so quickly, so closely, that they seemed but as one soul in two bodies. None had so much reason to dislike David as Jonathan had, because he was to put him by the crown, yet none regards him more. Those that are governed in their love by principles of wisdom and grace will not suffer their affections to be alienated by any secular regards or considerations: the greater thoughts will swallow up and overrule the less.
2.He testified his love to David by a generous present he made him, Sa1 18:4. He was uneasy at seeing so great a soul, though lodged in so fair a body, yet disguised in the mean and despicable dress of a poor shepherd, and therefore takes care to put him speedily into the habit of a courtier (for he gave him a robe) and of a soldier, for he gave him, instead of his staff and sling, a sword and bow, and, instead of his shepherd's scrip, a girdle, either a belt or a sash; and, which made the present much more obliging, they were the same that he himself had worn, and (as a presage of what would follow) he stripped himself of them to dress David in them. Saul's would not fit him, but Jonathan's did. Their bodies were of a size, a circumstance which well agreed with the suitableness of their minds. When Saul put these marks of honour on David he put them off again, because he would first earn them and then wear them; but, now that he had given proofs of the spirit of a prince and a soldier, he was not ashamed to wear the habits of a prince and a soldier. David is seen in Jonathan's clothes, that all may take notice he is a Jonathan's second self. Our Lord Jesus has thus shown his love to us, that he stripped himself to clothe us, emptied himself to enrich us; nay, he did more than Jonathan, he clothed himself with our rags, whereas Jonathan did not put on David's.
3.He endeavored to perpetuate this friendship. So entirely satisfied were they in each other, even at the first interview, that they made a covenant with each other, Sa1 18:3. Their mutual affection was sincere; and he that bears an honest mind startles not at assurances. True love desires to be constant. Those who love Christ as their own souls will be willing to join themselves to him in an everlasting covenant.
III.That both court and country agree to bless him.
It is but seldom that they agree in their favourites; yet David was accepted in the sight of all the people, and also (which was strange) in the sight of Saul's servants, Sa1 18:5. The former cordially loved him, the latter could not for shame but caress and compliment him. And it was certainly a great instance of the power of God's grace in David that he was able to bear all this respect and honour flowing in upon him on a sudden without being lifted up above measure. Those that climb so fast have need of good heads and good hearts. It is more difficult to know how to abound than how to be abased.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
One surviving comment on this verse from the historical church.
Jonathan and David made a covenant, etc. Christ and the Church made a covenant of mutual charity and peace. For the Church loved Him in its more perfect members, so much so that it was ready to die for Him; deeming it just to give its body and soul for Him, who, for its redemption, though He was true God from true God, deigned to clothe Himself in human flesh and soul. For the Word was made flesh (John I), and the Lord is the protector of my soul (Psalm LIII). Finally, He stripped himself in the martyrs of the flesh with which He was clothed, and gave it to Christ's services; and similarly, whatever else it possessed of talent, virtue, and deeds, it devotedly expended to His will, even to the extent of skill and expertise in speaking, and to the industry of emitting arguments true in faith and reason, against the wiles of the ill-counseled, and to the glory of chastity and unblemished purity, kept for His love.
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Summary
Following David's heroic victory over Goliath, 1 Samuel 18:3 records the profound and immediate bond that formed between Jonathan, King Saul's son, and David. This verse highlights the initiation of a solemn covenant between the two, an agreement rooted in Jonathan's extraordinary love for David, described as being "as his own soul." This pivotal moment establishes a relationship of unparalleled loyalty and mutual commitment that would significantly shape the future narrative of Israel's monarchy and serve as a testament to deep, selfless affection.
Context
Literary Context
This verse immediately follows David's dramatic triumph over Goliath in 1 Samuel 17, an event that propels David from an obscure shepherd boy into national prominence and brings him directly into King Saul's court. Jonathan, as the crown prince, is introduced to David in this context. The preceding verses detail Saul's initial curiosity about David's lineage and his decision to keep David with him, preventing his return home. The covenant described in 1 Samuel 18:3 is the very first interaction recorded between these two pivotal figures, setting the stage for their enduring friendship and the subsequent complex dynamics within Saul's kingdom, particularly as Saul's jealousy toward David begins to fester from 1 Samuel 18:6.
Historical & Cultural Context
Covenants (בְּרִית, b'rit) were foundational to ancient Israelite society, serving as solemn, binding agreements that established relationships, obligations, and often, mutual protection. These could be between individuals, tribes, or even nations, and were frequently ratified by rituals, oaths, and the exchange of gifts, as seen in Jonathan's actions in 1 Samuel 18:4. Such covenants were understood to be divinely witnessed and carried severe consequences for breach. In a monarchical context, loyalty was paramount, and a covenant between individuals of such high status (a prince and a rising national hero) would have been understood as a deeply significant political and personal alliance, potentially impacting succession and power dynamics. Jonathan's willingness to enter such a covenant, especially given his status as heir, speaks volumes about his character and the depth of his affection for David.
Key Themes
The central theme of 1 Samuel 18:3 is the extraordinary nature of profound, selfless friendship and loyalty. Jonathan's love for David, described as being "as his own soul," transcends typical affection, indicating a deep, almost spiritual bond that prioritizes the other's well-being above personal ambition or familial allegiance. This love is formalized through a covenant, highlighting the theme of binding commitment in relationships, not merely fleeting emotion. Furthermore, this divinely orchestrated friendship plays a crucial role in the overarching theme of divine providence in the book of 1 Samuel, as it facilitates God's plan for David's ascent to the throne. Jonathan, the rightful heir, willingly steps aside in affection and loyalty, acknowledging God's favor on David, which is a stark contrast to King Saul's increasing paranoia and attempts to thwart God's will, as seen from 1 Samuel 19:1.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From the root meaning "to cut," this term (H1285) refers to a solemn, binding agreement, compact, or league. In ancient Near Eastern contexts, covenants were often ratified by cutting an animal in two and passing between the pieces, symbolizing the fate of one who breaks the agreement. Here, it elevates Jonathan and David's relationship beyond mere friendship to a formal, sacred bond of mutual loyalty and support, indicating a profound and lasting commitment.
While the KJV translates this as the verb "loved," the underlying Hebrew word (H160) is ʼahăbâh, the feminine noun for "love" or "affection." This emphasizes the quality and nature of Jonathan's deep, abiding affection and devotion to David. It signifies a love that is not merely emotional but active, volitional, and characterized by a profound commitment to the other's well-being, compelling Jonathan to enter into a binding agreement.
The Hebrew word nephesh (H5315) is rich in meaning, encompassing the entirety of a person's being—their life, vitality, inner self, mind, and desires. When Jonathan loves David "as his own soul," it signifies the highest degree of intimacy, identification, and empathy. It means Jonathan cherishes David's life, well-being, and very existence as much as his own, indicating a profound willingness to sacrifice for David's benefit, even to the detriment of his own dynastic aspirations.
Verse Breakdown
"Then Jonathan and David made a covenant"
This clause signifies the formal establishment of a solemn, binding agreement between the two men. It was not a casual understanding but a deliberate, public, and religiously significant act of commitment. The making of a covenant implied mutual obligations and a lasting bond, setting the foundation for their future interactions and Jonathan's unwavering support for David. This act speaks to the immediate and deep connection they shared, transcending social hierarchies and expectations.
"because he loved him as his own soul"
This clause provides the profound motivation behind the covenant. Jonathan's love for David was not superficial but deeply rooted, described with an intensity that equates David's life and being with his own. This selfless, unconditional affection was the impetus for the formal agreement, demonstrating that the covenant was born out of genuine, heartfelt devotion rather than political expediency or obligation. It highlights a rare and powerful bond of kinship that prioritized the beloved's welfare above all else.
Literary Devices
The verse employs several powerful literary devices to convey the depth and significance of Jonathan and David's bond. Simile is prominently used in the phrase "loved him as his own soul," which vividly compares the intensity of Jonathan's affection to the love one has for oneself, emphasizing its unparalleled depth and selflessness. This exaggerated comparison borders on hyperbole, underscoring the extraordinary nature of their connection, suggesting a love that is almost beyond human measure. Furthermore, the immediate establishment of a covenant serves as a form of foreshadowing, hinting at the enduring nature of their loyalty and the crucial role Jonathan will play in protecting David from Saul's escalating jealousy throughout the narrative. The profound love and loyalty of Jonathan also stand in stark contrast to the emerging jealousy and self-serving ambition of King Saul, highlighting the moral and spiritual differences between the characters that will drive much of the subsequent narrative.
Theological and Thematic Connections
The covenant between Jonathan and David, born out of such profound love, serves as a powerful theological statement about the nature of true relationship and commitment. It reflects a love that transcends personal gain, familial loyalty, and even the natural order of succession, pointing to a divinely ordained bond. This relationship exemplifies covenant faithfulness, a central theme in Scripture, where God's relationship with His people is often described in terms of a covenant. Jonathan's love for David, prioritizing David's well-being and God's plan over his own claim to the throne, mirrors a selfless, sacrificial love that finds its ultimate expression in God's character and His dealings with humanity. It is a testament to how God can use human relationships, even unexpected ones, to further His sovereign purposes, demonstrating His providential hand in shaping history through the bonds of human affection.
Reflection and Application
The extraordinary bond between Jonathan and David, formalized by a covenant rooted in selfless love, offers a timeless and challenging paradigm for our own relationships. It calls us to consider the depth of our commitment to others, particularly in friendships, and to cultivate a love that is not merely emotional but active, loyal, and willing to sacrifice. In a world often characterized by fleeting connections and self-interest, the covenant of Jonathan and David reminds us of the immeasurable value of a friend who loves "as his own soul"—someone who is consistently loyal, even when it comes at a personal cost. This narrative encourages us to seek and nurture such profound, covenantal relationships in our lives, understanding that true friendship involves mutual support, unwavering faithfulness, and a shared commitment to what is good and right. It also prompts us to reflect on how God might be orchestrating relationships in our lives to further His purposes, even in challenging or unexpected circumstances, inviting us to participate in His divine plan through our interpersonal bonds.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What was the nature of the covenant made between Jonathan and David?
The covenant between Jonathan and David was a deeply personal and binding agreement of mutual loyalty and friendship, formalized by an oath and likely sealed with the exchange of gifts (as seen in Jonathan's giving of his garments and weapons in 1 Samuel 18:4). While not a formal political treaty between nations, it carried significant political implications due to Jonathan's status as heir to the throne and David's rising popularity. It was a commitment to lifelong support and protection, which Jonathan faithfully upheld throughout his life, even against his own father's murderous intentions towards David (e.g., Jonathan's warning to David in 1 Samuel 20). This covenant also extended to their descendants, as evidenced by David's kindness to Mephibosheth, Jonathan's son, in 2 Samuel 9.
Why was Jonathan so immediately drawn to David, especially given David's sudden rise to prominence?
Jonathan's immediate and profound attraction to David, culminating in a covenant, is presented as a divinely inspired connection. While David's heroic defeat of Goliath and his anointing by Samuel (though unknown to Jonathan at this point) certainly marked him as favored by God, Jonathan's response goes beyond mere admiration. The text emphasizes that Jonathan "loved him as his own soul," suggesting a spiritual kinship and recognition of a kindred spirit. Unlike Saul, who saw David as a rival (as early as 1 Samuel 18:8-9), Jonathan recognized God's hand on David and willingly submitted to it, even if it meant relinquishing his own claim to the throne. His selfless love contrasts sharply with the self-serving ambition often seen in royal courts, highlighting a heart aligned with God's purposes.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
The profound, covenantal love between Jonathan and David serves as a powerful foreshadowing of the ultimate covenant of grace established through Jesus Christ. Jonathan's selfless affection, his willingness to lay aside his own claim to the throne for David's sake, and his unwavering loyalty even unto death, beautifully prefigure Christ's sacrificial love for humanity. Just as Jonathan loved David "as his own soul" and entered into a binding covenant, so too does Christ, the true Son and Heir, enter into a new covenant with His people, loving them with a perfect, self-giving love that led Him to lay down His life (John 15:13). He is the ultimate friend who sticks closer than a brother (Proverbs 18:24), establishing a relationship not based on our merit but on His unconditional grace. Through His blood, Jesus seals the new covenant, offering reconciliation and eternal life to all who believe (Luke 22:20). Jonathan's act of giving his robe, sword, bow, and belt to David (as seen in 1 Samuel 18:4) symbolizes the divine exchange that takes place in salvation: Christ, the royal Son, bestows His righteousness upon us, while taking upon Himself our sin, fulfilling the deepest longing for a covenantal relationship with God.