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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 1 Kings 19:19–21.
Elisha was named last in the orders God gave to Elijah, but he was first called, for by him the other two were to be called. He must come in Elijah's room; yet Elijah is forward to raise him, and is far from being jealous of his successor, but rejoices to think that he shall leave the work of God in such good hands. Concerning the call of Elisha observe, 1. That it was an unexpected surprising call. Elijah found him by divine direction, or perhaps he was before acquainted with him and knew where to find him. He found him, not in the schools of the prophets, but in the field, not reading, nor praying, nor sacrificing, but ploughing, Kg1 19:19. Though a great man (as appears by his feast, Kg1 19:21), master of the ground, and oxen, and servants, yet he did not think it any disparagement to him to follow his business himself, and not only to inspect his servants, but himself to lay his hand to the plough. Idleness is no man's honour, nor is husbandry any man's disgrace. An honest calling in the world does not at all put us out of the way of our heavenly calling, any more than it did Elisha, who was taken from following the plough the feed Israel and to sow the seed of the word, as the apostles were taken from fishing to catch men. Elisha enquired not after Elijah, but was anticipated with this call. We love God, and choose him, because he chose us, and loved us, first. 2. That it was a powerful call. Elijah did but cast his mantle upon him. (Kg1 19:19), in token of friendship, that he would take him under his care and tuition as he did under his mantle, and to be one with him in the same clothes, or in token of his being clothed with the spirit of Elijah (now he put some of his honour upon him, as Moses on Joshua, Num 27:20); but, when Elijah went to heaven, he had the mantle entire, Kg2 2:13. And immediately he left the oxen to go as they would, and ran after Elijah, and assured him that he would follow him presently, Kg1 19:20. An invisible hand touched his heart, and unaccountably inclined him by a secret power, without any external persuasions, to quit his husbandry and give himself to the ministry. It is in a day of power that Christ's subjects are made willing (Psa 110:3), nor would any come to Christ unless they were thus drawn. Elisha came to a resolution presently, but begged a little time, not to ask leave, but only to take leave, of his parents. This was not an excuse for delay, like his (Luk 9:61) that desired he might bid those farewell that were at home, but only a reservation of the respect and duty he owed to his father and mother. Elijah bade him to back and do it, he would not hinder him; nay, if he would, he might go back, and not return, for any thing he had done to him. He will not force him, nor take him against his will; let him sit down and count the cost, and make it his own act. The efficacy of God's grace preserves the native liberty of man's will, so that those who are good are good of choice and not by constraint, not pressed men, but volunteers. 3. That it was a pleasant and acceptable call to him, which appears by the farewell-feast he made for his family (Kg1 19:21), though he not only quitted all the comforts of his father's house, but exposed himself to the malignity of Jezebel and her party. It was a discouraging time for prophets to set out in. A man that had consulted with flesh and blood would not be fond of Elijah's mantle, nor willing to wear his coat; yet Elisha cheerfully, and with a great deal of satisfaction, leaves all to accompany him. Thus Matthew made a great fast when he left the receipt of custom to follow Christ. 4. That it was an effectual call. Elijah did not stay for him, lest he should seem to compel him, but left him to his own choice, and he soon arose, went after him, and not only associated with him, but ministered to him as his servitor, poured water on his hands, Kg2 3:11. It is of great advantage to young ministers to spend some time under the direction of those that are aged and experienced, whose years teach wisdom, and not to think much, if occasion be, to minister to them. Those that would be fit to teach must have time to learn; and those that hope hereafter to rise and rule must be willing at first to stoop and serve.
Historical interpretation
Nine Centuries of Reception
2 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
“So he set out from there and found Elisha son of Shaphat. He passed by him and threw his mantle over him.” With his mantle Elijah took Elisha from farming to prophesying. From the symbolic point of view, Elisha represents the type of the apostles to whom our Lord said in the Gospel, “So stay here in the city of Jerusalem until you have been clothed with power from high.” Therefore the mantle of Elijah signified the gifts of the Spirit which the apostles would receive.
After receiving the garment from the prophetical hand,
at the same time you have received the privilege,
when you were transformed from worker into a prophet
through the radiance of the Spirit that was glorified.
Since you foreknew, O Christ, the inclination to goodness
Of the heart of Elisha, he has understood with no doubt
The glorious call that you had established and followed it.
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Summary
1 Kings 19:20 records the pivotal moment of Elisha's initial response to Elijah's prophetic call. Having received Elijah's mantle, a symbolic gesture of succession, Elisha immediately leaves his prosperous farming life. He requests a brief farewell to his parents before committing fully to follow Elijah. Elijah's enigmatic reply, "Go back again: for what have I done to thee?", challenges Elisha to fully grasp the profound, divine nature of the call, emphasizing that his decision must be one of personal conviction and absolute devotion, not mere human prompting.
Context
Literary Context
This verse immediately follows Elijah's dramatic encounter with God at Mount Horeb in 1 Kings 19. After experiencing the "still small voice" and receiving new divine instructions, Elijah is commanded to anoint Hazael as king over Syria, Jehu as king over Israel, and Elisha as his own prophetic successor (1 Kings 19:15-16). The narrative then swiftly transitions to Elijah finding Elisha plowing in the field, where he casts his mantle upon him, a clear non-verbal summons to prophetic ministry (1 Kings 19:19). Elisha's response in verse 20 thus marks the beginning of his transition from a wealthy farmer to a prophet, setting the stage for his apprenticeship under Elijah and eventual succession, which will culminate in the detailed accounts of Elisha's ministry in subsequent chapters.
Historical & Cultural Context
Elisha's occupation as a farmer "with twelve yoke of oxen before him" indicates a man of considerable wealth and standing in ancient Israelite society. Plowing with multiple teams of oxen was a significant agricultural undertaking, suggesting a large estate and a settled, prosperous life, a stark contrast to the often itinerant and austere life of a prophet. The act of "kissing one's father and mother" was a common and culturally expected gesture of respect and farewell, particularly when undertaking a long journey or a significant life change, signifying a proper departure from familial obligations. Elijah's call comes during a period of intense spiritual apostasy in Israel under King Ahab and Queen Jezebel, where the worship of Baal was prevalent and actively promoted by the monarchy. Prophets like Elijah stood as counter-cultural figures, often living austere lives and challenging the established religious and political order. Elisha's immediate abandonment of his livelihood highlights the radical nature of a divine call in a society deeply rooted in land, family, and tradition, and the profound cost of following God in such a hostile environment.
Key Themes
This verse powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within 1 Kings and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it underscores the sovereignty of God in calling individuals to His service, often in unexpected ways and from diverse backgrounds, demonstrating His active involvement in human affairs even amidst national apostasy. Elisha's immediate, decisive response exemplifies the theme of radical obedience and the cost of discipleship, echoing later New Testament teachings about leaving all to follow Christ (Matthew 19:27). Secondly, Elijah's cryptic question, "for what have I done to thee?", introduces the theme of personal responsibility in responding to a divine call. It implies that while the call originates from God, the individual must fully internalize and own their commitment, understanding its profound implications and the sacrifices it entails. This exchange foreshadows the challenges and sacrifices inherent in prophetic ministry and in following God's will, emphasizing that true commitment springs from a personal conviction of God's leading, not merely human instruction.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
Refers to beef cattle or an animal of the ox family, specifically those used for plowing. Elisha's immediate departure from his "twelve yoke of oxen" signifies a complete and decisive break from his former life and source of livelihood. This was a substantial sacrifice, indicating his wealth and the depth of his commitment to the divine call, as he literally leaves behind his means of sustenance and prosperity.
A primitive root meaning "to kiss," literally or figuratively (touch). Elisha's request to kiss his father and mother is a common and culturally expected gesture of affection, respect, and farewell in the ancient Near East. It highlights a natural human desire for closure and proper familial respect before embarking on a new, potentially arduous and lifelong journey, demonstrating the tension between deeply ingrained family ties and the demanding nature of a divine calling.
A primitive root meaning "to do or make," in the broadest sense and widest application. In Elijah's rhetorical question, "for what have I done to thee?", this word emphasizes that Elijah's action (casting the mantle) was merely an instrument of God's will. It prompts Elisha to consider the divine origin and weight of the call, implying that Elijah himself has done nothing to obligate Elisha, but rather God has acted, and Elisha's response must therefore be to God directly.
Verse Breakdown
"And he left the oxen, and ran after Elijah"
This clause highlights Elisha's immediate and decisive response to Elijah's symbolic call. The act of "leaving the oxen" signifies a complete abandonment of his previous life and livelihood, demonstrating a radical readiness to embrace the prophetic path. "Ran after Elijah" indicates eagerness, initiative, and a proactive pursuit of the divine summons, showing his understanding and acceptance of the mantle's significance.
"and said, Let me, I pray thee, kiss my father and my mother, and [then] I will follow thee"
Elisha's request reveals a natural human desire for familial respect and farewell. It is a reasonable and culturally appropriate plea, showing his respect for his parents while simultaneously affirming his unwavering intention to follow Elijah. The "then I will follow thee" confirms his commitment, contingent only on this brief, final act of familial devotion, not a hesitation or a desire to return permanently.
"And he said unto him, Go back again: for what have I done to thee?"
Elijah's response is enigmatic and challenging. "Go back again" is not a dismissal of the call but an invitation for Elisha to return to his former life momentarily to fully consider the implications. The rhetorical question "for what have I done to thee?" emphasizes that the call is from God, not from Elijah personally. It prompts Elisha to reflect on the divine weight of the mantle and the absolute commitment required, ensuring his decision is born of conviction rather than simple human deference to Elijah, thereby testing the sincerity and depth of his resolve.
Literary Devices
The passage employs several significant literary devices that enrich its meaning. Symbolism is central, with Elijah's mantle serving as a powerful symbol of prophetic authority and the transfer of spiritual legacy. Elisha's "twelve yoke of oxen" symbolize his established, prosperous life, which he is called to abandon, representing the significant material sacrifice involved. The dialogue itself is characterized by conciseness and rhetorical questioning. Elijah's "what have I done to thee?" is a prime example of a rhetorical question, designed not to elicit information but to provoke deep thought and self-reflection in Elisha regarding the divine nature and demanding cost of the call. The swift actions—Elisha leaving the oxen and running—create a sense of immediacy and urgency, highlighting the decisive nature of his response and the compelling power of the divine summons.
Theological and Thematic Connections
This passage profoundly illustrates the nature of a divine call and the expected human response. It emphasizes that God's summons often requires radical reorientation, a willingness to leave behind comfort, security, and even cherished relationships for a higher purpose. Elijah's challenging response to Elisha's request highlights that while human considerations are understandable, the divine call demands an unreserved, personal commitment, free from lingering attachments that might hinder full devotion. It underscores that the call is from God Himself, not merely from a human agent, and therefore requires a response rooted in conviction and faith, not just compliance, demonstrating the profound and transformative power of God's initiative in human lives.
Reflection and Application
1 Kings 19:20 presents a timeless challenge to all who sense a call from God, whether to full-time ministry, a specific act of service, or a fundamental shift in life priorities. Elisha's immediate abandonment of his livelihood teaches us about the importance of decisive obedience and the willingness to sacrifice what is comfortable or familiar for the sake of God's kingdom. His act of burning his plowing equipment and sacrificing his oxen (1 Kings 19:21) further underscores the irreversibility of his commitment, leaving no option for return to his former life. Elijah's cryptic response compels us to examine the depth of our own commitment: Is our obedience a mere reaction to an external prompt, or does it stem from a profound, personal conviction about the divine origin and ultimate worth of the call? True discipleship often demands leaving behind "oxen" – whether they be career ambitions, financial security, personal comforts, or even family expectations – to fully grasp the plow of God's purpose without looking back. This passage invites us to consider what potential hindrances we might need to "leave" to fully embrace God's unique call on our lives, trusting that His provision and purpose are infinitely greater than any earthly security.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What is the significance of Elijah casting his mantle on Elisha?
The act of Elijah casting his mantle (a distinctive outer garment, symbolizing his prophetic authority and office) upon Elisha in 1 Kings 19:19 was a symbolic, non-verbal summons to prophetic ministry and a clear indication of Elisha's designation as Elijah's successor. It was a visible sign of the transfer of spiritual authority, a divine call to service, and an invitation to apprenticeship, much like a king bestowing a royal robe upon an heir. Elisha's immediate response demonstrates his understanding and acceptance of this profound symbolic gesture, recognizing it as a divine appointment rather than a mere human act.
Why did Elijah tell Elisha, "Go back again: for what have I done to thee?"
Elijah's statement is a rhetorical challenge, not a literal command to abandon the call. It serves to test Elisha's resolve and to clarify the true source of the call. By saying "what have I done to thee?", Elijah is essentially saying, "I have merely been God's instrument; the call is from God, not from me personally. Therefore, your decision to follow must be your own, a response to God's initiative, and not merely a reaction to my action or presence." It forces Elisha to internalize the divine weight of the summons and to make a fully conscious, unreserved commitment, understanding the radical implications of abandoning his former life for God's service. This echoes the high cost of discipleship often taught by Jesus, such as in Luke 14:26, where He speaks of loving Him more than family.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
1 Kings 19:20, while an Old Testament narrative, powerfully foreshadows the radical nature of discipleship as taught by Jesus Christ. Elisha's immediate abandonment of his prosperous life and his willingness to leave family for the prophetic call directly prefigures Jesus' call to His disciples to "leave everything and follow him" (Luke 5:11). Elijah's challenging rhetorical question, "for what have I done to thee?", resonates with Jesus' own demanding statements about the cost of following Him, such as the one in Luke 9:62: "No one who puts his hand to the plow and looks back is fit for service in the kingdom of God." Elisha's choice to prioritize God's call over familial comfort and worldly security exemplifies the ultimate devotion required of those who would follow the Lamb of God. In Christ, the call is no longer merely to prophetic succession but to a new life in Him, where our old selves are "have been crucified with Christ" (Galatians 2:20) and we are empowered by the Holy Spirit to live a life of radical obedience and surrender, finding our true identity and purpose in Him alone (Philippians 3:7-8), and ultimately becoming "new creation" in Him (2 Corinthians 5:17).