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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Exodus 28:15–30. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
The most considerable of the ornaments of the high priest was this breast-plate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously wrought with gold and purple, etc., two spans long and a span broad, so that, being doubled, it was a span square, Exo 28:16. This was fastened to the ephod with wreathen chains of gold (Exo 28:13, Exo 28:14, Exo 28:22, etc.) both at top and bottom, so that the breast-plate might not be loosed from the ephod, Exo 28:28. The ephod was the garment of service; the breast-plate of judgment was an emblem of honour: these two must by no means be separated. If any man will minister unto the Lord, and do his will, he shall know his doctrine. In this breast-plate,
I.The tribes of Israel were recommended to God's favour in twelve precious stones, Exo 28:17-21, Exo 28:19.
Some question whether Levi had a precious stone with his name or no. If not, Ephraim and Manasseh were reckoned distinct, as Jacob had said they should be, and the high priest himself, being head of the tribe of Levi, sufficiently represented that tribe. If there was a stone for Levi, as is intimated by this, that they were engraven according to their birth (Exo 28:10), Ephraim and Manasseh were one in Joseph. Aaron was to bear their names for a memorial before the Lord continually, being ordained for men, to represent them in things pertaining to God, herein typifying our great high priest, who always appears in the presence of God for us.
1.Though the people were forbidden to come near, and obliged to keep their distance, yet by the high priest, who had their names on his breast-plate, they entered into the holiest; so believers, even while they are here on this earth, not only enter into the holiest, but by faith are made to sit with Christ in heavenly places, Eph 2:6.
2.The name of each tribe was engraven in a precious stone, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable, Isa 43:4. They shall be his in the day he makes up his jewels, Mal 3:17. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was a precious stone in the breast-plate of the high priest; thus are all the saints dear to Christ, and his delight is in them as the excellent ones of the earth, however men may esteem them as earthen pitchers, Lam 4:2.
3.The high priest had the names of the tribes both on his shoulders and on his breast, intimating both the power and the love with which our Lord Jesus intercedes for those that are his. He not only bears them up upon his heart, as the expression here is (Exo 28:29), carries them in his bosom (Isa 40:11), with the most tender affection. How near should Christ's name be to our hearts, since he is pleased to lay our names so near his! and what a comfort it is to us, in all our addresses to God, that the great high priest of our profession has the names of all his Israel upon his breast before the Lord for a memorial, presenting them to God as the people of his choice, who were to be made accepted in the beloved! Let not any good Christians fear that God has forgotten them, nor question his being mindful of them upon all occasions, when they are not only engraven upon the palms of his hands (Isa 49:16), but engraven upon the heart of the great intercessor. See Sol 8:6.
II.The urim and thummim, by which the will of God was made known in doubtful cases, were put in this breast-plate, which is therefore called the breast-plate of judgment, Exo 28:30. Urim and thummim signify light and integrity; many conjectures there are among the learned what they were; we have no reason to think they were any thing that Moses was to make more than what was before ordered, so that either God made them himself, and gave them to Moses, for him to put into the breast-plate, when other things were prepared (Lev 8:8), or no more is meant than a declaration of the further use of what was already ordered to be made. I think the words may be read thus, And thou shalt give, or add, or deliver, to the breast-plate of judgment, the illuminations and perfections, and they shall be upon the heart of Aaron; that is, "He shall be endued with a power of knowing and making known the mind of God in all difficult doubtful cases, relating either to the civil or ecclesiastical state of the nation." Their government was a theocracy: God was their King, the high priest was, under God, their ruler, the urim and thummim were his cabinet-council; probably Moses wrote upon the breast-plate, or wove into it, these words, Urim and Thummim, to signify that the high priest, having on him this breast-plate, and asking counsel of God in any emergency relating to the public, should be directed to take those measures, and give that advice, which God would own. If he was standing before the ark (but without the veil) probably he received instructions from off the mercy-seat, as Moses did (Exo 25:22); thus, it should seem, Phinehas did, Jdg 20:27, Jdg 20:28. If he was at a distance from the ark, as Abiathar was when he enquired of the Lord for David (Sa1 23:6, etc.), then the answer was given either by a voice from heaven or rather by an impulse upon the mind of the high priest, which last is perhaps intimated in that expression, He shall bear the judgment of the children of Israel upon his heart. This oracle was of great use to Israel; Joshua consulted it (Num 27:21), and, it is likely, the judges after him. It was lost in the captivity, and never regained after, though, it should seem, it was expected, Ezr 2:63. But it was a shadow of good things to come, and the substance is Christ. He is our oracle; by him God in these last days makes known himself and his mind to us, Heb 1:2; Joh 1:18. Divine revelation centres in him, and comes to us through him; he is the light, the true light, the faithful witness, the truth itself, and from him we receive the Spirit of truth, who leads into all truth. The joining of the breast-plate to the ephod denotes that his prophetical office was founded in his priesthood; and it was by the merit of his death that he purchased this honour for himself and this favour for us. It was the Lamb that had been slain that was worthy to take the book and to open the seals, Rev 5:9.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
One surviving comment on this verse from the historical church.
The rational of judgment: This part of the priest's attire, which he wore at his breast, was called the rational of judgment; partly because it admonished both priest and people of their duty to God, by carrying the names of all their tribes in his presence; and by the Urim and the Thummim, that is, doctrine and truth, which were written upon it; and partly because it gave divine answers and oracles, as if it were rational and endowed with judgment.
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Summary
Exodus 28:15 meticulously details the divine mandate for the creation of the high priest's "breastplate of judgment," a sacred and intricately designed vestment. This verse specifies that its construction must mirror the craftsmanship of the ephod and lists the precise, symbolically rich materials required: gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen. More than a mere adornment, this breastplate was a pivotal component of the high priestly attire, symbolizing his unique mediatorial role between God and Israel, bearing the names of the tribes, and serving as a crucial instrument for divine discernment and the administration of justice.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is deeply embedded within the extensive instructions God delivers to Moses on Mount Sinai concerning the construction of the Tabernacle and its sacred furnishings (chapters 25-31). Specifically, Exodus 28 is dedicated entirely to the precise specifications for the holy garments of Aaron and his sons, establishing the distinct attire essential for their consecrated priestly service. Verse 15 immediately follows the detailed description of the ephod (Exodus 28:6-14), explicitly stating that the breastplate was to be made "after the work of the ephod," thereby underscoring a continuity in craftsmanship, materials, and overall sacred design. The subsequent verses (Exodus 28:17-21) further elaborate on the breastplate's purpose by describing the setting of twelve precious stones, each engraved with the name of an Israelite tribe. The very name "breastplate of judgment" also anticipates the later command in Exodus 28:30 regarding the placement of the Urim and Thummim within it, instruments vital for seeking and receiving divine guidance and making righteous decisions.
Historical & Cultural Context
In the ancient Near East, the Tabernacle served as the tangible dwelling place of Yahweh among His people, Israel, and the central hub of their worship. The establishment of a dedicated, hereditary priesthood, with Aaron as the inaugural High Priest as commanded in Exodus 28:1, was foundational for mediating between a holy God and His covenant nation. Consequently, the priestly garments were far more than mere ceremonial vestments; they were profoundly symbolic, signifying the priest's consecrated status, divine authority, and representative function. The specified materials—gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen—were highly prized and carried significant symbolic weight across ancient cultures, often associated with royalty, divinity, purity, and sacrificial atonement. The emphasis on "cunning work" (intricate craftsmanship) highlighted the sacredness of these items and the divine demand for unparalleled excellence in all aspects of worship, reflecting the perfect and glorious nature of the God they served. The High Priest's role in "judgment" (or discernment) was paramount for the nation's spiritual and civil well-being, as he was the primary conduit for seeking and conveying God's will to the entire community.
Key Themes
Exodus 28:15 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book of Exodus and beyond. It reinforces the theme of Holiness and Consecration, emphasizing that God's presence demands a set-apart people and a consecrated priesthood, equipped with holy garments that reflect divine purity and glory. The detailed instructions underscore God's Divine Order and Precision, revealing His meticulous nature in establishing the covenant relationship and the means by which His people are to approach Him. The breastplate's function as an instrument of "judgment" highlights the theme of Divine Guidance and Justice, demonstrating God's desire to lead His people and administer righteousness through His appointed mediators. Furthermore, the use of precious and symbolic materials, particularly the gold, blue, purple, and scarlet, speaks to the Glory and Majesty of God, indicating that only the finest and most meaningful elements are suitable for His worship. This verse also subtly introduces the theme of Representation, as the High Priest, adorned with this breastplate, would bear the names of the tribes before God, a concept further developed in Exodus 28:29.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From an unused root likely meaning "to contain" or "to sparkle," this term (H2833) refers specifically to the gorget or breastpiece worn by the high priest. Its association with containing the Urim and Thummim and bearing precious stones suggests its function as a repository for divine revelation and as a symbol of the high priest's role in carrying the burdens of Israel before God.
Derived from a root meaning "to judge," this multifaceted word (H4941) encompasses "verdict," "justice," "discernment," "ordinance," and "right ruling." When applied to the breastplate, it signifies that this garment was not merely decorative but instrumental in the high priest's function of discerning and declaring God's righteous will, judgments, and guidance for the people of Israel. It was the place where divine wisdom was sought and revealed for the nation's benefit.
This primitive root (H2803) means "to plait or interpenetrate," "to weave," "to fabricate," or figuratively, "to plot or contrive." In the context of "cunning work" (H2803 + H4639), it denotes highly skilled, intricate, and thoughtfully conceived craftsmanship. The use of this term emphasizes the exceptional artistry and meticulous execution required for the breastplate, reflecting the sacredness and immense value of the item, which was to be a masterpiece worthy of God's glory.
Verse Breakdown
"And thou shalt make the breastplate of judgment"
This opening clause is a direct divine imperative to Moses, underscoring the non-negotiable nature and profound significance of this specific priestly garment. The designation "breastplate of judgment" immediately establishes its functional and symbolic importance as an instrument of divine discernment and justice, rather than merely an item of clothing.
"with cunning work"
This phrase emphasizes the extraordinary level of skill, artistic ingenuity, and meticulous attention to detail required for the breastplate's creation. It was not to be a simple or ordinary piece but a complex and intricately designed masterpiece, reflecting the divine standard of excellence and the sacredness of its purpose.
"after the work of the ephod thou shalt make it"
This instruction explicitly links the breastplate to the ephod, another primary and highly significant priestly garment. It mandates that the same superior quality of craftsmanship, the same precious materials, and likely similar weaving techniques or design patterns used for the ephod were to be replicated for the breastplate, ensuring a coherent, unified, and supremely sacred ensemble for the high priest.
"[of] gold, [of] blue, and [of] purple, and [of] scarlet, and [of] fine twined linen, shalt thou make it"
This detailed enumeration specifies the precise, costly, and symbolically rich materials for the breastplate. These were not arbitrary choices: gold represented divinity, purity, and enduring value; blue, the heavens, divine truth, and God's heavenly abode; purple, royalty, majesty, and authority; scarlet, life, blood, and atonement; and fine twined linen, purity, righteousness, and holiness. The combination of these vibrant and precious elements underscored the multifaceted nature of the high priest's office and the holy, glorious purpose of the garment.
Literary Devices
The primary literary device employed in Exodus 28:15 is Symbolism. Each material meticulously listed—gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen—is imbued with profound symbolic meaning, collectively representing various attributes of God, the nature of sin, and the path to redemption. The breastplate itself functions as a powerful symbol of Representation, as it would bear the names of the twelve tribes of Israel into God's presence, signifying the high priest's role as their intercessor. It also symbolizes Divine Guidance and Discernment, being the designated receptacle for the Urim and Thummim, instruments for revealing God's will. The detailed and precise instructions for its construction exemplify Precision and Order, reflecting the divine nature of the designer and the sacredness demanded in all aspects of worship. The repeated phrase "thou shalt make it" or similar commands throughout Exodus 28 serves as a form of Repetition, reinforcing the divine mandate and emphasizing the critical importance of adhering to God's exact specifications for the Tabernacle and its service.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Exodus 28:15 profoundly illustrates God's meticulous attention to detail in establishing a holy priesthood and a system of worship designed to perfectly reflect His character and facilitate communion with His people. The "breastplate of judgment" underscores the high priest's crucial role as a divinely appointed mediator who not only represented the people before God but also sought and conveyed God's righteous judgments and guidance to the nation. This emphasis on divine discernment and the carrying of the people's burdens before the Lord foreshadows a deeper theological truth: the ultimate need for a perfect intercessor who can truly bear the weight of humanity's sin and perfectly reveal God's will. The rich and costly materials specified for the breastplate point to the inherent glory and holiness of God, demanding the highest quality, beauty, and reverence in all aspects of worship and service.
Reflection and Application
The divine precision and intricate detail evident in the instructions for the breastplate of judgment challenge us to consider the quality, intentionality, and reverence of our own approach to God. While the Old Testament high priestly system has been fulfilled in Christ, the underlying principles of holiness, representation, and seeking divine discernment remain profoundly relevant for believers today. This passage encourages us to live lives marked by purity and righteousness, recognizing that through Christ, we are called to be a "royal priesthood" (1 Peter 2:9) with direct access to God. It reminds us of the paramount importance of seeking God's wisdom and guidance in all our decisions, trusting that He desires to reveal His will to His people for their good and His glory. Furthermore, the high priest's act of bearing the names of the tribes before God should inspire us to faithfully carry the burdens and needs of others in prayer and intercession, reflecting the compassionate heart of our Great High Priest, Jesus Christ. Our worship, our service, and our daily lives should strive for an excellence that honors the God who is perfect in all His ways.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What was the "breastplate of judgment" used for?
The "breastplate of judgment" (Hebrew: choshen mishpat) was a sacred and highly significant garment worn by the Israelite High Priest. Its primary uses were twofold: First, it served as a means for the High Priest to bear the names of the twelve tribes of Israel—engraved on precious stones—upon his heart before God. This symbolized his role as the representative of the entire nation in God's holy presence, carrying their identity and needs. Second, and perhaps most crucially, it was the designated receptacle for the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used to discern God's will and provide divine guidance on matters of national importance. Thus, it was central to the High Priest's function of mediating divine justice and providing direction to the people.
Why were these specific colors and materials—gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen—chosen for the breastplate?
These materials were not arbitrarily chosen but carried rich symbolic meaning within ancient Israelite theology and the broader ancient Near East, reflecting profound spiritual truths. Gold symbolized divinity, purity, and enduring value, reflecting God's holy and glorious presence. Blue was often associated with the heavens, representing the divine, truth, and God's heavenly abode, signifying divine revelation and faithfulness. Purple signified royalty, majesty, and authority, fitting for the King of Kings whom the High Priest served. Scarlet pointed to life, blood, and atonement, foreshadowing the sacrificial system necessary for dealing with sin and the shedding of blood for redemption. Fine twined linen represented purity, righteousness, and holiness, essential qualities for those ministering before a holy God. Together, these materials conveyed the glory of God, the sacredness of the High Priest's office, and the profound spiritual realities of the covenant relationship between God and Israel.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
The breastplate of judgment, with its intricate design, precious materials, and profound symbolic functions, finds its ultimate and perfect fulfillment in Jesus Christ, our Great High Priest. Just as the earthly high priest bore the names of the twelve tribes upon his heart before God, Jesus, in His eternal intercession, perfectly represents His people before the Father, not merely on a garment, but in His very being and unwavering love (Hebrews 7:25). The "judgment" or discernment function of the breastplate, facilitated by the Urim and Thummim, points directly to Christ as the very embodiment of divine wisdom and truth, in whom "are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge" (Colossians 2:3). The precious materials used in the breastplate also find their ultimate reality and perfect expression in Him: the gold of His divine nature and glory (John 1:1), the blue of His heavenly origin and the truth He perfectly reveals (John 3:13), the purple of His eternal kingship and supreme authority (Revelation 19:16), the scarlet of His atoning blood shed on the cross for the forgiveness of sins (Hebrews 9:12), and the fine twined linen of His perfect righteousness, sinlessness, and purity (1 Peter 2:22). Jesus is the one who perfectly fulfills the High Priest's role, offering Himself as the ultimate sacrifice once for all and continually interceding for us, thereby making direct and confident access to God possible for all believers (Hebrews 4:14-16).