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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Exodus 26:1–6. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
I.The house must be a tabernacle or tent, such as soldiers now use in the camp, which was both a mean dwelling and a movable one; and yet the ark of God had not better, till Solomon built the temple 480 years after this, Kg1 6:1. God manifested his presence among them thus in a tabernacle,
1.In compliance with their present condition in the wilderness, that they might have him with them wherever they went. Note, God suits the tokens of his favour, and the gifts of his grace, to his people's wants and necessities, according as they are, accommodating his mercy to their state, prosperous or adverse, settled or unsettled. When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee, Isa 43:2.
2.That it might represent the state of God's church in this world, it is a tabernacle-state, Psa 15:1. We have here no continuing city; being strangers in this world, and travellers towards a better, we shall never be fixed till we come to heaven. Church-privileges are movable goods, from one place to another; the gospel is not tied to any place; the candlestick is in a tent, and may easily be taken away, Rev 2:5. If we make much of the tabernacle, and improve the privilege of it, wherever we go it will accompany us; but, if we neglect and disgrace it, wherever we stay it will forsake us. What hath my beloved to do in my house? Jer 11:15.
II.The curtains of the tabernacle must correspond to a divine pattern.
1.They were to be very rich, the best of the kind, fine twined linen; and colours very pleasing, blue, and purple, and scarlet.
2.They were to be embroidered with cherubim (Exo 26:1), to intimate that the angels of God pitch their tents round about the church, Psa 34:7. As there were cherubim over the mercy-seat, so there were round the tabernacle; for we find the angels compassing, not only the throne, but the elders; see Rev 5:11.
3.There were to be two hangings, five breadths in each, sewed together, and the two hangings coupled together with golden clasps, or tacks, so that it might be all one tabernacle, Exo 26:6. Thus the churches of Christ and the saints, though they are many, are yet one, being fitly joined together in holy love, and by the unity of the Spirit, so growing into one holy temple in the Lord, Eph 2:21, Eph 2:22; Eph 4:16. This tabernacle was very strait and narrow; but, at the preaching of the gospel, the church is bidden to enlarge the place of her tent, and to stretch forth her curtains, Isa 54:2.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
One surviving comment on this verse from the historical church.
Surely no access to the heavenly city is given us if we do not keep the love of God and neighbor in this church, which because it is outside is called a porch. This is why it was ordered that the curtains of the tabernacle be woven from scarlet cloth twice dyed. You, my friends, you are the curtains of the tabernacle, since by your faith you veil the heavenly secrets in your hearts. Scarlet twice dyed must be used for the curtains of the tabernacle. Scarlet has the look of fire, and what is love but fire? This love must be twice dyed, dyed by love of God and dyed by love of our neighbor.
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Summary
Exodus 26:1 commences the meticulous divine instructions for the construction of the Tabernacle's innermost coverings, specifying ten intricately crafted curtains. These curtains, made from fine twined linen and dyed with vibrant blue, purple, and scarlet threads, were to be adorned with cherubim of "cunning work." This verse lays the foundational blueprint for God's sacred dwelling place among His people, emphasizing the unparalleled quality of materials, the profound artistry, and the rich symbolism required for a sanctuary that would embody divine holiness, majesty, and the tangible presence of God in the wilderness.
Context
Literary Context
Exodus 26:1 marks the precise beginning of a detailed architectural blueprint for the Tabernacle's physical structure, spanning chapters 26 and 27. This section meticulously outlines the construction of the sanctuary itself, following the overarching divine command to "make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them" found in Exodus 25:8. The preceding chapter, Exodus 25, provided specific instructions for the sacred furnishings—the Ark of the Covenant, the Table of Showbread, and the Lampstand—establishing a logical progression from the most holy contents to the sacred container that would house them. The minute and exhaustive nature of these instructions underscores God's absolute sovereignty, His demand for precision in worship, and the profound reverence required in approaching His holy presence, ultimately culminating in the erection and consecration of the Tabernacle in Exodus 40.
Historical & Cultural Context
At the time of these commands, the Israelites were a recently liberated, nomadic people journeying through the wilderness after their miraculous deliverance from Egyptian bondage. The Tabernacle was designed to serve as their portable, central place of worship, a tangible and visible manifestation of God's abiding presence in their midst, a stark contrast to the fixed, localized temples prevalent in the surrounding ancient Near Eastern cultures. The materials specified—fine twined linen, and the blue, purple, and scarlet dyes—were exceptionally valuable and often associated with royalty, divinity, and immense wealth throughout the ancient world. Fine linen itself was a luxury commodity, symbolizing purity and high status, while the dyes were extraordinarily expensive, derived from rare sources such as murex snails for purple and cochineal insects for scarlet. This choice of costly materials underscored the immense value and sacredness attributed to God's dwelling. The concept of "cunning work" (Hebrew: ma'aseh choshev), denoting skilled artistry and intricate design, was paramount, reflecting the dedication of the highest human craftsmanship to divine purposes, a profound counterpoint to the idolatrous practices the Israelites had witnessed and participated in during their time in Egypt. The inclusion of cherubim, celestial guardians frequently depicted in ancient Near Eastern iconography as protectors of sacred spaces and divine thrones, powerfully reinforced the Tabernacle's sanctity and its role as the earthly throne room of the Almighty.
Key Themes
Exodus 26:1 significantly contributes to several overarching themes within the book of Exodus and the Pentateuch. Foremost is the theme of God's Presence and Dwelling Among His People. The very purpose of the Tabernacle, as stated in Exodus 25:8, is to provide a place for God to dwell, making His presence tangible and accessible (though regulated) to Israel. This verse initiates the detailed fulfillment of that promise. Another crucial theme is Divine Holiness and Separation. The exquisite materials, the precise measurements, and the intricate designs of the Tabernacle underscore God's absolute holiness and the necessity of a consecrated space for His presence. The Tabernacle, beginning with these curtains, served as a physical boundary, separating the holy from the common and teaching Israel about the reverent approach required for fellowship with a holy God. Finally, the verse highlights the theme of Worship and Obedience, emphasizing that true worship is not arbitrary but must adhere to God's specific commands, reflecting His glory and character. The meticulous details demanded not only obedience but also the dedication of Israel's finest resources and craftsmanship to the service of their Creator, foreshadowing the detailed sacrificial system and priestly service that would follow in Leviticus.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From the root shakan, meaning "to dwell," this term (H4908) refers specifically to a residence or dwelling place. In the context of Exodus, it denotes the portable sanctuary where God chose to "dwell" or "tabernacle" among His people. Its usage emphasizes the immanence of God—His desire to be present with humanity—while simultaneously highlighting the sacredness of this unique dwelling, distinct from ordinary tents. It is the central place where God's glory would manifest and where He would meet with Israel.
This word (H3407) specifically refers to a hanging or curtain. In Exodus 26:1, it denotes the ten large, ornate fabric panels that formed the primary inner covering and walls of the Tabernacle. These were not merely functional coverings but integral components of the sacred structure, designed with specific dimensions and materials. Their purpose was to enclose the holy space, distinguishing it from the outer court and the common world, and visually representing the veiled nature of God's presence.
This primitive root (H2803) signifies more than mere skill; it implies thoughtful design, intricate planning, and intellectual contrivance. When used in the context of "cunning work" (often paired with maʻăseh, H4639, "work" or "deed"), it refers to the work of a master craftsman, an artisan who possesses not only manual dexterity but also the ability to conceive and execute complex, artistic patterns, such as the woven cherubim. It emphasizes that the Tabernacle's construction required divinely inspired wisdom and the highest level of human ingenuity, reflecting the perfection of the divine Architect.
Verse Breakdown
"Moreover thou shalt make the tabernacle"
This opening clause initiates the direct command to Moses, shifting focus from the Tabernacle's internal furnishings to the construction of its overarching structure. The term "tabernacle" (Hebrew: mishkan) fundamentally means "dwelling place," underscoring its primary purpose as the earthly abode where the transcendent God would condescend to reside among His people. This command signifies the commencement of the physical manifestation of God's covenant promise to be present with Israel.
"[with] ten curtains [of] fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet"
This segment specifies the foundational material and vibrant color palette for the innermost layer of the Tabernacle's coverings. The mention of "ten curtains" highlights the precise and abundant provision God required for His sanctuary. "Fine twined linen" (Hebrew: shesh mashzar) denotes a fabric of exceptional quality, symbolizing purity, righteousness, and the unblemished holiness essential for God's presence. The three colors are deeply symbolic: blue (Hebrew: tᵉkêleth) represents the heavens, divinity, and God's celestial nature; purple (Hebrew: ʼargâmân) signifies royalty, kingship, and majesty, as it was a costly dye reserved for monarchs; and scarlet (Hebrew: shânîy or tôwlâʻ) symbolizes life, blood, and atonement, foreshadowing the sacrificial system necessary for reconciliation with God. Together, these elements proclaim the divine, majestic, and redemptive character of the God who would dwell within.
"[with] cherubims of cunning work shalt thou make them"
This concluding phrase details the intricate decorative and symbolic element to be woven into these primary curtains. The "cherubims" (Hebrew: kᵉrûwb), celestial guardians of God's holiness and presence, were not merely ornamental but profoundly symbolic, reinforcing the sacredness and protected nature of the Tabernacle's innermost sanctuary. Their creation required "cunning work" (Hebrew: maʻăseh châshab), indicating the highest level of artistic skill, intellectual design, and dedicated craftsmanship. This command emphasizes that every aspect of God's dwelling, even its decorative elements, was to be executed with excellence, reflecting the glory and perfection of the One it housed.
Literary Devices
Exodus 26:1 is rich in Symbolism. The "fine twined linen" symbolizes purity and righteousness, qualities intrinsically linked to God's nature and required for any approach to Him. The specified colors—blue, purple, and scarlet—are not arbitrary aesthetic choices but carry profound theological meanings: blue for heaven and divinity, purple for royalty and majesty, and scarlet for life, blood, and atonement. The "cherubims" are powerful symbols of divine presence, guardianship, and the sacred boundary between the holy and the common, echoing their role in guarding the Tree of Life in Genesis 3:24. The entire Tabernacle, the construction of which is initiated by these curtains, functions as a grand Metonymy, where the physical structure and its components represent the very presence and dwelling of God among His people. The detailed instructions themselves employ Precision and Repetition, characteristic of divine commands, emphasizing the non-negotiable nature of God's design and the importance of every minute detail in constructing a sanctuary worthy of His holiness. The vivid description evokes strong Imagery, allowing the reader to visualize the beauty, grandeur, and sacredness of the Tabernacle's inner sanctum.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Exodus 26:1 introduces the profound theological truth that God, though transcendent, desires to dwell intimately among His people, yet this dwelling is governed by His absolute holiness, majesty, and precise terms. The meticulous design, costly materials, and intricate craftsmanship of the Tabernacle curtains underscore the infinite value of God's presence and the profound reverence due to Him. It teaches that access to God is not arbitrary or casual but divinely ordained, requiring purity, sacrifice, and an unwavering recognition of His majestic authority. The rich symbolism embedded in the colors and the cherubim points directly to the character of God—His heavenly nature, His sovereign kingship, and His gracious provision for atonement—foreshadowing the ultimate means by which humanity would truly draw near to Him. This earthly sanctuary, though temporary and a "shadow of the heavenly things" (Hebrews 8:5), served as a tangible object lesson in God's nature and His unfolding plan for redemption, setting the stage for a deeper understanding of His covenant relationship with Israel.
Reflection and Application
Exodus 26:1, with its profound emphasis on divine detail, sacred beauty, and costly materials, challenges us to deeply consider the quality and intentionality of our worship and service to God today. If God commanded such meticulous excellence and the dedication of the finest resources for a physical dwelling that was but a shadow, how much more should we, as believers in Christ, offer our absolute best—our "finest linen" of purity and our "cunning work" of Spirit-gifted talents and resources—in our spiritual lives, our ministries, and our daily walk? This verse serves as a powerful reminder that God is a God of order, beauty, and unblemished holiness, and therefore, our approach to Him, our lives lived for Him, and our worship of Him should reflect these divine attributes. While we no longer construct physical tabernacles, the New Testament reveals that believers are now the "temple of the Holy Spirit" (1 Corinthians 6:19), individually and corporately. This calls us to live lives of purity, reverence, and intentionality, ensuring that our thoughts, words, and deeds reflect the divine presence that indwells us. The Tabernacle's design, pointing prophetically to Christ, encourages us to live in light of the ultimate access we have to God through His completed sacrifice, inspiring us to worship Him with excellence, awe, and profound gratitude, knowing that He truly dwells among us.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why were specific colors (blue, purple, scarlet) chosen for the Tabernacle curtains?
The specific colors chosen for the Tabernacle curtains—blue, purple, and scarlet—were not arbitrary but carried deep symbolic meaning, both in the ancient Near East and within God's unfolding revelation. Blue (Hebrew: tᵉkêleth) often represented the heavens, the divine, and God's commandments, signifying His celestial nature and the heavenly origin of His dwelling. It connected the earthly sanctuary to the divine realm. Purple (Hebrew: ʼargâmân) was universally associated with royalty, kingship, and majesty. As an extremely expensive dye, it was reserved for monarchs and high-ranking officials, thus proclaiming the Tabernacle as the dwelling of the King of Kings, whose throne is in heaven (Isaiah 6:1). Scarlet (Hebrew: shânîy or tôwlâʻ) symbolized life, blood, and sacrifice, foreshadowing the atonement necessary for fellowship with God and pointing ultimately to the sacrificial blood of Christ. Together, these colors communicated the divine, majestic, and redemptive character of the God who chose to dwell among His people, emphasizing His holiness and the sacredness of His presence, and foreshadowing the work of the coming Messiah.
What was the significance of weaving cherubim into the Tabernacle curtains?
The weaving of cherubim into the Tabernacle curtains was profoundly significant, reinforcing the sanctity and divine nature of God's dwelling place. Cherubim (Hebrew: kᵉrûwb) are celestial beings consistently associated with God's throne, His presence, and the guardianship of sacred spaces. They first appear in Genesis 3:24, guarding the way to the Tree of Life after Adam and Eve's expulsion from Eden, signifying the inaccessibility of God's unmediated presence to sinful humanity. Their presence on the Tabernacle curtains, especially those forming the innermost sanctuary and the veil separating the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place (Exodus 26:31), served as a constant visual reminder of God's holiness, His transcendence, and the awe that should accompany any approach to Him. They symbolized the divine protection surrounding God's dwelling and underscored that the Tabernacle was indeed an earthly representation of God's heavenly throne room, where only the High Priest could enter once a year, and then only with blood (Hebrews 9:7).
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Exodus 26:1, with its intricate details of the Tabernacle curtains, finds its ultimate and glorious fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The Tabernacle, as God's temporary dwelling place among His people, was a profound type and shadow of the Incarnation. Just as the "Word became flesh and dwelt among us" (John 1:14), Jesus is the true "Tabernacle" through whom God's glory was fully revealed and accessible. The "fine twined linen" symbolizing purity and righteousness points directly to Christ's sinless life and perfect obedience, making Him the unblemished Lamb of God (Hebrews 4:15). The colors—blue for heaven, purple for royalty, and scarlet for sacrifice—are all perfectly embodied in Jesus: He is the Son of God who descended from heaven (John 3:13), the King of Kings and Lord of Lords (Revelation 19:16), and the Lamb whose shed blood provides ultimate atonement for sin, redeeming us not with perishable things but with His precious blood (1 Peter 1:18-19). The cherubim, guarding access to God's holy presence, represent the formidable barrier that sin erected between humanity and God. This barrier was dramatically torn down when Christ's body, the true "veil" (Hebrews 10:19-20), was broken on the cross, granting all believers direct, unhindered access to the Father. Thus, the beauty, holiness, and redemptive purpose of the Tabernacle curtains all find their perfect and eternal reality in the person and finished work of Jesus Christ, our great High Priest and the Lamb of God.