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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Exodus 36:14–34.
Here, 1. The shelter and special protection that the church is under are signified by the curtains of hair-cloth, which were spread over the tabernacle, and the covering of rams' skins and badgers' skins over them, Exo 36:14-19. God has provided for his people a shadow from the heat, and a covert from storm and rain, Isa 4:6. They are armed against all weathers; the sun and the moon shall not smite them: and they are protected from the storms of divine wrath, that hail which will sweep away the refuge of lies, Isa 28:17. Those that dwell in God's house shall find, be the tempest ever so violent, or the dropping ever so continual, it does not rain in. 2. The strength and stability of the church, though it is but a tabernacle, are signified by the boards and bars with which the curtains were borne up, Exo 36:20-34. The boards were coupled together and joined by the bars which shot through them; for the union of the church, and the hearty agreement of those that are its stays and supporters, contribute abundantly to its strength and establishment.
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Summary
Exodus 36:19 meticulously describes the construction of two distinct outer coverings for the Tabernacle: an inner layer made from rams' skins dyed red, and an outermost layer fashioned from what is traditionally translated as "badgers' skins." This verse is an integral part of the detailed account of the Tabernacle's construction, highlighting the precise execution of God's divine blueprint for His dwelling place among the Israelites, ensuring both practical protection from the harsh desert environment and profound theological symbolism embedded within every component.
Context
Literary Context
Exodus 36:19 is situated within the expansive and highly detailed narrative of the Tabernacle's construction, specifically following the completion of the inner curtains and the wooden framework. Chapters Exodus 35 and Exodus 36 document the willing contributions of the people and the skilled craftsmanship of Bezaleel, Aholiab, and their teams, as they faithfully execute the divine instructions given to Moses on Mount Sinai, as recorded in Exodus 25-31. Preceding verses, specifically Exodus 36:14-18, detail the making of the curtains of goats' hair and the sturdy wooden frames, which formed the primary enclosure of the tent. Verse 19 then transitions to the external protective layers, demonstrating a systematic progression from the innermost sacred elements to the outermost coverings designed to shield the entire structure from the elements and establish its unique visual presence in the desert. This methodical, step-by-step description underscores the divine origin and sacred purpose inherent in every single component of God's dwelling.
Historical & Cultural Context
The Tabernacle served as the portable sanctuary for the Israelites during their forty-year journey through the wilderness, functioning as the central locus of worship and the tangible symbol of God's covenantal presence among His people. The materials specified, such as animal skins, were readily accessible resources within a nomadic desert environment. The practice of dyeing skins was common in the ancient Near East, serving both practical purposes (e.g., preservation, waterproofing) and aesthetic or symbolic functions. The harsh desert climate, characterized by intense sun, abrasive sands, and sporadic but often torrential rains, necessitated exceptionally durable and weather-resistant coverings to safeguard the invaluable and sacred contents of the Tabernacle. The layering of different materials, from the delicate fine linen of the inner curtains to the rugged animal hides of the outer coverings, reflects a common architectural principle of the era, where inner beauty and sacredness were meticulously protected by outer strength and utility. The very act of constructing the Tabernacle, precisely as commanded by God, was a paramount act of corporate worship and obedience for the newly liberated Israelite nation, fundamentally shaping their identity as God's chosen people.
Key Themes
Exodus 36:19 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book of Exodus and the Pentateuch. The theme of Divine Presence is central, as the Tabernacle's construction ensures a holy space for God to dwell among His people, fulfilling His promise from Exodus 29:45. The meticulous detail in this verse, like all Tabernacle descriptions, emphasizes Divine Instruction and Human Obedience, showcasing the Israelites' faithful adherence to God's precise blueprint, a pattern for all covenant relationship. The "rams' skins dyed red" introduce the profound theme of Atonement and Sacrifice, subtly pointing to the necessity of shed blood for reconciliation, a concept deeply explored in Leviticus. Finally, the contrast between the unadorned exterior and the glorious interior, particularly with the "badgers' skins," highlights the theme of Holiness and Separation, signifying that God's sacred dwelling is set apart from the mundane world, protected and veiled from common view, yet accessible through prescribed means.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This term, derived from a root meaning "to cover" or "to conceal," specifically denotes an outer layer designed for protection or concealment. In the context of the Tabernacle, it refers to the external layers that shielded the sacred structure from the elements and from casual observation, thereby distinguishing it as holy and set apart. It emphasizes a functional purpose of safeguarding the precious and holy contents beneath.
This word signifies "to show blood (in the face)," "to flush," "to turn rosy," or "to be (dyed, made) red (ruddy)." When applied to the rams' skins, it indicates a deliberate dyeing process that imparted a deep red hue. The color red in biblical symbolism is profoundly linked to blood, life, and sacrifice, as seen in various ritual contexts throughout the Old Testament. Its presence on the Tabernacle's covering immediately evokes themes of atonement and the vital role of shed blood in establishing and maintaining covenant relationship with God.
This term refers to an animal with fur, described as "clean" in some interpretations, and is of probable foreign derivation. While the King James Version translates it as "badger," modern scholarship widely acknowledges the ambiguity of its precise identification. Alternatives include various marine mammals like dugongs, porpoises, or seals (plausible given the proximity to the Red Sea), or simply a type of durable, finely processed leather, possibly dyed blue or black. Regardless of the exact animal, the consensus is that tachash signifies a tough, waterproof, and highly durable material, making it ideal for the outermost protective layer, prioritizing ruggedness and utility over aesthetic beauty.
Verse Breakdown
"And he made a covering for the tent"
This opening clause indicates the ongoing construction efforts, specifically focusing on the creation of a protective layer for the Tabernacle, here referred to as "the tent" (ʼôhel H168). The "he" refers collectively to Bezaleel, Aholiab, and the skilled artisans working under their direction, diligently executing God's precise architectural specifications. This emphasizes the functional necessity of the structure as a portable dwelling place for God, requiring comprehensive protection from the elements.
"[of] rams' skins dyed red"
This specifies the material for the first of the two outer coverings mentioned in this verse. It was crafted from the hides of rams (ʼayil H352), indicating a robust and resilient material. The crucial detail "dyed red" (ʼâdam H119) carries significant symbolic weight, immediately drawing connections to the theme of sacrifice and atonement. This layer, though external to the innermost sanctuary, subtly yet powerfully pointed to the blood required for reconciliation between a holy God and sinful humanity, a foundational principle of the Old Covenant sacrificial system.
"and a covering [of] badgers' skins above [that]"
This describes the second, and outermost, layer of the Tabernacle's complex covering system. Positioned "above" (maʻal H4605) the rams' skins, it served as the ultimate shield against the harsh desert environment. The material, tachash (H8476), though its exact identification remains debated, is consistently understood to be exceptionally durable, weather-resistant, and likely waterproof. This layer would have presented a plain, unadorned exterior, prioritizing function and rugged protection over beauty, symbolizing the necessary safeguarding of the divine glory dwelling within.
Literary Devices
The description in Exodus 36:19 effectively employs several literary devices to convey its meaning and significance. Symbolism is profoundly present, particularly with the "rams' skins dyed red," which powerfully evokes the themes of blood, sacrifice, and atonement, central to the Tabernacle's purpose and the broader Mosaic covenant. The red color serves as a visual reminder of the life given for covering sin. The contrast between the rich, beautiful, and ornate inner layers (described in other verses) and the rugged, functional, and unadorned outer layers, including the "badgers' skins," creates a powerful sense of juxtaposition. This highlights that the divine glory dwelling within is protected by a humble, yet absolutely essential, exterior. The meticulous detail in describing each component, from the specific material to its treatment and precise placement, functions as a form of precision, underscoring the divine authorship of the Tabernacle's blueprint and the paramount importance of strict obedience to God's exact commands. This precision also contributes to the overall verisimilitude, making the ancient account feel tangible and real to the reader.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Exodus 36:19, in its precise description of the Tabernacle's outer coverings, powerfully illustrates God's meticulous care for His dwelling place and, by extension, for His covenant relationship with His people. The layered protection, from the sacrificial "rams' skins dyed red" to the rugged "badgers' skins," underscores the absolute holiness of God and the necessary mediation required for humanity to approach Him. The red skins point directly to the principle of atonement through blood, a foundational truth of the Old Covenant, which profoundly foreshadows the ultimate and perfect sacrifice of Christ. The outermost, less beautiful layer, while primarily functional, also teaches a vital spiritual lesson: not all essential work is glamorous or visible; often, hidden protection and humble utility are absolutely vital for preserving the sacred. This divine design ensures both the security of God's manifest presence and a constant visual reminder of the means by which His people could draw near to Him without being consumed by His holiness.
Reflection and Application
The detailed construction of the Tabernacle, including its outer coverings, serves as a profound and enduring reminder of God's intentionality, His holiness, and His deep desire to dwell among His people, even in the midst of their wilderness journey. The layers of protection, particularly the "rams' skins dyed red" and the "badgers' skins," offer rich and practical lessons for our spiritual lives today. Just as the Tabernacle was meticulously protected from the harsh desert elements, so too are we, as believers, called to guard the sacred space of our hearts and minds, recognizing that our bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19). The "rams' skins dyed red" powerfully remind us that our access to a holy God is always and only through the atoning blood of Jesus Christ, a truth that should humble us in our sin and empower us with confident assurance in His grace. Furthermore, the rugged "badgers' skins" layer, though not outwardly beautiful, was absolutely essential for protection. This teaches us the profound value of hidden work, unnoticed service, and the often-unseen spiritual disciplines (like prayer, Bible study, and quiet obedience) that provide essential protection for our faith and character against the "harsh elements" and temptations of the world. We are called to be diligent in all aspects of our walk with God, recognizing that every detail, both visible and hidden, matters to Him and contributes to the integrity of our spiritual dwelling.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What is the significance of the "rams' skins dyed red"?
The "rams' skins dyed red" held both practical durability and profound symbolic significance within the Tabernacle's design. Practically, ram hides were robust and readily available in the desert, making them an excellent choice for a protective covering. Theologically, the color red is consistently associated with blood throughout the Old Testament, symbolizing life, sacrifice, and atonement. For example, Leviticus 17:11 states, "For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul." This layer of the Tabernacle's covering subtly yet powerfully pointed to the necessity of shed blood for the covering of sin, a central theme of the sacrificial system that profoundly foreshadowed Christ's ultimate and perfect sacrifice.
What exactly are "badgers' skins" in this context, and why were they used?
The Hebrew word translated "badgers' skins" is tachash (תַּחַשׁ H8476). Its precise zoological identification has been a subject of extensive scholarly debate for centuries. While the King James Version opted for "badger," many modern translations and scholars propose various alternatives, including dugong (a marine mammal found in the Red Sea), porpoise, seal, or even a specific type of durable, finely processed leather, potentially dyed a dark color. The common thread among these interpretations is that tachash refers to a tough, resilient, and most likely waterproof material. Its primary characteristic was its ruggedness and ability to withstand the harsh desert elements—intense sun, sandstorms, and occasional rain—making it ideal for the outermost protective layer of the Tabernacle. This layer prioritized function and durability over aesthetic beauty, contrasting sharply with the more ornate and precious materials used for the inner layers, yet it was absolutely essential for safeguarding the sacred contents within.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Exodus 36:19, with its description of the Tabernacle's outer coverings, finds its ultimate and most profound fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The "rams' skins dyed red" powerfully foreshadow the atoning work of Christ. Just as the red skins symbolized the blood of sacrifice necessary to cover the Tabernacle and its holy contents, so too does the precious and perfect blood of Jesus, shed on the cross, provide the complete and eternal covering for our sins (Hebrews 9:12 and 1 Peter 1:18-19). He is the Lamb of God (John 1:29) whose singular sacrifice enables us to draw near to a holy God, not through animal blood, but through His own divine and human blood. Furthermore, the "badgers' skins," being the outermost, unadorned, and purely functional layer, can be seen as a compelling metaphor for Christ's humble earthly appearance and His steadfast endurance. While the inner glory of the Tabernacle was veiled, its outer protective layer was plain and rugged. Similarly, Jesus, though the very essence of God's glory and the exact imprint of His nature (Hebrews 1:3), "had no beauty or majesty to attract us to him, nothing in his appearance that we should desire him" (Isaiah 53:2). Yet, this humble exterior, coupled with His unwavering obedience and suffering, provided the ultimate spiritual protection and the sole means of access to God. Christ is our true and perfect Tabernacle, the one in whom the fullness of Deity dwells bodily (Colossians 2:9), and through His finished work and enduring nature, He provides the ultimate covering, protection, and means of dwelling eternally with God.