### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **zâhâb**, represented by `{{H2091}}`, is a principal term for **gold**. It appears **389 times** across **336 unique verses**, making it a significant symbol throughout scripture. Its definition, from an unused root meaning to shimmer, encompasses **gold** and things that are **gold-colored (i.e. yellow)**, such as oil or a clear sky. Figuratively, it can also refer to **fair weather**.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H2091}}` is used in several key contexts. It is a primary symbol of wealth and prosperity, as seen in the description of Abram being very rich in silver and **gold** [[Genesis 13:2]], and in the abundant gifts of **gold** brought to Solomon by the queen of Sheba [[2 Chronicles 9:1]]. Conversely, **gold** is frequently used in the construction of idols, representing a corruption of worship. The people are explicitly forbidden from making gods of **gold** [[Exodus 20:23]], and the golden calves made by Jeroboam serve as a recurring example of sin [[2 Kings 10:29]]. The word is also central to the construction of sacred objects for worship, such as the candlestick of pure **gold** [[Exodus 25:31]] and the altar of **gold** [[1 Kings 7:48]] for the house of the LORD. Figuratively, it can represent something of great value, as when Babylon is called a **golden** cup in the LORD's hand [[Jeremiah 51:7]], or it can literally mean **fair weather** [[Job 37:22]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words expand upon the concept of precious metals and value:
* `{{H3701}}` **keçeph** (silver): Frequently appearing alongside **zâhâb**, this word for silver is used to describe wealth and materials for both sacred and idolatrous objects [[Haggai 2:8]]. Its definition is "silver (from its pale color); by implication, money".
* `{{H6337}}` **pâz** (fine gold): This term emphasizes the quality and purity of gold, often used to denote something even more desirable than standard gold [[Psalms 19:10]]. It is defined as "pure (gold); hence, gold itself (as refined); fine (pure) gold".
* `{{H3800}}` **kethem** (fine gold): Similar to **pâz**, this word refers to pure gold, highlighting its preciousness in contexts of personal adornment and hope [[Job 31:24]]. The definition is "properly, something carved out, i.e. ore; hence, gold (pure as originally mined); ((most) fine, pure) gold(-en wedge)".
* `{{H6884}}` **tsâraph** (to refine, goldsmith): This verb describes the process of purifying metal and is directly linked to gold as a metaphor for spiritual testing [[Zechariah 13:9]]. It means "to fuse (metal), i.e. refine (literally or figuratively); cast, (re-) fine(-er), founder, goldsmith, melt, pure, purge away, try".
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H2091}}` is significant, often serving as a powerful metaphor.
* **Divine Sovereignty:** Scripture establishes that all wealth, symbolized by precious metals, ultimately belongs to God. This is stated directly in the declaration, "The silver is mine, and the **gold** is mine, saith the LORD of hosts" [[Haggai 2:8]].
* **Worldly vs. Spiritual Value:** **Gold** is frequently used as a benchmark to illustrate the greater worth of God's wisdom and law. The law is described as "better unto me than thousands of **gold** and silver" [[Psalms 119:72]], and God's judgments are "more to be desired are they than **gold**, yea, than much fine **gold**" [[Psalms 19:10]]. Ultimately, worldly riches are shown to be useless in the day of judgment [[Zephaniah 1:18]].
* **Metaphor for Purification:** The process of refining **gold** with fire is a powerful biblical metaphor for the way God purifies His people through trials. He promises to try them as **gold** is tried [[Zechariah 13:9]], and Job expresses his faith that after being tried, he will "come forth as **gold**" [[Job 23:10]]. The furnace for **gold** is contrasted with the LORD who tries the heart [[Proverbs 17:3]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H2091}}` is more than just a word for a precious metal. It is a cornerstone of biblical imagery, representing everything from earthly wealth and royal splendor to the folly of idolatry. Theologically, it serves as a crucial point of contrast, teaching that the value of God's law and a pure heart far exceeds any material treasure. Through the metaphor of refinement, **zâhâb** illustrates the profound spiritual process of purification through trial, making it a word rich with both literal and figurative meaning.
TRV