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Study this verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 1 John 2:28–29.
From the blessing of the sacred unction the apostle proceeds in his advice and exhortation to constancy in and with Christ: And now, little children, abide in him, Jo1 2:28. The apostle repeats his kind appellation, little children, which I suppose does not so much denote their diminutiveness as his affection, and therefore, I judge, may be rendered dear children. He would persuade by love, and prevail by endearment as well as by reason. "Not only the love of Christ, but the love of you, constrains us to inculcate your perseverance, and that you would abide in him, in the truth relating to his person, and in your union with him and allegiance to him." Evangelical privileges are obligatory to evangelical duties; and those that are anointed by the Lord Jesus are highly obliged to abide with him in opposition to all adversaries whatever. This duty of perseverance and constancy in trying times is strongly urged by the two following considerations: - 1. From the consideration of his return at the great day of account: That when he shall appear we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before him at his coming, Jo1 2:28. It is here taken for granted that the Lord Jesus will come again. This was part of that truth they had heart from the beginning. And, when he shall come again, he will publicly appear, be manifested to all. When he was here before, he came privately, in comparison. He proceeded from a womb, and was introduced into a stable: but, when he shall come again, he will come from the opened heavens, and every eye shall see him; and then those who have continued with him throughout all their temptations shall have confidence, assurance, and joy, in the sight of him. They shall lift up their heads with unspeakable triumph, as knowing that their complete redemption comes along with him. On the contrary, those that have deserted him shall be ashamed before him; they shall be ashamed of themselves, ashamed of their unbelief, their cowardice, ingratitude, temerity, and folly, in forsaking so glorious a Redeemer. They shall be ashamed of their hopes, expectations, and pretences, and ashamed of all the wages of unrighteousness, by which they were induced to desert him: That we may have confidence, and may not be ashamed. The apostle includes himself in the number. "Let not us be ashamed of you," as well as, "you will not be ashamed of yourselves." Or mē aischunthōmen ap' autou - that we be not ashamed (made ashamed, or put to shame) by him at his coming. At his public appearance he will shame all those who have abandoned him, he will disclaim all acquaintance with them, will cover them with shame and confusion, will abandon them to darkness, devils, and endless despair, by professing before men and angels that he is ashamed of them, Mar 8:38. To the same advice and exhortation he proceeds, 2. From the consideration of the dignity of those who still adhere to Christ and his religion: If you know that he is righteous, you know that every one that doeth righteousness is born of him, Jo1 2:29. The particle here rendered if seems not to be vox dubitantis, but concedentis; not so much a conditional particle, as a suppositional one, if I may call it so, a note of allowance or concession, and so seems to be of the same import with our English inasmuch, or whereas, or since. So the sense runs more clearly: Since you know that he is righteous, you know that every one that doeth righteousness is born of him. He that doeth righteousness may here be justly enough assumed as another name for him that abideth in Christ. For he that abideth in Christ abideth in the law and love of Christ, and consequently in his allegiance and obedience to him; and so must do, or work, or practise, righteousness, or the parts of gospel holiness. Now such a one must needs be born of him. He is renewed by the Spirit of Christ, after the image of Christ, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath fore-ordained that he should walk in them, Eph 2:10. "Since then you know that the Lord Christ is righteous (righteous in his quality and capacity, the Lord our righteousness, and the Lord our sanctifier or our sanctification, as Co1 1:30), you cannot but know thereupon" (or know you, it is for your consideration and regard) "that he who by the continued practice of Christianity abideth in him is born of him." The new spiritual nature is derived from the Lord Christ. He that is constant to the practice of religion in trying times gives good evidence that he is born from above, from the Lord Christ. The Lord Christ is an everlasting Father. It is a great privilege and dignity to be born of him. Those that are so are the children of God. To as many as received him to them gave he power to become the sons of God, Joh 1:12. And this introduces the context of the following chapter.
Historical interpretation
Six Centuries of Reception
4 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
"Even as it hath taught you, abide ye in the same. And now, little children, abide ye in Him, that when He shall be manifested, we may have boldness in His sight, that we be not put to shame by Him at His coming." Ye see, brethren: we believe on Jesus whom we have not seen: they announced Him, that saw, that handled, that heard the word out of His own mouth; and that they might persuade all mankind of the truth thereof, they were sent by Him, not dared to go of themselves. And whither were they sent? Ye heard while the Gospel was read, "Go, preach the Gospel to the whole creation which is under heaven." Consequently, the disciples were sent "every where:" with signs and wonders to attest that what they spake, they had seen. And we believe on Him whom we have not seen, and we look for Him to come. Whoso look for Him by faith, shall rejoice when He cometh: those who are without faith, when that which now they see not is come, shall be ashamed. And that confusion of face shall not be for a single day and so pass away, in such sort as those are wont to be confounded, who are found out in some fault, and are scoffed at by their fellowmen. That confusion shall carry them that are confounded to the left hand, that to them it may be said, "Go into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels." Let us abide then in His words, that we be not confounded when He cometh. For Himself saith in the Gospel to them that had believed on Him: "If ye shall abide in my word, then are ye verily my disciples." And, as if they had asked, With what fruit? "And," saith He, "ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." For as yet our salvation is in hope, not in deed: for we do not already possess that which is promised, but we hope for it to come. And "faithful is He that promised;" He deceiveth not thee: only do thou not faint, but wait for the promise. For He, the Truth, cannot deceive. Be not thou a liar, to profess one thing and do another; keep thou the faith, and He keeps His promise. But if thou keep not the faith, thine own self, not He that promised, hath defrauded thee.
Having the Holy Spirit as your teacher of godly knowledge, do not go after deceiving spirits, but think in the way that he has taught you, so that at his appearing in glory we may stand with confidence before him.
And now, little children, abide in him, so that when he appears, etc. Whoever remains in the Lord amidst the persecutions of the unbelievers, amidst the mockeries of carnal neighbors, has confidence in his coming, knowing that the patience of the poor will not perish at the end. But whoever is ashamed to either offer the other cheek to the one who strikes him or to patiently endure the reproach inflicted by a neighbor, or indeed other such things which the Lord commanded to observe, or certainly fears to publicly profess himself as a Christian in time of persecution, this one, undoubtedly, cannot have confidence at the coming of the Lord, for he has neglected to maintain the confidence of his profession in this life. Rather, he will be ashamed by Him at His coming. Hence it says: Whoever shall be ashamed of me and my words, him the Son of Man will be ashamed of when he comes in his glory and that of His Father and of the holy angels (Luke IX).
And now, little children, abide in Him, so that when He appears we may have confidence and not be ashamed before Him at His coming. If you know that He is righteous, you know that everyone who practices righteousness is born of Him.
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Summary
First John 2:28 serves as a pivotal pastoral exhortation, urging believers, whom the Apostle affectionately calls "little children," to maintain a continuous and intimate union with Jesus Christ. This abiding relationship is presented as the essential prerequisite for facing Christ's glorious return with joyful confidence rather than the profound shame that would accompany spiritual negligence or unfaithfulness. The verse underscores the eschatological hope of Christ's appearing and the present imperative for believers to live in faithful communion with Him, thereby securing their assurance for that decisive day.
Context
Literary Context
This verse concludes a significant section (1 John 2:18-28) where John addresses the threat of antichrists and false teachers who deny the Son and the Father. He has just warned against those who "went out from us, but they were not of us" (1 John 2:19). In contrast to these apostates, John reassures his "little children" of their anointing from the Holy One and their knowledge of the truth (1 John 2:20). He emphasizes the importance of remaining in what they have heard from the beginning, specifically the truth about Jesus as the Christ, the Son of God (1 John 2:24). Therefore, the command to "abide in him" in verse 28 is a direct continuation and culmination of his earlier warnings and exhortations to steadfastness in the face of doctrinal error and spiritual deception. It links the present reality of their faith and obedience to the future certainty of Christ's return.
Historical & Cultural Context
The epistle of 1 John was likely written in Ephesus towards the end of the first century, a time when early Christian communities faced internal challenges from proto-Gnostic teachings. These false doctrines often denied the true humanity of Christ (Docetism) or separated the divine Christ from the human Jesus, thereby undermining the efficacy of His atonement. John's repeated emphasis on "abiding" (Greek: menō) in Christ and in the truth they received "from the beginning" directly counters these emerging heresies. The concept of "appearing" (Greek: phaneroō) and "coming" (Greek: parousía) would resonate with the widespread expectation among early Christians of Christ's imminent return, a hope that provided both comfort and a strong impetus for holy living. The idea of standing "before him" with "confidence" or "shame" would have been a powerful image for a culture that highly valued honor and dreaded public disgrace, especially before an authoritative figure.
Key Themes
First John 2:28 encapsulates several overarching themes prevalent throughout the epistle and John's broader theology. The theme of abiding is central, signifying a continuous, intimate, and dependent relationship with Christ, which is the source of spiritual life and truth. This abiding is not passive but involves active obedience and adherence to the apostolic teaching, especially concerning the person of Jesus Christ. Another crucial theme is eschatological expectation, specifically the certainty of Christ's second coming, referred to as His "appearing" and "coming." This future event serves as a powerful motivator for present faithfulness. Related to this is the theme of assurance versus shame. John consistently highlights the possibility of believers having full assurance and confidence in their relationship with God, particularly in the face of judgment or Christ's return, as seen in passages like 1 John 3:21 and 1 John 4:17. The inverse, experiencing shame, underscores the gravity of spiritual negligence or compromise. Ultimately, the verse reinforces the importance of sound doctrine and steadfastness in truth as the foundation for a confident and unashamed standing before the returning Lord.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This diminutive term, meaning "infant" or "darling," is used by John frequently in his epistle (e.g., 1 John 2:1). It conveys a deep sense of spiritual paternity, tenderness, and affection from the aged apostle to his spiritual offspring. It highlights the intimate, familial relationship between John and his readers, fostering a sense of trust and receptivity to his pastoral guidance.
This primary verb signifies to "stay," "continue," "dwell," or "remain." In Johannine theology, "abiding in Him" (or "in Christ," "in God," "in His word") denotes a continuous, intimate, and active union with Jesus Christ. It implies a state of persistent fellowship, dependence, and obedience, where the believer draws life, truth, and power from Christ, much like a branch abides in the vine (John 15:4). This is not a static concept but a dynamic, living relationship.
Derived from words meaning "all out-spokenness," this term signifies frankness, bluntness, publicity, and by implication, assurance or boldness. In a spiritual context, it refers to the unhindered access and joyful assurance believers can have before God. It stands in stark contrast to fear or shame and is a hallmark of a healthy, trusting relationship with the divine. Here, it specifically refers to the boldness believers will possess at Christ's return if they have faithfully abided in Him.
Verse Breakdown
"And now, little children,"
John transitions from his previous warnings and reassurances to a direct, tender, and urgent pastoral appeal. The term "little children" (tekníon) sets a tone of affectionate instruction, emphasizing the intimate bond between the apostle and his flock.
"abide in him;"
This is the central imperative of the verse and a foundational theme in John's writings. It commands a continuous, active, and intimate union with Jesus Christ. This "abiding" involves living in obedience to His commands, remaining in His truth, and drawing spiritual life from Him. It is the ongoing, faithful relationship that prepares one for the future.
"that, when he shall appear,"
This clause introduces the purpose and motivation for abiding. "When he shall appear" (Greek: hótan phaneróō) points to the future, visible manifestation of Jesus Christ. It emphasizes the certainty of His return and the eschatological horizon towards which believers live. The purpose clause (hína) indicates that abiding is the means to a desired end concerning this future event.
"we may have confidence,"
This is the positive outcome of faithful abiding. "Confidence" (Greek: parrhēsía) signifies boldness, assurance, and unhindered access. It implies a joyful, unashamed standing before Christ, knowing that one's life has been lived in faithful union with Him. This confidence is rooted in Christ's work and the believer's consistent walk.
"and not be ashamed before him at his coming."
This is the negative outcome to be avoided, the antithesis of confidence. "Ashamed" (Greek: aischýnomai) means to feel shame, disgrace, or regret. To be ashamed "before him at his coming" (Greek: apó autoû en autou parousía) implies a deep sense of regret, guilt, or spiritual embarrassment due to unfaithfulness, spiritual negligence, or a lack of genuine abiding. "His coming" (Greek: parousía) refers to the return or advent of Christ, emphasizing the definitive nature of this future encounter.
Literary Devices
The verse effectively employs several literary devices to convey its urgent message. Apostrophe is evident in John's direct address, "little children," which immediately establishes a personal, tender, and authoritative tone. The entire verse functions as a powerful Exhortation, a direct command and encouragement for believers to maintain their spiritual posture. There is a clear Contrast and Antithesis between the two potential outcomes at Christ's return: "confidence" versus "not be ashamed." This stark juxtaposition highlights the critical importance of the present command to "abide." The use of the purpose clause ("that, when he shall appear...") clearly articulates the teleological aim of the exhortation, linking present action to future consequence.
Theological and Thematic Connections
First John 2:28 powerfully connects the present reality of a believer's walk with the future certainty of Christ's return, emphasizing that a vibrant, abiding relationship with Jesus is the foundation for eschatological assurance. The call to "abide in him" echoes the New Testament's consistent emphasis on union with Christ as the source of all spiritual life and fruitfulness. This union is not merely a theological concept but a lived reality of dependence, obedience, and intimate fellowship. The promise of "confidence" at His appearing speaks to the believer's hope of a blameless standing before the holy God, not based on personal merit, but on the transformative power of Christ's indwelling presence. Conversely, the warning against being "ashamed" serves as a sober reminder of the consequences of spiritual complacency or a departure from faithful communion, underscoring the vital importance of perseverance in faith.
Reflection and Application
The profound message of 1 John 2:28 calls believers to an active and continuous engagement with Jesus Christ, not as a burdensome duty, but as the very source of life and future hope. To "abide in him" means to consciously choose to remain in His love, His word, and His presence, allowing His truth to shape our thoughts and His Spirit to guide our actions. This abiding is the antidote to spiritual drift and the foundation for genuine spiritual growth. In a world filled with distractions and competing allegiances, John's exhortation reminds us that our ultimate focus must be on Christ and His certain return. Living with the awareness of His appearing should inspire us to live lives of integrity, faithfulness, and loving obedience, ensuring that when we stand before Him, our hearts will be filled with joy and confidence, not regret or shame. It challenges us to examine the quality of our current communion with Christ and to re-prioritize our lives around this most vital relationship.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does it mean to "abide in him"?
To "abide in him" means to maintain a continuous, intimate, and dependent relationship with Jesus Christ. It's a dynamic state of remaining in His love, His teachings, and His presence, much like a branch remains connected to the vine to receive life and bear fruit (John 15:4-5). It involves ongoing faith, obedience to His commands, and drawing spiritual nourishment directly from Him through prayer, His Word, and fellowship with other believers. It's about living in conscious union with Christ as the source of all spiritual vitality.
Why is it important to "abide" for Christ's "appearing" or "coming"?
Abiding in Christ is crucial because it prepares believers to stand before Him with confidence and without shame at His return. The "appearing" (Greek: phaneróō) and "coming" (Greek: parousía) refer to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, a definitive event where all will give an account. Those who have faithfully abided in Him will be found in a state of grace and obedience, having allowed His life to transform them. This ensures they will face Him with joyful assurance, knowing their lives have been lived in union with their Lord, rather than with the regret or spiritual embarrassment that would accompany a life lived apart from Him. It's about being found faithful and prepared for the Master's return (Matthew 25:1-13).
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
First John 2:28 finds its ultimate fulfillment and deepest meaning in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The very possibility of "abiding in him" is a direct result of Christ's redemptive work. He is the true Vine into whom believers are grafted, enabling them to bear fruit and remain in a life-giving union (John 15:5). Our "confidence" at His appearing is not based on our own merit or perfect performance, but entirely on His finished work on the cross, which grants us access to God's presence. It is through His blood that we have "boldness to enter into the holiest" (Hebrews 10:19). Furthermore, the promise that we will "not be ashamed" is secured by Christ's imputed righteousness; He became sin for us "that we might be made the righteousness of God in him" (2 Corinthians 5:21). His "appearing" and "coming" are the culmination of God's redemptive plan, the glorious return of the King who will gather His faithful ones and perfect His kingdom. Our hope of standing unashamed is rooted in His faithfulness to complete the work He began in us (Philippians 1:6) and His intercession for us as our High Priest (Hebrews 7:25). Thus, 1 John 2:28 is a powerful Christ-centered exhortation, calling us to live in the reality of what He has already accomplished and what He will ultimately complete.