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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Isaiah 40:27–31. His four-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Here, I. The prophet reproves the people of God, who are now supposed to be captives in Babylon for their unbelief and distrust of God, and the dejections and despondencies of their spirit under their affliction (Isa 40:27): "Why sayest thou, O Jacob! to thyself and to those about thee, My way is hidden from the Lord? Why dost thou make hard and melancholy conclusions concerning thyself and thy present case as if the latter were desperate?" 1. The titles he here gives them were enough to shame them out of their distrusts: O Jacob! O Israel! Let them remember whence they took these names - from one who had found God faithful to him and kind in all his straits; and why they bore these names - as God's professing people, a people in covenant with him. 2. The way of reproving them is by reasoning with them: "Why? Consider whether thou hast any ground to say so." Many of our foolish frets and foolish fears would vanish before a strict enquiry into the causes of them. 3. That which they are reproved for is an ill-natured, ill-favoured, word they spoke of God, as if he had cast them off. There seems to be an emphasis laid upon their saying it: Why sayest thou and speakest thou? It is bad to have evil thoughts rise in our mind, but it is worse to put an imprimatur - a sanction to them, and turn them into evil words. David reflects with regret upon what he said in his haste, when he was in distress. 4. The ill word they said was a word of despair concerning their present calamitous condition. They were ready to conclude, (1.) That God would not heed them: "My way is hidden from the Lord; he takes no notice of our straits, nor concerns himself any more in our concernments. There are such difficulties in our case that even divine wisdom and power will be nonplussed." A man whose way is hidden is one whom God has hedged in, Job 3:23. (2.) That God could not help them: "My judgment is passed over from my God; my case is past relief, so far past it that God himself cannot redress the grievances of it. Our bones are dried." Eze 37:11.
II.He reminds them of that which, if duly considered, was sufficient to silence all those fears and distrust.
For their conviction, as before for the conviction of idolaters (Isa 40:21), he appeals to what they had known and what they had heard. Jacob and Israel were a knowing people, or might have been, and their knowledge came by hearing; for Wisdom cried in their chief places of concourse. Now, among other things, they had heard that God had spoken once, twice, yea, many a time they had heard it, That power belongs unto God (Psa 62:11), That is,
1.He is himself an almighty God. He must needs be so, for he is the everlasting God, even Jehovah. He was from eternity; he will be to eternity; and therefore with him there is no deficiency, no decay. He has his being of himself, and therefore all his perfections must needs be boundless. He is without beginning of days or end of life, and therefore with him there is no change. He is also the Creator of the ends of the earth, that is, of the whole earth and all that is in it from end to end. He therefore is the rightful owner and ruler of all, and must be concluded to have an absolute power over all and an all-sufficiency to help his people in their greatest straits. Doubtless he is still as able to save his church as he was at first to make the world.
(1.)He has wisdom to contrive the salvation, and that wisdom is never at a loss: There is no searching of his understanding, so as to countermine the counsels of it and defeat its intentions; no, nor so as to determine what he will do, for he has ways by himself, ways in the sea. None can say, "Thus far God's wisdom can go, and no further;" for, when we know not what to do, he knows.
(2.)He has power to bring about the salvation, and that power is never exhausted: He faints not, nor is weary; he upholds the whole creation, and governs all the creatures, and is neither tired nor toiled; and therefore, no doubt, he has power to relieve his church, when it is brought ever so low, without weakness or weariness.
2.He gives strength and power to his people, and helps them by enabling them to help themselves. He that is the strong God is the strength of Israel.
(1.)He can help the weak, Isa 40:29. Many a time he gives power to the faint, to those that are ready to faint away; and to those that have no might he not only gives, but increases strength, as there is more and more occasion for it. Many out of bodily weakness are wonderfully recovered, and made strong, by the providence of God: and many that are feeble in spirit, timorous and faint-hearted, unfit for services and sufferings, are yet strengthened by the grace of God with all might in the inward man. To those who are sensible of their weakness, and ready to acknowledge they have no might, God does in a special manner increase strength; for, when we are weak in ourselves, then are we strong in the Lord.
(2.)He will help the willing, will help those who, in a humble dependence upon him, help themselves, and will do well for those who do their best, Isa 40:30, Isa 40:31. Those who trust to their own sufficiency, and are so confident of it that they neither exert themselves to the utmost nor seek unto God for his grace, are the youth and the young men, who are strong, but are apt to think themselves stronger than they are. And they shall faint and be weary, yea, they shall utterly fail in their services, in their conflicts, and under their burdens; they shall soon be made to see the folly of trusting to themselves. But those that wait on the Lord, who make conscience of their duty to him, and by faith rely upon him and commit themselves to his guidance, shall find that God will not fail them.
[1.]They shall have grace sufficient for them: They shall renew their strength as their work is renewed, as there is new occasion; they shall be anointed, and their lamps supplied, with fresh oil. God will be their arm every morning, Isa 33:2. If at any time they have been foiled and weakened they shall recover themselves, and so renew their strength. Heb. They shall change their strength, as their work is changed - doing work, suffering work; they shall have strength to labour, strength to wrestle, strength to resist, strength to bear. As the day so shall the strength be.
[2.]They shall use this grace for the best purposes. Being strengthened, First, They shall soar upward, upward towards God: They shall mount up with wings like eagles, so strongly, so swiftly, so high and heaven-ward. In the strength of divine grace, their souls shall ascend above the world, and even enter into the holiest. Pious and devout affections are the eagles' wings on which gracious souls mount up, Psa 25:1. Secondly, They shall press forward, forward towards heaven. They shall walk, they shall run, the way of God's commandments, cheerfully and with alacrity (they shall not be weary), constantly and with perseverance (they shall not faint); and therefore in due season they shall reap. Let Jacob and Israel therefore, in their greatest distresses, continue waiting upon God, and not despair of timely and effectual relief and succour from him.
Historical interpretation
Twelve Centuries of Reception
4 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
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(Verse 27 and following) Why do you say, Jacob, and speak, Israel: My way is hidden from the Lord, and my judgment is passed over by my God? Do you not know, or have you not heard? The everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth, does not faint, neither is He weary, and there is no searching of His understanding. He gives power to the faint, and to them that have no might He increases strength. Even the youths shall faint and be weary, and the young men shall utterly fall. But those who hope in the Lord shall renew their strength, they shall take wings like eagles, they shall run and not be weary, they shall walk and not faint. LXX: Do not say, Jacob, and what you spoke, Israel: My way is hidden from the Lord, and my judgment is disregarded by my God, and now you do not know, and have not heard? The eternal God, the God who created the ends of the earth: he shall not hunger, nor shall he labor, nor is there any finding of his understanding. He gives strength to the hungry: and does not grieve the sorrowful. For the young will hunger, and the adolescents will labor, and the chosen ones will be weak. But those who wait for God will change their strength. They will take wings like eagles: they will run, and will not labor: they will walk, and will not hunger. The greatness of the Almighty God is so vast that nothing escapes him, and everything is governed by his will. So why do you say Jacob, that is, the two tribes that were called Judah; and you speak of Israel, the other ten tribes in Samaria, who have already been led captive into Assyria: My way is hidden from the Lord: and my just judgment will pass by my God? And this is the meaning: You say that earthly things do not pertain to God, nor does He consider what each of us does. Hence we are unjustly oppressed by our enemies, and, like the beasts and the fish, we are scattered without any governor, according to Habakkuk. To this God responds: Do you not know? Have the words of the preceding Scriptures not taught you, or do you not know according to the Septuagint, because you have not heard that the eternal God and Creator of all things knows all things, contains all things, and governs all things with His majesty? Does it not fail at any time, nor does it labor; so that it does not understand your judgement, and your ways are hidden from it? There is no investigation of his wisdom, about which place I think that saying of the Apostle is taken: His judgments are incomprehensible, and his ways are investigable (perhaps 'unsearchable') (Rom. XI, 33); or, as the LXX translated, he does not hunger, and he does not labor. For where there is food, there is often hunger if you remove the food: and where there is hunger, there is also labor. But since these things are not in God, why do you attribute human passions to him? Rather, he gives strength to the hungry and weary, and he multiplies virtue and strength to those who seem to be nothing in the world. According to the Septuagint, it is he who gives sorrow to those who do not grieve, for it is sadness that leads to death, and it is sadness that leads to life. Therefore, to those who have a hardened heart, he gives sadness so that they may understand their sins. And because many take pleasure in bodily health, and consider youth and childhood to be perpetual, he joins this and says that the flourishing age quickly falls, and strong bodies wither. But those who have confidence not in their own strength, but in God, and always await His mercy, let them change their strength and go from virtue to virtue: and let them take wings like eagles, and hear: Your youth will be renewed like the eagle's (Psalm 103:5); let them run to the Lord, and not grow weary of desiring Him; let them walk, and never grow faint. We have frequently said that the eagles' old age is rejuvenated by a change of feathers, and only those eagles can look upon the sun's rays and behold the splendor of its shining with sparkling eyes: and they should prove their noble offspring, by means of this experiment. And so even the saints are made young again, and with an immortal body, they do not feel the toil of mortals, but are caught up in the clouds to meet Christ, and never go hungry according to the LXX, because they have the Lord himself as food.
We have said that the old age of eagles is revived by a change of their wings and that they alone who see the brilliance of the sun and the radiance of its splendor are able to gaze with gleaming eyes; and they test their young ones to see whether they are of noble birth by this same test. In the same way the saints are made young again as they put on their immortal bodies so that they no longer feel the toil of mortals but are taken up into the clouds before the face of Christ, and in no way (following the Septuagint) do they hunger, since they have the Lord present to them as food.
These things took place at the time of the Jews and the divine apostles. In fact, all those who did not believe were handed over to famine, disease, war and bondage. Those, however, who believed were renewed by the All-Holy Spirit and so imitated the swift flight of eagles. They flew over all the earth, struggling in bodies so foreign to them.
The soul runs swiftly to God and touches Him again and again; and it runs without fainting by reason of its hope. For here the love that has made it strong makes it to fly swiftly. Of this the prophet Isaiah speaks thus: ’ The saints that hope in God shall renew their strength;'
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Summary
Isaiah 40:31 offers a profound and enduring promise of divine empowerment and supernatural resilience to those who actively and patiently trust in the Lord. It assures that believers who maintain a posture of expectant reliance on God will experience a transformative renewal of strength, enabling them to transcend life's overwhelming challenges with the soaring perspective of eagles, to persevere through demanding endeavors without succumbing to exhaustion, and to maintain steadfast progress in their daily walk without faltering. This verse stands as a beacon of hope, powerfully contrasting inherent human frailty with God's inexhaustible might, and underscoring the profound, transformative power of a faith that is deeply reliant on divine provision.
Context
Literary Context
Isaiah 40 marks a pivotal and dramatic shift in the book of Isaiah, transitioning from prophecies dominated by judgment and condemnation (chapters 1-39) to a vibrant message of comfort, hope, and restoration for Israel, particularly in the anticipated context of their Babylonian exile. The chapter opens with the iconic divine command, Comfort, comfort my people, says your God," immediately establishing a tone of profound divine compassion and a promise of future deliverance. The verses immediately preceding Isaiah 40:31 (e.g., Isaiah 40:28-30) meticulously lay out God's eternal nature, His omnipotence, His unfailing wisdom, His limitless power, contrasting these divine attributes with the inherent weakness, transience, and limited understanding of humanity. Verse 31 then serves as the triumphant and climactic conclusion to this grand exposition of God's incomparable greatness, directly applying His boundless power to the lived experience of His weary and despondent people, promising that those who trust exclusively in Him will partake in His strength and find true renewal.
Historical & Cultural Context
The prophecies contained within Isaiah 40-55 are often attributed to "Second Isaiah" and are widely understood to be addressed to the Jewish exiles in Babylon during the 6th century BCE. This community faced profound despair, spiritual exhaustion, and a crisis of faith, questioning God's faithfulness and the very possibility of their future. They were a people physically and spiritually depleted by prolonged captivity, yearning for restoration to their homeland and the rebuilding of Jerusalem. The vivid imagery of "eagles" would have resonated deeply with them as powerful symbols of strength, majesty, endurance, and the ability to soar above earthly struggles, providing a potent counterpoint to their current state of degradation. The promise of renewed strength, the capacity to run without weariness, and to walk without fainting, directly addresses the pervasive physical and emotional fatigue of a people enduring prolonged hardship and awaiting a seemingly distant deliverance. Crucially, the "LORD" (Yahweh) is presented as the only true and living God, infinitely superior to the impotent idols of Babylon, reinforcing the urgent call to exclusive trust and reliance upon Him alone.
Key Themes
This pivotal verse encapsulates several major theological and narrative themes that are central not only to the book of Isaiah but also to the broader biblical narrative. Foremost among these is the theme of Divine Sovereignty and Power, as God is unequivocally portrayed as the ultimate, inexhaustible source of all strength, standing in stark contrast to the finite and fragile nature of human strength, a truth powerfully articulated earlier in Isaiah 40:6-8. The theme of Hope and Trust in God is paramount, emphasizing that an active, expectant reliance on Yahweh is the indispensable prerequisite for experiencing His supernatural provision and intervention. Endurance and Perseverance are also key concepts, as the vivid images of running and walking without weariness speak to the sustained strength and resilience needed for life's arduous journey, encompassing both extraordinary moments of intense effort and the mundane, continuous demands of daily existence. Finally, the overarching promise of Restoration and Renewal is deeply embedded within the verse, echoing the broader message of comfort, future deliverance, and spiritual revitalization for Israel found throughout the entirety of Isaiah 40.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This word (H6960) is a primitive root meaning "to bind together (perhaps by twisting), i.e. collect; (figuratively) to expect." In this profound context, "to wait upon the LORD" signifies far more than passive inactivity or mere patience. It implies an active, intentional posture of binding oneself to God, clinging to Him with unwavering, expectant hope. It means to look to Him with persistent trust, to gather one's hope and focus upon Him, and to patiently endure while confidently anticipating His sovereign intervention and provision. It encapsulates a dynamic, confident reliance and a hopeful, active expectation of God's perfect timing and limitless power.
This word (H2498) is a primitive root meaning "to slide by, i.e. (by implication) to hasten away, pass on, spring up, pierce or change." Here, it signifies a fresh, vigorous, and transformative exchange of strength. It is not merely a replenishment or a slight boost, but a complete replacement or a new springing forth of vigor. This suggests that the old, depleted, and insufficient human strength is exchanged for a divine, fresh, and inexhaustible power, indicating a radical, qualitative change.
This word (H5404) specifically refers to the eagle or other large bird of prey. In ancient Near Eastern cultures and throughout biblical texts, eagles are universally renowned for their immense strength, their exceptionally keen vision, their remarkable ability to soar to breathtaking heights, and their impressive longevity. The powerful imagery of "mounting up with wings as eagles" vividly evokes a sense of rising effortlessly above earthly limitations, gaining a transcendent and divine perspective on circumstances, and being lifted by an unseen, supernatural power—much like an eagle effortlessly rides thermal currents to ascend to great altitudes without expending its own energy.
Verse Breakdown
"But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew [their] strength"
This foundational clause establishes both the prerequisite and the primary, overarching promise of the verse. "Waiting upon the LORD" (as meticulously defined above) describes the active, hopeful, and dependent posture of faith. The promise is a radical "renewal" of strength, indicating a fresh, vigorous, and supernatural impartation of divine power that fundamentally replaces or transforms inherent human weakness and weariness.
"they shall mount up with wings as eagles"
This is the first of three vivid, progressive illustrations of the renewed strength. The powerful imagery of eagles soaring effortlessly to great heights symbolizes the believer's ability to rise above overwhelming difficulties, to gain a divine and elevated perspective on their trials, and to experience a profound, transcendent freedom from earthly burdens, all powered by the Spirit of God.
"they shall run, and not be weary"
This second illustration speaks to sustained, vigorous, and demanding activity. Running requires significant physical and mental effort and, for humans, inevitably leads to exhaustion. However, those empowered by God will be able to engage in intense and challenging endeavors, whether spiritual or practical, without succumbing to fatigue, signifying divine enablement for active service, sustained effort, and perseverance through arduous periods.
"and they shall walk, and not faint"
The final illustration represents the steady, consistent, and often mundane endurance required for daily life. Walking is the most common and continuous mode of human existence, signifying the ordinary, continuous journey of life. The promise here is for strength for the long haul, the ability to maintain consistent progress, to keep going faithfully without collapsing or giving up under the cumulative weight of daily pressures, disappointments, or prolonged trials.
Literary Devices
Isaiah 40:31 is exceptionally rich in Imagery, painting vivid and memorable pictures of renewed strength through the powerful metaphors of soaring eagles, vigorous running, and steadfast walking. The eagle imagery, in particular, functions as a potent Metaphor for transcendence, divine perspective, and effortless power, standing in stark contrast to the inherent limitations and weariness of humanity. The verse also skillfully employs Parallelism in its descriptions of endurance: "they shall run, and not be weary" is precisely paralleled by "and they shall walk, and not faint." This rhetorical device effectively emphasizes the comprehensive and all-encompassing nature of God's provision—His strength is sufficient for both intense, demanding periods and for the sustained, ordinary, and often monotonous demands of daily life. Furthermore, there is a clear Climax or progressive intensification in the imagery, moving from the extraordinary act of soaring like an eagle (representing moments of divine elevation), to the vigorous act of running (representing periods of intense effort), and finally to the steady, enduring act of walking (representing consistent, daily perseverance). This progression powerfully underscores that God's strength is not only sufficient but perfectly tailored for all levels and seasons of human experience, from the most challenging and exhilarating to the most mundane and persistent.
Theological and Thematic Connections
This verse deeply connects to the fundamental biblical understanding of God's character as the inexhaustible source of all power, the ultimate sustainer of His creation, and the faithful provider for His people. It powerfully reinforces the theological truth that human strength is inherently finite, prone to depletion, and ultimately destined to fail, whereas divine strength is infinite, perfectly sufficient, and eternally unfailing. The act of "waiting upon the LORD" is presented not as passive idleness or a mere biding of time, but as an active, dynamic posture of faith, profound trust, and absolute dependence. This posture serves as the essential conduit through which God's supernatural, transformative power flows into and permeates human experience. This divine enablement allows believers to transcend their natural limitations, to live victoriously amidst adversity, and to faithfully endure through all seasons of life, thereby demonstrating God's unwavering faithfulness to His covenant promises even in times of profound weakness, weariness, or despair.
Reflection and Application
Isaiah 40:31 offers profound and timeless encouragement for every believer navigating the complexities, demands, and often overwhelming challenges of life. It serves as a vital reminder that our personal reserves of strength—be they physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual—are inherently limited and will, at some point, inevitably deplete. In a world that relentlessly pressures us towards self-sufficiency, relentless striving, and constant activity, this verse calls us to embrace a counter-cultural and counter-intuitive posture of active dependence on God. To "wait upon the LORD" means to intentionally pause from our striving, to surrender our anxieties, burdens, and perceived control, and to fix our hope, expectation, and entire reliance on Him alone. It is precisely in this posture of humble, expectant reliance that God supernaturally intervenes, exchanging our weariness for His boundless energy, enabling us to soar above seemingly overwhelming circumstances, to run the race of faith with renewed vigor and purpose, and to walk steadfastly through every day without succumbing to despair or giving up. This divine promise empowers us not to avoid life's challenges, but to face them with a strength that is demonstrably not our own, thereby revealing the living reality of God's power made perfect in our weakness.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does it mean to "wait upon the LORD" in Isaiah 40:31?
To "wait upon the LORD" (Hebrew: qâvâh) in Isaiah 40:31 signifies much more than passive inactivity, mere patience, or simply biding one's time. It implies a dynamic, active, expectant, and hopeful posture of profound reliance and trust in God. The root meaning of qâvâh suggests "to bind together" or "to collect," which, when applied spiritually, means to actively bind oneself to the Lord, to gather all one's hope and focus upon Him, and to look to Him with confident anticipation. It involves patiently enduring while fully depending on His perfect timing, His infinite wisdom, and His sovereign power to act on one's behalf. It is a dynamic spiritual discipline of surrendering personal control, fixing one's hope on God's unwavering faithfulness, and allowing Him to be the exclusive source of strength, direction, and provision, especially when human resources are utterly exhausted. This active, hopeful waiting is presented as the indispensable prerequisite for experiencing the promised supernatural renewal of strength. The profound concept of waiting on the Lord is echoed in other significant biblical passages, such as Psalm 27:14 and Lamentations 3:25-26, where waiting is intrinsically linked with hope, seeking God, and experiencing His goodness.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Isaiah 40:31 finds its ultimate, most profound, and glorious fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. He is not merely the embodiment of God's strength but the very source and dispenser of the supernatural renewal promised to those who wait upon the Lord. While the Old Testament saints waited for the long-promised Messiah and the restoration He would usher in, believers under the New Covenant "wait upon" the Lord by placing their complete faith and trust in Christ, who has already accomplished the perfect work of salvation on the cross. The strength to "mount up with wings as eagles" is powerfully provided by the indwelling Holy Spirit, whom Christ poured out upon His church at Pentecost Acts 2:1-4. Through our union with Christ, we are declared a "new creation" 2 Corinthians 5:17, and we are given the divine power to "run with perseverance the race marked out for us, fixing our eyes on Jesus, the pioneer and perfecter of faith" Hebrews 12:1-2. He is the one who enables us to confidently declare, "I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me" Philippians 4:13, empowering us to walk steadfastly through life's most arduous trials without fainting, knowing intimately that His "power is made perfect in weakness" 2 Corinthians 12:9. Thus, the promise of renewed strength in Isaiah 40:31 is not merely a poetic ideal or a distant hope but a living, dynamic reality for all those whose hope, trust, and very being are anchored in the finished work, the resurrected life, and the indwelling Spirit of Christ Jesus.