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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Genesis 40:5–19. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Observe, I. The special providence of God, which filled the heads of these two prisoners with unusual dreams, such as made extraordinary impressions upon them, and carried with them evidences of a divine origin, both in one night. Note, God has immediate access to the spirits of men, which he can make serviceable to his own purposes whenever he pleases, quite beyond the intention of those concerned. To him all hearts are open, and anciently he spoke not only to his own people, but to others, in dreams, Job 33:15. Things to come were thus foretold, but very obscurely.
II.The impression which was made upon these prisoners by their dreams (Gen 40:6):
They were sad. It was not the prison that made them sad (they were pretty well used to that, and perhaps lived jovially there), but the dream. Note, God has more ways than one to sadden the spirits of those that are to be made sad. Those sinners that are hardy enough under outward troubles, and will not yield to them, yet God can find out a way to punish; he can take off their wheels, by wounding their spirits, and laying loads upon them.
III.Joseph's great tenderness and compassion towards them.
He enquired with concern, Wherefore look you so sadly today? Gen 40:7. Joseph was their keeper, and in that office he was mild. Note, It becomes us to take cognizance of the sorrows even of those that are under our check. Joseph was their companion in tribulation, he was now a prisoner with them, and had been a dreamer too. Note, Communion in sufferings helps to work compassion towards those that do suffer. Let us learn hence,
1.To concern ourselves in the sorrows and troubles of others, and to enquire into the reason of the sadness of our brethren's countenances; we should be often considering the tears of the oppressed, Ecc 4:1. It is some relief to those that are in trouble to be taken notice of.
2.To enquire into the causes of our own sorrow, "Wherefore do I look so sadly? Is there a reason? Is it a good reason? Is there not a reason for comfort sufficient to balance it, whatever it is? Why art thou cast down, O my soul?"
IV.The dreams themselves, and the interpretation of them.
That which troubled these prisoners was that being confined they could not have recourse to the diviners of Egypt who pretended to interpret dreams: There is no interpreter here in the prison, Gen 40:8. Note, There are interpreters which those that are in prison and sorrow should wish to have with them, to instruct them in the meaning and design of Providence (Elihu alludes to such, when he says, If there be an interpreter, one among a thousand, to show unto man his uprightness, Job 33:23, Job 33:24), interpreters to guide their consciences, not to satisfy their curiosity. Joseph hereupon directed them which way to look: Do not interpretations belong to God? He means the God whom he worshipped, to the knowledge of whom he endeavours hereby to lead them. Note, It is God's prerogative to foretel things to come, Isa 46:10. He must therefore have the praise of all the gifts of foresight which men have, ordinary or extraordinary. Joseph premises a caveat against his own praise, and is careful to transmit the glory to God, as Daniel, Dan 2:30. Joseph suggests, "If interpretations belong to God, he is a free agent, and may communicate the power to whom he pleases, and therefore tell me your dreams." Now,
1.The chief butler's dream was a happy presage of his enlargement, and re-advancement, within three days; and so Joseph explained it to him, Gen 40:12, Gen 40:13. Probably it had been usual with him to press the full-ripe grapes immediately into Pharaoh's cup, the simplicity of that age not being acquainted with the modern arts of making the wine fine. Observe, Joseph foretold the chief butler's deliverance, but he did not foresee his own. He had long before dreamt of his own honour, and the obeisance which his brethren should do to him, with the remembrance of which he must now support himself, without any new or fresh discoveries. The visions that are for the comfort of God's saints are for a great while to come, and relate to things that are very far off, while the foresights of others, like this recorded there, look but three days before them.
2.The chief baker's dream portended his ignominious death, Gen 40:18, Gen 40:19. The happy interpretation of the other's dream encouraged him to relate his. Thus hypocrites, when they hear good things promised to good Christians, would put in for a share, though they have no part nor lot in the matter. It was not Joseph's fault that he brought him no better tidings. Ministers are but interpreters, they cannot make the thing otherwise than it is; if therefore they deal faithfully, and their message prove unpleasing, it is not their fault. Bad dreams cannot expect a good interpretation.
V.The improvement Joseph made of this opportunity to get a friend at court, Gen 40:14, Gen 40:15.
He modestly bespoke the favour of the chief butler, whose preferment he foretold: But think of me when it shall be well with thee. Though the respect paid to Joseph made the prison as easy to him as a prison could be, yet none can blame him for being desirous of liberty. See here,
1.What a modest representation he makes of his own case, Gen 40:15. He does not reflect upon his brethren that sold him; he only says, I was stolen out of the land of the Hebrews, that is, unjustly sent thence, no matter where the fault was. Nor does he reflect on the wrong done him in this imprisonment by his mistress that was his prosecutrix, and his master that was his judge; but mildly avers his own innocence: Here have I done nothing that they should put me into the dungeon. Note, When we are called to vindicate ourselves we should carefully avoid, as much as may be, speaking ill of others. Let us be content to prove ourselves innocent, and not be fond of upbraiding others with their guilt.
2.What a modest request he makes to the chief butler: "Only, think of me. Pray do me a kindness, if it lie in your way." And his particular petition is, Bring me out of this house. He does not say, "Bring me into Pharaoh's house, get me a place at court." No, he begs for enlargement, not preferment. Note, Providence sometimes designs the greatest honours for those that least covet or expect them.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
One surviving comment on this verse from the historical church.
This remarkable man, however, concerned for their comfort, noticed that they were dismayed by the experience of the dreams and confused in mind; so he asked, “Why so downcast today?” The dejection on their faces, you see, betrayed the apprehension within them. Hence a sage too has said, “When the heart is free from care, the face beams, but when it is in mourning the face falls.” So, when he saw them lost in dejection from the experience of their dreams, he questioned them to discover the cause. See how, even when he found himself in prison, he gave evidence of his characteristic virtue and was concerned to relieve the sadness of others.
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Summary
Genesis 40:7 reveals Joseph's extraordinary empathy and spiritual discernment, even while enduring unjust imprisonment. In this pivotal moment, Joseph, despite his own profound suffering, turns his attention to the distressed countenances of Pharaoh's chief butler and chief baker, inquiring into their sorrow. This compassionate act, seemingly minor, is divinely orchestrated to initiate the next crucial phase of God's intricate plan for Joseph's elevation and, ultimately, the preservation of his family and the nascent nation of Israel.
Context
Literary Context
Genesis 40:7 is situated within the broader narrative of Joseph's life, specifically following his unjust imprisonment in Egypt. Chapters 37-39 detail Joseph's descent from favored son to enslaved servant and then to a prisoner, despite his unwavering integrity and God's consistent favor upon him. Chapter 39 concludes with Joseph being placed in charge of the prison, highlighting his administrative gifts and God's continued presence. Chapter 40 then introduces Pharaoh's chief butler and chief baker, who are also imprisoned and placed under Joseph's care. This verse marks the beginning of their direct interaction, setting the stage for the dream interpretations that will ultimately lead to Joseph's release and elevation to power, forming a crucial link in the chain of events leading to the famine and the migration of Jacob's family to Egypt.
Historical & Cultural Context
Ancient Egyptian prisons, especially those for high-ranking officials, were often part of a larger administrative complex, sometimes even within the royal household or a high-ranking official's estate, as was the case for Joseph in "the ward of his lord's house." While not necessarily dungeons, they were places of confinement and uncertainty. The roles of chief butler and chief baker were positions of significant trust and proximity to the Pharaoh, indicating their high status and the gravity of their offenses. Their imprisonment would have been a profound disgrace and source of deep anxiety, given the absolute power of the monarch. Joseph, as a Hebrew slave, was an outsider, yet his compassionate inquiry transcends the social hierarchies and cultural norms of the time, demonstrating a unique character.
Key Themes
This verse contributes significantly to several overarching themes in Genesis and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it underscores the theme of Divine Providence, demonstrating how God orchestrates seemingly coincidental encounters and human actions (like Joseph's empathy) to fulfill His sovereign purposes, even in the midst of adversity. Secondly, it highlights God's Presence in Suffering, showing that even in the darkest circumstances of unjust imprisonment, God remains with Joseph, empowering him with discernment and compassion. Thirdly, Joseph's action exemplifies Empathy and Discernment, qualities that are central to his character development and his ability to serve God's plan. His attentiveness to the emotional state of others, as seen in his question, "Wherefore look ye so sadly to day?", is a recurring motif in his story, leading to his interpretation of dreams for the butler, baker, and ultimately Pharaoh himself (Genesis 41:15-16).
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
Meaning "a eunuch; by implication, valet (especially of the female apartments), and thus, a minister of state." In this context, it refers to high-ranking officials in Pharaoh's court, indicating their significant status and proximity to power. Joseph's interaction is not with common criminals but with individuals who held positions of great trust and influence, making his compassionate engagement with them all the more remarkable.
Meaning "bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral); adversity, affliction, [phrase] displease(-ure), distress, evil... sad(-ly), sore, sorrow, trouble, vex, wicked." The KJV translation "sadly" captures part of the meaning, but the Hebrew raʻ (often linked to raʻaʻ, meaning to be evil, broken, or vexed) conveys a deeper, more profound sense of distress, trouble, or even an agitated, displeased, or vexed countenance. It suggests not just sorrow, but a troubled spirit, perhaps even anger or frustration, reflecting severe internal turmoil. Joseph's keen observation of this deeper raʻ indicates his spiritual sensitivity.
Meaning "a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)." The inclusion of "to day" emphasizes the immediacy and present nature of their distress. Joseph notices their current state, not a general disposition, highlighting his attentiveness to the specific moment and their immediate emotional burden. It underscores the urgency of their troubled appearance.
Verse Breakdown
"And he asked Pharaoh's officers that were with him in the ward of his lord's house"
This clause establishes Joseph's initiative and the precise setting. Despite being a prisoner himself, Joseph takes the proactive step of engaging with his fellow inmates, who are high-ranking officials. The phrase "in the ward of his lord's house" specifically refers to the prison section within Potiphar's estate, reminding the reader of Joseph's unjust confinement in the very place where he once held authority. This detail subtly highlights the irony of his situation and the depth of his character.
"saying"
This simple verb introduces Joseph's direct speech, signaling his compassionate inquiry. It transitions from his observation to his verbal expression of concern.
"Wherefore look ye so sadly to day?"
This is the core of Joseph's empathetic and discerning question. He doesn't merely notice their appearance but probes its cause, indicating a genuine concern for their well-being. The use of "sadly" (Hebrew raʻ, signifying deep trouble or vexation) reveals Joseph's ability to perceive beyond superficial expressions to the inner turmoil of their souls. The addition of "to day" emphasizes the immediate and striking nature of their distress, prompting Joseph to inquire about their present burden.
Literary Devices
Genesis 40:7 masterfully employs Characterization to deepen our understanding of Joseph. His empathetic question, posed while he himself is unjustly imprisoned, reveals his profound spiritual maturity, selflessness, and keen observational skills. This act stands in stark Contrast to what might be expected from someone in his dire circumstances, highlighting his unique character forged by God's presence. The verse also functions as significant Foreshadowing, as this seemingly simple inquiry is the catalyst for the unfolding of God's larger redemptive plan. Joseph's compassionate engagement directly leads to the dream interpretations, his eventual release, and his elevation to power, ultimately saving his family and fulfilling the divine promises.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Joseph's compassionate inquiry in Genesis 40:7 is a profound theological statement on God's sovereignty and the nature of true spiritual leadership. It illustrates that even in the deepest valleys of adversity, God's chosen instruments can exhibit remarkable empathy and discernment, reflecting His own character. This seemingly minor interaction is a crucial pivot point, demonstrating how God orchestrates human relationships and even suffering for His grand redemptive purposes, turning what appears to be a setback into a stepping stone for divine intervention. Joseph's ability to look beyond his own pain to minister to others is a testament to the transformative power of God's presence in his life.
Reflection and Application
Joseph's example in Genesis 40:7 provides a powerful blueprint for believers navigating their own trials and interactions with others. It challenges us to cultivate a spirit of active empathy, to not be so consumed by our own challenges that we fail to notice the burdens and distress of those around us. Joseph, in his lowest point, chose to look outward, demonstrating that genuine compassion is not dependent on comfortable circumstances but flows from a heart attuned to God's Spirit. This verse reminds us that a simple, heartfelt question, "Wherefore look ye so sadly to day?", can be a profound act of ministry, opening doors for deeper connection, shared burdens, and the unfolding of God's redemptive work in unexpected ways. We are called to be vigilant observers of the human condition, ready to extend kindness and spiritual discernment, knowing that God often uses our willingness to engage in seemingly small acts of compassion as significant catalysts in His sovereign plan.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why was Joseph imprisoned with Pharaoh's officers?
Joseph was unjustly imprisoned after being falsely accused by Potiphar's wife, his master's wife, of attempted assault (Genesis 39:19-20). Pharaoh's chief butler and chief baker were subsequently confined to the same prison, likely due to offenses against Pharaoh himself (Genesis 40:1-3). God, in His divine providence, orchestrated their confinement together, setting the stage for Joseph's interpretation of their dreams, which would ultimately lead to his own elevation.
What does the Hebrew word for "sadly" imply in this context?
The King James Version translates the officers' demeanor as "sadly," but the original Hebrew word, raʻ (H7451), carries a deeper and more intense meaning than mere sorrow. It implies a state of being troubled, vexed, deeply agitated, or even displeased. It suggests a profound internal distress or spiritual turmoil, rather than just a superficial sadness. Joseph's keen observation of this deeper raʻ speaks to his spiritual discernment and ability to perceive the inner state of those around him.
How does Joseph's empathy in this verse contribute to God's larger plan?
Joseph's empathetic inquiry, "Wherefore look ye so sadly to day?", is a pivotal moment that directly leads to the chief butler and chief baker sharing their troubling dreams with him (Genesis 40:8). Joseph, empowered by God, interprets these dreams with accuracy, which results in the butler's restoration to his position. Two years later, the butler remembers Joseph and recommends him to Pharaoh, leading to Joseph's dramatic elevation to power in Egypt (Genesis 41:9-14). This entire sequence, initiated by Joseph's simple act of compassion, is a crucial step in God's plan to preserve Jacob's family and ultimately fulfill His covenant promises.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Joseph's empathetic inquiry in Genesis 40:7 serves as a poignant foreshadowing of the compassionate heart of Jesus Christ. Like Joseph, who suffered unjustly yet extended profound care to those around him, Christ, though innocent and sinless, bore immense suffering and continually demonstrated unparalleled empathy for humanity's deepest sorrows and spiritual distress (Isaiah 53:3-5). Joseph's act of discerning and addressing the inner turmoil of others, which ultimately led to their deliverance and his own exaltation, powerfully mirrors Christ's redemptive work. Jesus, through His voluntary suffering, sacrificial death, and glorious resurrection, not only empathizes with our brokenness but actively intervenes to deliver us from the spiritual bondage of sin and death. His path from humiliation to glorious triumph, secured through His profound compassion and obedience, ultimately leads to His exaltation to the highest place, where He saves all who believe (Philippians 2:8-11). Joseph's journey from the depths of prison to a position of life-saving power, initiated by an act of empathetic concern, stands as a vivid type of Christ's ultimate victory and the salvation He offers to a troubled world.