Leviticus 18:9

KJV

The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of thy father, or daughter of thy mother, [whether she be] born at home, or born abroad, [even] their nakedness thou shalt not uncover.

KJV (with Strong's)

The nakedness {H6172} of thy sister {H269}, the daughter {H1323} of thy father {H1}, or daughter {H1323} of thy mother {H517}, whether she be born {H4138} at home {H1004}, or born {H4138} abroad {H2351}, even their nakedness {H6172} thou shalt not uncover {H1540}.

Complete Jewish Bible

You are not to have sexual relations with your sister, the daughter of your father or the daughter of your mother, whether born at home or elsewhere. Do not have sexual relations with them.

Berean Standard Bible

You must not have sexual relations with your sister, either your father’s daughter or your mother’s daughter, whether she was born in the same home or elsewhere.

American Standard Version

The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of thy father, or the daughter of thy mother, whether born at home, or born abroad, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Leviticus 18:9 stands as a pivotal prohibition within God's comprehensive Holiness Code, unequivocally forbidding sexual relations with one's sister. This divine command meticulously clarifies its scope to include both full sisters and half-sisters, irrespective of their place of birth, thereby establishing an absolute boundary for sexual purity within the family. This law underscores God's unwavering standards for human sexuality, the sacred integrity of familial bonds, and the imperative for Israel to distinguish itself morally from the pervasive sexual depravity of surrounding pagan nations, ensuring the preservation of its covenant relationship with Yahweh and the well-being of its community.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Leviticus 18:9 is embedded within the "Holiness Code" (Leviticus 17-26), a foundational section of the Torah that delineates the ethical, ritual, and moral requirements for Israel to function as a holy nation, set apart for Yahweh. Chapter 18 specifically addresses forbidden sexual relationships, commencing with a broad injunction against "uncovering the nakedness" of close relatives in [Leviticus 18:6](/leviticus/18-6 "Leviticus 18:6 - Prohibition of Incest"). Verse 9 is one in a meticulously ordered sequence of specific prohibitions—ranging from one's mother and stepmother to various in-laws and even animals—that collectively define the divinely ordained boundaries of sexual conduct within the family and community. This chapter serves as a stark moral counterpoint to the "abominable customs" of the Canaanites, explicitly warning Israel against adopting such practices (see [Leviticus 18:26-27](/leviticus/18-26-27 "Leviticus 18:26-27 - Abominations of the Land")). The placement of these laws emphasizes that moral purity is integral to covenant faithfulness and national well-being.

* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The laws in Leviticus 18 were delivered to the Israelites as they prepared to enter the Promised Land, a territory then inhabited by the Canaanites, whose moral and religious practices were anathema to God's holiness. The chapter explicitly warns Israel not to "do according to the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt: neither shall ye do according to the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring you" ([Leviticus 18:3](/leviticus/18-3 "Leviticus 18:3 - Not to Follow Egyptian or Canaanite Customs")). Ancient Near Eastern cultures, particularly those of Egypt and Canaan, were notorious for widespread sexual depravity, including various forms of incest, cultic prostitution, and bestiality, often integrated into their pagan religious rites. For example, some Egyptian pharaohs engaged in sibling marriage to preserve royal bloodlines, a practice explicitly condemned by the God of Israel. God's stringent prohibitions, including the ban on incest with a sister in [Leviticus 18:9](/leviticus/18-9 "Leviticus 18:9 - Prohibition of Incest"), were crucial for establishing Israel's distinct moral identity as God's chosen people, safeguarding them from the moral decay that had led to the judgment and expulsion of other nations (as detailed in [Leviticus 18:24-30](/leviticus/18-24-30 "Leviticus 18:24-30 - Consequences of Abominations")).

* **Key Themes:** Leviticus 18:9 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the Holiness Code and the broader Pentateuch. The primary theme is **Holiness** itself, emphasizing that Israel's conduct must reflect God's own pure and set-apart nature. This command defines a crucial aspect of what it means to be holy in sexual ethics, contrasting sharply with the defiling practices of pagan cultures. Closely related is the theme of **Purity and Defilement**, where forbidden sexual acts are explicitly linked to "defiling" oneself and the land (e.g., [Leviticus 18:24-25](/leviticus/18-24-25 "Leviticus 18:24-25 - Defilement of the Land")). The law also reinforces the **Sanctity of Family and Kinship**, establishing clear boundaries that protect the integrity, order, and well-being of the family unit, which is the foundational structure of society. Furthermore, it highlights the theme of **Covenant Distinction**, as adherence to these laws was essential for Israel to remain distinct from the nations and to maintain their unique covenant relationship with Yahweh, ensuring their continued dwelling in the land (see [Leviticus 18:28](/leviticus/18-28 "Leviticus 18:28 - Land Will Vomit Out Inhabitants")).

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Nakedness (Hebrew, _ʻervâh'_):** This term (H6172) literally refers to the genitalia or private parts of the body. However, in the context of Leviticus 18, it consistently functions as a euphemism for sexual intimacy or the sexual act itself, especially when that act is forbidden. The "uncovering" of nakedness signifies engaging in sexual intercourse. Its use here emphasizes the profound intimacy and vulnerability inherent in sexual union, highlighting the severe violation when this intimacy is shared outside of God's divinely ordained boundaries, particularly within forbidden familial relationships.
* **Sister (Hebrew, _ʼâchôwth'_):** This word (H269) typically denotes a full sister. However, the verse's meticulous clarification—"the daughter of thy father, or daughter of thy mother"—expands its scope to explicitly include both full sisters (sharing both parents) and half-sisters (sharing either the father or the mother). This precise phrasing demonstrates the comprehensive nature of the divine command, leaving no ambiguity regarding the forbidden relationship and ensuring that all forms of sibling incest are unequivocally prohibited. The term also carries a broader sense of kinship, but here it is narrowed by the accompanying descriptors.
* **Uncover (Hebrew, _gâlâh'_):** This primitive root (H1540) means "to denude," "to reveal," "to expose," or "to lay bare." When combined with "nakedness" (_ʻervâh_), it forms the idiomatic phrase "to uncover nakedness," which is a polite yet firm biblical expression for engaging in sexual relations. In the context of Leviticus 18, this phrase always denotes illicit or forbidden sexual acts. The choice of this verb underscores the gravity and impropriety of such unions, implying a violation of privacy, purity, and divine order.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"The nakedness of thy sister":** This initial clause immediately establishes the subject of the prohibition: sexual intimacy with one's sister. The use of "nakedness" (_ʻervâh_) as a euphemism for sexual relations sets the tone for a command concerning forbidden and defiling sexual acts within the family unit.
* **"the daughter of thy father, or daughter of thy mother":** This crucial clarification precisely defines "sister" to encompass both full sisters (those who share both a father and a mother) and half-sisters (those who share either the father but have a different mother, or the mother but have a different father). This demonstrates the thoroughness and comprehensiveness of God's law, ensuring that all forms of sibling incest are explicitly forbidden, regardless of the specific parental lineage.
* **"[whether she be] born at home, or born abroad":** This further specification eliminates any potential loopholes or distinctions based on the sister's place of birth or upbringing. It emphasizes that the biological and familial relationship, and thus the prohibition, remains absolute and binding irrespective of where the individual was born or raised, reinforcing the universal and absolute nature of the command within the family structure.
* **"[even] their nakedness thou shalt not uncover":** This concluding phrase delivers the direct and absolute prohibition. It reiterates the forbidden act—sexual intercourse—using the established euphemism, leaving no doubt about the severity and finality of the command against incestuous relations with a sister. The repetition of "nakedness" and the emphatic "thou shalt not uncover" underscore the gravity of the transgression.

#### Literary Devices
Leviticus 18:9 employs several literary devices to convey its message with utmost clarity, emphasis, and moral weight. The primary device is **Euphemism**, specifically the phrase "uncover nakedness" (_gilui ervah_), which serves as a decorous yet unambiguous way to refer to sexual intercourse. This euphemism maintains propriety while clearly communicating the gravity and forbidden nature of the act. **Repetition** of the word "nakedness" (or its derivatives) throughout Leviticus 18, and particularly its dual appearance in this verse, underscores the central theme of sexual purity and the specific nature of the violations being addressed. Furthermore, the meticulous **Specificity** and **Inclusivity** in defining "sister" ("the daughter of thy father, or daughter of thy mother," "whether she be born at home, or born abroad") demonstrate God's comprehensive and exhaustive approach to law-giving. This detailed enumeration leaves no room for misinterpretation or evasion, highlighting the seriousness of the prohibition and God's desire for absolute clarity in establishing moral boundaries that protect the family and the community.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Leviticus 18:9 profoundly reflects God's character as holy, orderly, and just, establishing boundaries for human sexuality that are designed to promote human flourishing rather than chaos and degradation. The explicit prohibition of incest, particularly with a sister, is a foundational moral law that safeguards the integrity of the family unit, which is divinely ordained as the bedrock of human society. It upholds the divine design for sexual intimacy to be reserved exclusively for the covenant of marriage, as established in the creation narrative where a man and woman become "one flesh" ([Genesis 2:24](/genesis/2-24 "Genesis 2:24 - The One Flesh Union")). Violations of this law lead to profound genetic deformities, severe psychological trauma, social confusion, and spiritual defilement, disrupting the natural and moral order God intended. This command, therefore, is not merely a legalistic restriction but a loving directive for human well-being, reflecting God's compassionate desire for His people to live in purity, distinction, and health, set apart from the corrupt and self-destructive practices of the world.

* [Genesis 2:24](/genesis/2-24 "Genesis 2:24 - The One Flesh Union")
* [1 Corinthians 6:18](/1_corinthians/6-18 "1 Corinthians 6:18 - Flee Sexual Immorality")
* [Hebrews 13:4](/hebrews/13-4 "Hebrews 13:4 - Marriage is Honorable")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The timeless moral principles embedded in Leviticus 18:9 resonate deeply across all generations and cultures. While specifically given to ancient Israel, this command against incest with a sister reflects God's unchanging character and His universal design for healthy human relationships and sexual purity. It serves as a stark reminder that God’s laws are not arbitrary restrictions but are given for our protection, well-being, and the flourishing of individuals, families, and society at large. In a world that increasingly challenges traditional sexual ethics, blurs gender distinctions, and redefines family structures, this verse calls believers to uphold God’s sacred boundaries for intimacy and relationships with unwavering conviction. It compels us to cultivate a profound reverence for the sanctity of family bonds and to live lives marked by sexual integrity, recognizing that our bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit. Embracing God’s design for purity in all our relationships is an act of worship, a testament to His wisdom, and a powerful witness to His holiness in a broken and confused world.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does God's explicit prohibition of incest in [Leviticus 18:9](/leviticus/18-9 "Leviticus 18:9 - Prohibition of Incest") challenge contemporary views on sexual freedom and personal autonomy, particularly in societies that increasingly push moral boundaries?**
* **In what ways does upholding God's design for family relationships, as exemplified by this command, contribute to individual, familial, and societal well-being and stability today?**
* **How can we, as believers, cultivate a deeper reverence for the sanctity of human relationships and sexual purity, actively reflecting God's holiness in our own lives, families, and communities?**

### FAQ
**Why does the Bible forbid incest, especially with a sister, so explicitly?**

Answer: The Bible explicitly forbids incest, including with a sister, for several profound reasons that encompass genetic, social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions. Genetically, incestuous relationships significantly increase the risk of birth defects and genetic disorders in offspring due to the heightened probability of inheriting harmful recessive genes. Socially, such relationships blur essential family roles and boundaries, leading to confusion, breakdown of trust, and instability within the foundational unit of society. Psychologically, incest often results in severe trauma, abuse of power, and lasting emotional, mental, and spiritual damage for the victims. Spiritually, these prohibitions are integral to God's moral law, reflecting His holy and orderly character. They are designed to set His people apart from the corrupt and defiling practices of pagan nations (as seen in [Leviticus 18:24-30](/leviticus/18-24-30 "Leviticus 18:24-30 - Consequences of Abominations")) and to maintain the purity and integrity of the covenant community. Ultimately, God's laws are for human flourishing, protection, and the promotion of a society that reflects His divine order.

**Is this law still relevant today, given it's from the Old Testament Law?**

Answer: Yes, this law remains profoundly relevant today. Biblical scholars generally categorize Old Testament laws into ceremonial, civil, and moral laws. The prohibition against incest, like the commands against murder or theft, falls squarely under the category of **moral law**. Moral laws are timeless principles that reflect God's unchanging character, His universal design for humanity, and His inherent goodness, transcending specific cultural or historical contexts. While the ceremonial laws (e.g., sacrifices, dietary restrictions) were fulfilled in Christ or were specific to ancient Israel's worship, and civil laws (e.g., specific punishments for crimes) were for the governance of the Israelite nation, moral laws continue to apply to all people in all ages. The New Testament consistently upholds and even deepens the call to sexual purity (e.g., [1 Corinthians 6:18](/1_corinthians/6-18 "1 Corinthians 6:18 - Flee Sexual Immorality"); [Hebrews 13:4](/hebrews/13-4 "Hebrews 13:4 - Marriage is Honorable")), reinforcing the foundational ethical principles found in [Leviticus 18](/leviticus/18 "Leviticus 18 - Forbidden Sexual Relations"). Therefore, the prohibition of incest is not merely an ancient decree but a perpetual moral truth that safeguards human dignity and societal well-being.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The stringent prohibition against incest in [Leviticus 18:9](/leviticus/18-9 "Leviticus 18:9 - Prohibition of Incest"), like all of God's moral law, serves as a divine mirror, reflecting humanity's inherent sinfulness and desperate need for a perfect righteousness that we are utterly incapable of achieving on our own. While the Old Testament law exposed sin and provided a holy standard, it could not provide the power to perfectly fulfill it. This is precisely where Christ enters the narrative. Jesus did not come to abolish the Law but to fulfill it (as He declared in [Matthew 5:17](/matthew/5-17 "Matthew 5:17 - Jesus Fulfills the Law")), embodying perfect obedience and holiness in every aspect of His life, including His relationships and sexual purity. Through His sacrificial death on the cross, Christ bore the full penalty for all our transgressions, including sexual immorality and every deviation from God's holy design, providing complete atonement for our defilement. Furthermore, through His glorious resurrection and the indwelling gift of the Holy Spirit, believers are empowered to live lives that genuinely reflect God's holy character, fulfilling the righteous requirements of the law not by their own strength, but by the Spirit's transformative power (as promised in [Romans 8:4](/romans/8-4 "Romans 8:4 - Righteousness of the Law Fulfilled in Us")). Thus, the call to sexual purity and the sanctity of relationships, so emphatically exemplified in [Leviticus 18:9](/leviticus/18-9 "Leviticus 18:9 - Prohibition of Incest"), finds its ultimate fulfillment and enablement in Christ, who transforms hearts and empowers His redeemed people to walk in newness of life, set apart for God's glory and distinct from the world's defilement (as encouraged in [Ephesians 5:3](/ephesians/5-3 "Ephesians 5:3 - No Immorality Among Believers")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Leviticus 20:17

And if a man shall take his sister, his father's daughter, or his mother's daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his nakedness; it [is] a wicked thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of their people: he hath uncovered his sister's nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.

Ezekiel 22:11

And one hath committed abomination with his neighbour's wife; and another hath lewdly defiled his daughter in law; and another in thee hath humbled his sister, his father's daughter.

2 Samuel 13:11

And when she had brought [them] unto him to eat, he took hold of her, and said unto her, Come lie with me, my sister.

2 Samuel 13:14

Howbeit he would not hearken unto her voice: but, being stronger than she, forced her, and lay with her.

Deuteronomy 27:22

Cursed [be] he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.

Leviticus 18:11

The nakedness of thy father's wife's daughter, begotten of thy father, she [is] thy sister, thou shalt not uncover her nakedness.