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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Genesis 23:16–20.
We have here the conclusion of the treaty between Abraham and Ephron about the burying-place. The bargain was publicly made before all the neighbours, in the presence and audience of the sons of Heth, Gen 23:16, Gen 23:17. Note, Prudence, as well as justice, directs us to be fair, and open, and above-board, in our dealings. Fraudulent contracts hate the light, and choose to be clandestine; but those that design honestly in their bargains care not who are witnesses to them. Our law countenances sales made in market - overt, and by deed enrolled. Observe, 1. Abraham, without fraud, covin, or further delay, pays the money, Gen 23:16. He pays it readily, without hesitation, - pays it in full, without diminution, - and pays it by weight, current money with the merchant, without deceit. See how anciently money was used for the help of commerce; and see how honestly money should be paid where it is due. Observe, Though all the land of Canaan was Abraham's by promise, yet, the time of his possessing not having come, what he had now occasion for he bought and paid for. Note, Dominion is not founded in grace. The saints' title to an eternal inheritance does not entitle them to the possessions of this world, nor justify them in doing wrong. 2. Ephron honestly and fairly makes him a good title to the land, Gen 23:17, Gen 23:18, Gen 23:20. The field, with all its appurtenances, is conveyed to Abraham and his heirs for ever, in open court, not by writing (it does not appear that writing was then used), but by such a public solemn declaration before witnesses as was sufficient to pass it. Note, As that which is bought must be honestly paid for, so that which is sold must be honestly paid for, so that which is sold must be honestly delivered and secured. 3. Abraham, thereupon, takes possession, and buries Sarah in the cave or vault (whether framed by nature or art is not certain) which was in the purchased field. It is probable that Abraham had buried servants out of his family since he came to Canaan, but the graves of the common people (Kg2 23:6) might suffice for them; now that Sarah was dead a peculiar place must be found for her remains. It is worth noting, (1.) That a burying-place was the first spot of ground Abraham possessed in Canaan. Note, When we are entering into the world it is good to think of our going out of it; for, as soon as we are born, we begin to die. (2.) That it was the only piece of land he ever possessed, though the country was all his own in reversion. Those that have least of this earth find a grave in it. Abraham provided, not cities, as Cain and Nimrod, but a sepulchre, [1.] To be a constant memorandum of death to himself and his posterity, that he and they might learn to die daily. This sepulchre is said to be at the end of the field (Gen 23:9); for, whatever our possessions are, there is a sepulchre at the end of them. [2.] To be a token of his belief and expectation of the resurrection; for why should such care be taken of the body if it be thrown away for ever, and must not rise again? Abraham, in this, said plainly that he sought a better country, that is, a heavenly. Abraham is content to be still flitting, while he lives, but secures a place where, when he dies his flesh may rest in hope.
Historical interpretation
Historical Reception
2 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
With this in mind, dearly beloved, let us who live in the age of grace imitate the man who lived before the law, not burn with desire for more and heap up for ourselves to a greater and more intense degree the fire that cannot be extinguished and the flame that is intolerable. We will hear, in fact, if we persist in such awful deeds of injustice and avarice, the words spoken to that notorious rich man, “Fool, this night they are looking for your soul from you; but as for what you have put aside, whom will it belong to?” I mean, what is the reason, dearly beloved, that you are anxious to amass so many things that you will shortly leave here, due as you are to be snatched away from the scene, not only powerless to gain any advantage from them but even saddled with the burden of sins on your own shoulders, at this stage too late for worthwhile repentance? While the goods you have amassed with avarice oftentimes finish even in the hands of enemies, you yourself will be required to give an account of them. So what folly would it be to labor for others’ benefit and pay the price for them yourself?
Even if in the past, however, we have to this degree managed our affairs with indifference, now at least let us plan for what is needful and not simply be anxious to bedeck ourselves with the trappings of wealth, but rather pay much attention to doing good. After all, our being will not come to an end with this present life, nor shall we be always in exile; instead, before long we shall reach our true homeland. So let us do everything in the hope of not being found wanting there. I mean, what good is it to leave behind great wealth in foreign parts while wanting for bare necessities in our true country? Consequently let us strive, dearly beloved, while there is still time, to transfer there what we own in this foreign country. Although in fact the distance may be great, nevertheless the transfer is quite easy. You see, there are those ready to make the transfer, to travel there safely and deposit in a secure treasury whatever we are able to send ahead by means of them. I mean, the hands of the poor lay up in the treasuries of heaven what is given them by us. Since then the ease and security are so great, why do we delay and not rather with all haste act on this so that we will have those things at our disposal in the place where we most have need of them?
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Summary
Genesis 23:20 formally concludes the meticulously detailed legal transaction for the field of Machpelah and its cave, unequivocally establishing its secure and permanent transfer to Abraham from the Hittites. This verse marks the indisputable acquisition of the first piece of the promised land by Abraham, designated as a perpetual burial possession for his family.
Context
Literary Context
This verse serves as the decisive culmination of the entire twenty-third chapter of Genesis, which meticulously details Abraham's pursuit and purchase of a burial plot for his deceased wife, Sarah. Following Sarah's death in Kirjath-arba, also known as Hebron, Abraham, despite being a "sojourner and foreigner" (Genesis 23:4), initiates negotiations with the local Hittite inhabitants. The preceding verses (Genesis 23:7-16) recount the public and precise legal proceedings, including Abraham's refusal of a free gift, his insistence on paying full market value, and the public weighing of the silver. Verse 17 explicitly states that "the field of Ephron, which was in Machpelah... and the cave which was therein, and all the trees that were in the field... were made sure unto Abraham for a possession." Verse 20, therefore, acts as a powerful legal declaration, solidifying the transaction's finality and Abraham's undisputed ownership, paving the way for Sarah's burial in Genesis 23:19.
Historical & Cultural Context
The transaction described in Genesis 23 reflects common Near Eastern legal practices of the second millennium BC, particularly those found in Hittite and Mesopotamian documents. The public nature of the negotiation, the involvement of witnesses ("all that went in at the gate of his city" in Genesis 23:10), the precise weighing of silver ("current money with the merchant" in Genesis 23:16), and the detailed description of the property (including trees, as stated in Genesis 23:17) all align with ancient conveyancing customs designed to ensure the legality and irrevocability of land transfers. Abraham's status as a "sojourner" meant he had no inherent land rights, making his insistence on purchasing the land crucial for establishing a legal foothold and ensuring his descendants' future claims to the promised territory. The Hittites, a powerful people in the region, are shown here engaging in a respectful and legally sound transaction with Abraham.
Key Themes
This chapter, culminating in verse 20, underscores several significant themes within the broader narrative of Genesis and the Abrahamic covenant. Firstly, it highlights the theme of God's Covenant Faithfulness, as Abraham, though a sojourner, begins to tangibly possess a piece of the land God had promised to him and his descendants (Genesis 15:18-21). Secondly, it exemplifies Abraham's Faith and Foresight, demonstrating his unwavering trust in God's future promises by investing in a permanent burial site, looking beyond his transient present. Thirdly, the detailed legal process emphasizes the theme of Integrity and Ethical Dealings. Abraham's insistence on a fair and public purchase sets a precedent for righteous conduct, ensuring that his possession was legally unimpeachable and a testament to his character. Finally, the establishment of the Cave of Machpelah as the patriarchal burial ground foreshadows the Future Inheritance of the entire land by Israel, serving as a physical anchor for their identity and claim to the promised territory.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This term (H7704) refers to an open, flat expanse of land, often cultivated or used for grazing. In this context, it denotes the specific agricultural land that surrounded the Cave of Machpelah, indicating that Abraham purchased not just the cave but the entire property, ensuring its integrity and control. The inclusion of the "field" in the purchase underscores the comprehensive nature of the transaction, securing the land around the burial site.
This word (H4631) specifically means a cavern or a dark den, highlighting the natural geological feature that served as the primary burial chamber. The mention of the cave is central, as it was the immediate object of Abraham's desire for Sarah's interment. Its inclusion with the field signifies that the entire property, both the surface land and the subterranean cave, was legally transferred.
This verb (H6965), meaning "to rise" or "to stand," carries a crucial legal connotation in this context: "to be established," "to be confirmed," or "to be made firm and binding." Its use here emphasizes the absolute and irrevocable nature of the land transfer. The transaction was not merely agreed upon but legally validated and unchallengeable, ensuring Abraham's permanent and undisputed ownership.
This feminine passive participle (H272) literally means "something seized" or "held." In this legal context, it specifically denotes a permanent and legally recognized holding, particularly of land. It signifies that the field and cave were not merely leased or temporarily granted but became Abraham's enduring property, a tangible and legally secured asset for his lineage.
Verse Breakdown
"And the field, and the cave that [is] therein,"
This phrase precisely identifies the property that is the subject of the transaction. It emphasizes that both the open land and the specific burial chamber within it are included, leaving no ambiguity about the extent of the acquired property. This detail reflects the meticulous nature of ancient legal documents.
"were made sure unto Abraham"
This crucial clause declares the legal finality and certainty of the transfer. The passive voice ("were made sure") implies that the transaction was fully executed and recognized by all parties, including the sons of Heth. It signifies that Abraham's claim to this property was now legally established and incontrovertible.
"for a possession of a buryingplace"
This specifies the purpose and nature of Abraham's ownership. It was acquired as a permanent "possession" (a legal holding, not a temporary lease) and specifically designated as a "buryingplace," a sepulchre for his family. This highlights Abraham's foresight and his commitment to establishing a lasting presence in the promised land, even if initially only as a grave site.
"by the sons of Heth."
This final phrase identifies the sellers and confirms their role in the transaction. It underscores the public and consensual nature of the transfer, as the local inhabitants, represented by the "sons of Heth," formally acknowledged and validated Abraham's ownership. This ensures the legitimacy and undisputed status of the acquisition.
Literary Devices
The primary literary device at play in Genesis 23:20 is Legal Language and Formulaic Language. The precise and repetitive phrasing, particularly the emphasis on the property being "made sure" and acquired "for a possession," mirrors the formal language of ancient Near Eastern legal documents. This meticulous detail serves to underscore the absolute and irrevocable nature of the transaction, leaving no room for future dispute. The chapter as a whole functions as a legal record, and this verse acts as its concluding declaration of title. Furthermore, there is Symbolism at work; this small plot of land, the first tangible piece of the promised land legally acquired by Abraham, symbolizes the future, complete inheritance of Canaan by his descendants. It is a down payment, a concrete sign of God's faithfulness to His covenant promises, even when the full realization seems distant.
Theological and Thematic Connections
The acquisition of the Cave of Machpelah, though seemingly a mundane land transaction, carries profound theological weight. It represents the first tangible fulfillment of God's covenant promise to Abraham regarding the land of Canaan, serving as a divine down payment and a concrete assurance of future inheritance. Abraham's insistence on purchasing the land, rather than accepting it as a gift, demonstrates his profound faith in God's promises, even while living as a sojourner, and his commitment to establishing a legitimate foothold in the land. This act of faith in action, coupled with his integrity in dealings, sets a powerful example for all who await the full realization of God's promises.
Reflection and Application
Genesis 23:20 offers timeless lessons for believers today, reminding us that even as we live by faith and await the ultimate fulfillment of God's grand promises—such as the new heavens and new earth—there is a call for practical wisdom and integrity in our earthly dealings. Abraham's actions teach us the importance of prudent planning for the future, ethical conduct in all transactions, and a steadfast trust in God's faithfulness, even when we only perceive a small part of His grand plan. His act of securing a permanent burial place for his family, despite being a sojourner, underscores the biblical principle of living with an eternal perspective while faithfully stewarding our present circumstances. This echoes the faith of those who live as "strangers and pilgrims" on earth, looking forward to an eternal home and a city "whose architect and builder is God" (Hebrews 11:10).
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why did Abraham insist on purchasing the land if God had promised it to him?
Abraham's insistence on purchasing the land, rather than accepting it as a gift, demonstrated his commitment to securing undisputed and legally binding ownership. This ensured that the possession was permanent and beyond question, preventing future disputes with the local inhabitants. It also served as a tangible act of faith, taking possession of a small part of the promised land through legitimate means, affirming the reality of God's covenant even while living as a sojourner. This act of purchase was a concrete step of obedience and trust in God's promise of the land, even before the full inheritance was realized (Acts 7:5).
What is the significance of the phrase "made sure" in this verse?
The phrase "made sure" translates the Hebrew verb qûwm (H6965), which in this legal context means "to be established," "to be confirmed," or "to be made firm and binding." It emphasizes the irrevocability and legal certainty of the land transfer, signifying that Abraham's ownership of the field and the Cave of Machpelah was fully recognized and unchallengeable by the sons of Heth. This legal certainty was paramount for Abraham, ensuring a permanent and undisputed burial site for his family within the land God had promised.
Why was the Cave of Machpelah so important to Abraham and his descendants?
The Cave of Machpelah became the sacred family burial ground for Abraham and the patriarchs, including Sarah, Abraham himself (Genesis 25:9), Isaac, Rebekah, Leah, and Jacob (Genesis 49:31). Its importance lies in its role as the first piece of the promised land legally acquired by Abraham, serving as a tangible marker of God's covenant faithfulness. It symbolized their future inheritance and provided a physical link to the land God had sworn to give their descendants, fostering a sense of belonging and continuity even in death. It was a physical anchor for their spiritual hope.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Genesis 23:20, though seemingly a historical account of a land transaction, profoundly points forward to Christ and the spiritual inheritance He secures for His people. Abraham, a "stranger and sojourner" (Hebrews 11:13) in the promised land, meticulously purchases a permanent burial place, a tangible down payment on the greater inheritance. This foreshadows Christ's own temporary dwelling on earth as a sojourner, who, through His ultimate sacrifice, secured an eternal spiritual inheritance for all who believe. Just as Abraham's purchase "made sure" his possession of Machpelah, Christ's death and resurrection "made sure" our redemption and our place in God's eternal kingdom. We, who were once "aliens from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers to the covenants of promise" (Ephesians 2:12), are now, through Christ, "no longer strangers and aliens, but fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God" (Ephesians 2:19). The certainty of Abraham's physical possession in Machpelah mirrors the absolute certainty of the believer's spiritual inheritance in Christ, a reality "made sure" by His finished work on the cross and guaranteed by the Holy Spirit as a "guarantee of our inheritance" (Ephesians 1:14).