1 Chronicles 18:10

KJV

He sent Hadoram his son to king David, to enquire of his welfare, and to congratulate him, because he had fought against Hadarezer, and smitten him; (for Hadarezer had war with Tou;) and [with him] all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass.

KJV (with Strong's)

He sent {H7971} Hadoram {H1913} his son {H1121} to king {H4428} David {H1732}, to enquire {H7592} of his welfare {H7965}, and to congratulate {H1288} him, because he had fought {H3898} against Hadarezer {H1928}, and smitten {H5221} him;(for Hadarezer {H1928} had war {H376}{H4421} with Tou {H8583};) and with him all manner of vessels {H3627} of gold {H2091} and silver {H3701} and brass {H5178}.

Complete Jewish Bible

he sent Hadoram his son to King David to greet and congratulate him on fighting and defeating Hadar'ezer - for Hadar'ezer had been at war with To'u - and [he sent] all kinds of articles made of silver, gold and bronze,

Berean Standard Bible

he sent his son Hadoram to greet King David and bless him for fighting and defeating Hadadezer, who had been at war with Tou. Hadoram brought all kinds of articles of gold and silver and bronze,

American Standard Version

he sent Hadoram his son to king David, to salute him, and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadarezer and smitten him (for Hadarezer had wars with Tou); and he had with him all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 18:10 records a significant diplomatic exchange where Tou, King of Hamath, sent his son Hadoram to King David of Israel. This mission was twofold: to inquire about David's well-being and to congratulate him on his decisive victory over Hadarezer, King of Zobah. The verse highlights Tou's strategic motivation, noting Hadarezer had been an enemy of Hamath, and details the valuable gifts of gold, silver, and brass vessels that accompanied Hadoram. This event underscores David's growing regional dominance, the divine favor upon his reign, and the influx of wealth into his kingdom, a direct consequence of his military successes.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated within a pivotal section of 1 Chronicles (chapters 18-20) that meticulously details David's military conquests and the subsequent expansion and consolidation of his kingdom. Specifically, [1 Chronicles 18](/1_chronicles/18 "1 Chronicles 18 - David's Victories and Dominion") serves as a summary of David's major victories, beginning with the Philistines ([1 Chronicles 18:1](/1_chronicles/18-1 "1 Chronicles 18:1 - David Conquers Gath")), then Moab ([1 Chronicles 18:2](/1_chronicles/18-2 "1 Chronicles 18:2 - David Subdues Moab")), and most prominently, Hadarezer, King of Zobah ([1 Chronicles 18:3-8](/1_chronicles/18-3-8 "1 Chronicles 18:3-8 - David's Victory Over Hadarezer")). Verse 10 directly follows the account of Hadarezer's defeat, presenting a diplomatic consequence of David's military prowess. The narrative flow demonstrates how David's divinely-assisted victories (e.g., [1 Chronicles 18:6](/1_chronicles/18-6 "1 Chronicles 18:6 - The Lord Preserved David")) led to regional recognition and the acquisition of vast resources, which are then explicitly stated in [1 Chronicles 18:11](/1_chronicles/18-11 "1 Chronicles 18:11 - David Dedicates Spoils to the Lord") to have been dedicated to the Lord for the future Temple.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The ancient Near East was characterized by shifting alliances and power struggles among city-states and kingdoms. Military victories often led to significant geopolitical realignments. Hamath, ruled by King Tou (also known as Toi in 2 Samuel 8:9-10), was an Aramean kingdom located north of Zobah, Hadarezer's kingdom. The parenthetical note in verse 10, "(for Hadarezer had war with Tou;)", is crucial, revealing a pre-existing state of conflict between Hamath and Zobah. David's defeat of Hadarezer was thus a strategic boon for Tou, eliminating a formidable regional rival and creating an opportunity for Hamath to secure its northern border by aligning with the ascendant power of Israel. Sending one's son as an envoy, as Tou did with Hadoram, was a high honor in ancient diplomacy, signifying the importance of the mission and the desire for a strong, lasting relationship, often implying a form of vassalage or alliance. The exchange of valuable "vessels of gold and silver and brass" was a common practice for tribute or diplomatic gifts, signifying respect, honor, and often submission to a more powerful sovereign.
* **Key Themes:** This verse contributes to several significant themes within Chronicles. Firstly, it powerfully underscores the theme of **Divine Sovereignty and Favor** upon King David. His military successes are not merely human achievements but are consistently attributed to God's hand, leading to the expansion of Israel's influence and the accumulation of wealth. Tou's diplomatic overture is a direct consequence of God establishing David's kingdom. Secondly, the verse highlights **International Recognition and the Expansion of David's Sphere of Influence**. David's victories compelled even distant kings to acknowledge his power and seek his favor, demonstrating Israel's rising geopolitical prominence under his reign. Thirdly, it illustrates the pragmatic aspect of **Strategic Diplomacy and Seeking Peace**. Tou's actions were not simply congratulatory but a shrewd diplomatic maneuver to secure his kingdom's peace and potentially gain an ally against future threats, exemplifying the wisdom of seeking peace when it benefits one's people. Finally, the mention of "all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass" points to the **Accumulation of Wealth and Resources** into David's kingdom, much of which, as detailed in [1 Chronicles 18:11](/1_chronicles/18-11 "1 Chronicles 18:11 - David Dedicates Spoils to the Lord"), was dedicated for the future construction of the Temple, linking David's military and diplomatic success directly to God's ultimate redemptive purposes.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Son (Hebrew, _bên'_):** The word "son" (H1121, _bên_) refers to Hadoram, Tou's son, who was sent as an envoy. In ancient Near Eastern diplomacy, sending one's own son as an ambassador was a gesture of profound respect, trust, and the highest level of diplomatic seriousness. It indicated that the sender considered the relationship of paramount importance, worthy of entrusting his own heir with the mission, often signaling a desire for a strong, lasting alliance or even a vassal relationship.
* **Congratulate (Hebrew, _bârak'_):** The verb "to congratulate" (H1288, _bârak_) literally means "to bless" or "to kneel." In this context, it signifies an act of salutation, acknowledging and celebrating David's success and good fortune. It is an expression of respect and recognition for his achievements, effectively "blessing" or commending him for his victory over Hadarezer. This highlights the honor and deference shown to David by a foreign king, affirming his status as a divinely favored and powerful ruler.
* **Vessels (Hebrew, _kᵉlîy'_):** The term "vessels" (H3627, _kᵉlîy_) is a broad Hebrew word for any prepared apparatus, implement, utensil, or container. Here, it specifically denotes valuable objects made of "gold," "silver," and "brass," indicating items of tribute or diplomatic gifts. These were not mere household items but significant treasures, reflecting the wealth and status of the giver and the honor bestowed upon the recipient. Their explicit mention underscores the material benefit and prestige accruing to David's kingdom, signifying the tangible results of his military and diplomatic ascendancy.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"He sent Hadoram his son to king David, to enquire of his welfare, and to congratulate him,"**: This opening clause introduces the diplomatic initiative. Tou, the King of Hamath, dispatches his son, Hadoram, as a high-level envoy to King David. The dual purpose of the visit is immediately stated: "to enquire of his welfare" (a formal expression of goodwill, seeking to establish or confirm a state of peace and well-being) and "to congratulate him" (to acknowledge and celebrate David's recent military triumph). This sets the tone for a respectful and strategically motivated interaction from Tou's side.
* **"because he had fought against Hadarezer, and smitten him;"**: This part provides the explicit catalyst for Tou's diplomatic gesture. David's recent and decisive victory over Hadarezer, King of Zobah, is the direct reason. The verb "smitten" (Hebrew: _nakah_) implies a crushing defeat, highlighting the magnitude of David's military prowess and the significant impact of this victory on regional politics. Tou recognized David as the new dominant power in the region, necessitating a swift and respectful response.
* **"(for Hadarezer had war with Tou;)"**: This crucial parenthetical clause offers the underlying strategic motivation for Tou's actions. It reveals a pre-existing state of conflict between Hadarezer and Tou. David's victory effectively removed a common enemy for Hamath, turning a long-standing adversary into a strategic opportunity for peace and alliance with Israel. This demonstrates the geopolitical shrewdness behind Tou's seemingly benevolent act, securing his kingdom's peace and potentially gaining an ally.
* **"and [with him] all manner of vessels of gold and silver and brass."**: This final clause details the valuable diplomatic gifts accompanying Hadoram. The "vessels" were not mere symbolic tokens but significant treasures made of highly prized materials: gold, silver, and brass. The phrase "all manner of" suggests a variety of such items, emphasizing the richness and generosity of the gift. These gifts served to solidify the diplomatic bond, express honor, and likely acted as a form of tribute or initial payment to the rising power of David's kingdom, further enhancing Israel's wealth and prestige.

#### Literary Devices
1 Chronicles 18:10 employs several literary devices to enrich its narrative. The primary function of the verse within the broader chapter is as a **Political Narrative**, illustrating the far-reaching diplomatic consequences of David's military victories. The inclusion of the parenthetical clause, "(for Hadarezer had war with Tou;)", serves as a vital piece of **Explanatory Parenthesis**, providing the reader with crucial background information that clarifies Tou's motivations and the strategic significance of David's victory from Hamath's perspective. This device adds depth and context, transforming a simple congratulatory visit into a calculated geopolitical maneuver. Furthermore, the "vessels of gold and silver and brass" function as potent **Symbolism**, representing not only wealth and tribute but also the recognition, honor, and perhaps even the submission extended to David's burgeoning kingdom. They are tangible signs of David's established dominion and the material blessings that accompany God's favor upon his reign. The narrative also subtly uses **Irony** or **Poetic Justice** by showing how David's defeat of an enemy (Hadarezer) directly benefits another kingdom (Tou), turning a military conquest into a diplomatic opportunity for peace and alliance, demonstrating God's sovereign orchestration of events.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This verse powerfully illustrates how God's favor and blessing on His chosen servant, David, extended beyond military success to establish his kingdom's reputation and influence among nations. The tribute from Tou, King of Hamath, is a tangible manifestation of the Lord's promise to David that He would "cut off all your enemies from before you" ([1 Chronicles 17:8](/1_chronicles/17-8 "1 Chronicles 17:8 - God's Promise to David")). This diplomatic recognition underscores the divine hand in David's ascendancy, demonstrating that God orchestrates geopolitical events to fulfill His purposes, including the accumulation of resources that would eventually be dedicated to the building of His Temple. Tou's strategic response also highlights the wisdom of seeking peace and alliance with a divinely blessed power, reflecting a broader biblical principle of recognizing and aligning with God's work in the world.

* [Psalm 72:10-11](/psalm/72-10-11 "Psalm 72:10-11 - Kings Bring Tribute to the Righteous King")
* [Isaiah 60:6](/isaiah/60-6 "Isaiah 60:6 - Nations Bring Gifts to Zion")
* [Revelation 21:24](/revelation/21-24 "Revelation 21:24 - Nations Walk by the Light of the New Jerusalem")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
1 Chronicles 18:10 offers profound insights for contemporary believers, reminding us that when God blesses and empowers His people, the impact often extends far beyond our immediate sphere. David's faithfulness and God-given victories led to international recognition and the influx of resources, demonstrating how God can use our obedience and success to influence the world around us for His glory. This verse encourages us to consider the "ripple effects" of God's work in our lives – how our integrity, diligence, and God-given talents, when submitted to Him, can open doors for influence, peace, and the gathering of resources for God's kingdom purposes. It also underscores the importance of wise and peaceful diplomacy, even with those who may have been adversaries or strangers. Just as Tou recognized the strategic benefit of peace with David, we are called to be peacemakers and to seek harmonious relationships, recognizing that God can use such interactions to advance His kingdom and bring about unexpected blessings. Our "successes," when rooted in God's favor, are not merely for personal gain but are avenues through which God's light and influence can shine into the world, demonstrating His power and goodness to those who may not yet know Him.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How do you see God's favor manifesting in your life, and what "ripple effects" might that have on those around you, particularly in your community or workplace?**
* **In what areas of your life are you called to be a "peacemaker" or to engage in "wise diplomacy" to foster positive relationships, even with those who might be considered "adversaries" or competitors?**
* **How can you ensure that any "success" or "resources" God grants you are ultimately dedicated to His purposes, contributing to the building of His spiritual kingdom, as David did for the physical Temple?**
* **What does this verse teach us about God's sovereignty over nations and geopolitical events, and how does that understanding shape your prayers for the world?**

### FAQ
**Why did Tou send his son, Hadoram, specifically, and not just an envoy?**

Answer: Sending one's son as an envoy was a highly significant diplomatic gesture in the ancient Near East, signifying the utmost level of respect, trust, and the seriousness of the mission. It indicated that Tou considered the relationship with David to be of paramount importance, worthy of entrusting his own heir with the task. This act would have been understood as a strong desire for a lasting and honorable relationship, potentially even an alliance, rather than a mere formal greeting. It elevated the diplomatic exchange from a routine matter to a personal and weighty commitment between the two royal houses, aiming to secure long-term peace and stability for Hamath by aligning with the ascendant power of David's kingdom.

**What is the significance of the "vessels of gold and silver and brass"? Were they just gifts?**

Answer: The "vessels of gold and silver and brass" were more than just polite gifts; they were a form of tribute, a tangible acknowledgment of David's superior power and Tou's desire to secure peaceful relations, perhaps even a vassal relationship. In the ancient world, such valuable gifts served multiple purposes: expressing honor and goodwill, cementing treaties, and often signifying submission or alliance with a stronger power. For Tou, these gifts served to mitigate any potential threat from David and to secure his kingdom's peace, especially given his prior conflict with Hadarezer, David's defeated enemy. Furthermore, for David, these gifts, along with other spoils of war, contributed to the vast wealth that he would later dedicate for the construction of the Lord's Temple, as explicitly stated in [1 Chronicles 18:11](/1_chronicles/18-11 "1 Chronicles 18:11 - David Dedicates Spoils to the Lord").

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
1 Chronicles 18:10, in its depiction of David's kingdom receiving international recognition and tribute, beautifully foreshadows the ultimate, universal reign of Jesus Christ. David, as God's anointed king, established a kingdom of peace and expanded its borders through divine favor, receiving homage from foreign rulers. This earthly kingdom, however, was but a shadow of the eternal, spiritual kingdom of the Messiah. Just as kings brought gifts to David, the New Testament proclaims that all nations will ultimately come to acknowledge and worship Christ, bringing their glory and honor to Him. The prophet Isaiah envisioned a future where "the wealth of the nations shall come to you" ([Isaiah 60:5](/isaiah/60-5 "Isaiah 60:5 - The Wealth of Nations Comes to Zion")), and kings would "bring you their tribute" ([Isaiah 60:6](/isaiah/60-6 "Isaiah 60:6 - Nations Bring Gifts to Zion")). This finds its ultimate fulfillment in Christ, the true King of kings and Lord of lords, to whom "every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth" ([Philippians 2:10](/philippians/2-10 "Philippians 2:10 - Every Knee Shall Bow to Jesus")). The peace established by David through military victory points to the perfect and everlasting peace brought by the [Prince of Peace](/isaiah/9-6 "Isaiah 9:6 - Jesus, the Prince of Peace"), Jesus Christ, who achieved victory not through earthly conquest but through His sacrificial death and resurrection, overcoming sin and death itself. The wealth accumulated by David for the Temple prefigures the spiritual riches and the living stones that constitute the church, the spiritual temple built upon Christ, the chief cornerstone ([Ephesians 2:20-22](/ephesians/2-20-22 "Ephesians 2:20-22 - Christ the Cornerstone and the Church as a Temple")). Thus, Tou's tribute to David serves as a historical echo of the future universal homage paid to the Lord Jesus Christ, whose kingdom knows no end and whose peace transcends all understanding, drawing all peoples to Himself.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Samuel 8:10

Then Toi sent Joram his son unto king David, to salute him, and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadadezer, and smitten him: for Hadadezer had wars with Toi. And [Joram] brought with him vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and vessels of brass:

2 Chronicles 9:23

And all the kings of the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to hear his wisdom, that God had put in his heart.

2 Chronicles 9:24

And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and raiment, harness, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year.

Isaiah 39:1

¶ At that time Merodachbaladan, the son of Baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and a present to Hezekiah: for he had heard that he had been sick, and was recovered.

2 Chronicles 9:1

¶ And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon, she came to prove Solomon with hard questions at Jerusalem, with a very great company, and camels that bare spices, and gold in abundance, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart.