Daniel1

In the third year of Jehoiakim's reign, Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon besieged Jerusalem, and the Lord delivered King Jehoiakim and some temple vessels into his hand. The king then selected choice Israelite youths, including Daniel and his three companions, for three years of training in Chaldean learning and royal provisions. Daniel purposed not to defile himself with the king's meat and wine, requesting a diet of pulse and water instead. God blessed their faithfulness, granting them superior wisdom and knowledge, leading to their esteemed service before King Nebuchadnezzar.

Nebuchadnezzar Besieges Jerusalem

1
In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to Jerusalem, and besieged it. ​
2
The Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God; and he carried them into the land of Shinar to the house of his god: and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god. ​
3
The king spoke to Ashpenaz the master of his eunuchs, that he should bring in some of the children of Israel, even of the seed royal and of the nobles; ​
4
youths in whom was no defect, but well-favored, and skillful in all wisdom, and endowed with knowledge, and understanding science, and such as had ability to stand in the king’s palace; and that he should teach them the learning and the language of the Kasdim. ​
5
The king appointed for them a daily portion of the king’s dainties, and of the wine which he drank, and that they should be nourished three years; that at its end they should stand before the king. ​
6
Now among these were, of the children of Judah, Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah.
7
The prince of the eunuchs gave names to them: to Daniel he gave the name Belteshazzar; and to Hananiah, Shadrach; and to Mishael, Meshach; and to Azariah, Abednego. ​

Daniel Resolves Not to Defile Himself

8
But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the king’s dainties, nor with the wine which he drank: therefore he requested of the prince of the eunuchs that he might not defile himself. ​
9
Now God made Daniel to find kindness and compassion in the sight of the prince of the eunuchs. ​
10
The prince of the eunuchs said to Daniel, I fear my lord the king, who has appointed your food and your drink: for why should he see your faces worse looking than the youths who are of your own age? so would you endanger my head with the king.
11
Then Daniel said to the steward whom the prince of the eunuchs had appointed over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah:
12
Test your servants, I beg you, ten days; and let them give us vegetables to eat, and water to drink. ​
13
Then let our faces be looked on before you, and the face of the youths who eat of the king’s dainties; and as you see, deal with your servants.
14
So he listened to them in this matter, and proved them ten days.
15
At the end of ten days their faces appeared fairer, and they were fatter in flesh, than all the youths who ate of the king’s dainties. ​
16
So the steward took away their dainties, and the wine that they should drink, and gave them pulse.

God Grants Wisdom and Success

17
Now as for these four youths, God gave them knowledge and skill in all learning and wisdom: and Daniel had understanding in all visions and dreams. ​
18
At the end of the days which the king had appointed for bringing them in, the prince of the eunuchs brought them in before Nebuchadnezzar.
19
The king talked with them; and among them all was found no one like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: therefore stood they before the king.
20
In every matter of wisdom and understanding, concerning which the king inquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the magicians and enchanters who were in all his realm. ​
21
Daniel continued even to the first year of king Cyrus. ​

Study Notes for Daniel 1

Verse 1

This date (605 BC) marks the first of three major deportations of the Judeans to Babylon. The mention of Jehoiakim establishes the historical setting, fulfilling prophecies of judgment against Judah.

Verse 2

The phrase 'The Lord gave' is crucial, emphasizing the theological perspective that Nebuchadnezzar’s victory was not accidental but divinely orchestrated judgment. Shinar is the ancient name for Babylonia, recalling the rebellion at Babel (Gen. 11:2).

Verse 3

Nebuchadnezzar sought to integrate the best and brightest foreign captives into his administration. This process required complete assimilation, starting with their education and cultural identity.

Verse 4

The criteria reflect the Babylonian desire for complete intellectual and physical superiority in their servants. The goal of teaching them 'the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans' was to erase their Hebrew identity and loyalty.

Verse 5

Eating the king’s food and drinking his wine symbolized dependence on the Babylonian regime. Furthermore, this food was likely prepared contrary to Mosaic dietary laws or dedicated to Babylonian gods, posing a serious spiritual test.

Verse 7

The new names were a systematic attempt at cultural conversion. Daniel ('God is my judge') was renamed Belteshazzar ('Bel protect his life'), replacing names honoring Yahweh with names honoring Babylonian deities.

Verse 8

This is the pivotal verse, demonstrating Daniel's moral courage and commitment to the covenant despite being held captive. His 'purpose in his heart' shows personal resolve anchored in faith, initiating a conflict between God’s law and the king’s command.

Verse 9

The immediate success of Daniel’s request is attributed to divine favor, illustrating that God honors those who honor Him (1 Sam. 2:30) and can influence the hearts of even pagan officials.

Verse 12

Daniel suggests a test, demonstrating both faithfulness and wisdom. 'Pulse' (Heb. *zērō‘îm*) refers to vegetables, grains, or seeds, a simple diet that would ensure compliance with kosher standards and ritual purity.

Verse 15

The physical outcome confirms that God sustained them despite their adherence to a restrictive diet. This miracle underscores the principle that obedience to God does not result in disadvantage.

Verse 17

The narrative shifts from physical sustenance to intellectual gift. Their knowledge and skill are explicitly stated as God-given, proving that divine favor is the source of their success, not merely their education in Chaldean learning.

Verse 20

The phrase 'ten times better' signifies overwhelming superiority. They surpassed the specialized intellectual elite of Babylon (magicians and astrologers), positioning them for high office and influence.

Verse 21

This concluding note establishes Daniel’s longevity in service, which spanned the entire period of the Babylonian Empire and into the beginning of the Persian Empire (539 BC). This confirms his enduring importance and faithfulness.

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