2 Chronicles 35:21

KJV

But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? [I come] not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war: for God commanded me to make haste: forbear thee from [meddling with] God, who [is] with me, that he destroy thee not.

KJV (with Strong's)

But he sent {H7971} ambassadors {H4397} to him, saying {H559}, What have I to do with thee, thou king {H4428} of Judah {H3063}? I come not against thee this day {H3117}, but against the house {H1004} wherewith I have war {H4421}: for God {H430} commanded {H559} me to make haste {H926}: forbear {H2308} thee from meddling with God {H430}, who is with me, that he destroy {H7843} thee not.

Complete Jewish Bible

but N'kho sent envoys to him with this message: "Do I have a conflict with you, king of Y'hudah? No, I am not coming today to attack you, but to attack the dynasty with whom I am at war. God has ordered to speed me along; so don't meddle with God, who is with me; so that he won't destroy you."

Berean Standard Bible

But Neco sent messengers to him, saying, “What is the issue between you and me, O king of Judah? I have not come against you today, but I am fighting another dynasty. God told me to hurry; so stop opposing God, who is with me, or He will destroy you!”

American Standard Version

But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? I come not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war; and God hath commanded me to make haste: forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that he destroy thee not.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Second Chronicles 35:21 records the critical and ultimately tragic encounter between King Josiah of Judah and Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt. As Necho marched northward to aid the collapsing Assyrian Empire against the rising Babylonian threat, he sent an unambiguous message to Josiah, asserting that his campaign was not against Judah but was divinely ordained. Necho explicitly warned Josiah not to interfere with God's purposes, lest he face destruction. This pivotal verse sets the stage for Josiah's fatal decision to engage Necho in battle, despite the clear warning, leading to the untimely demise of one of Judah's most righteous kings.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is strategically placed immediately before the account of Josiah's death at the Battle of Megiddo in [2 Chronicles 35:22-24](/2_chronicles/35-22 "2 Chronicles 35:22-24 - Josiah's Fatal Battle"). It follows a detailed description of Josiah's extensive religious reforms and his magnificent celebration of the Passover, presented as the greatest Passover since the days of Samuel ([2 Chronicles 35:1-19](/2_chronicles/35-1 "2 Chronicles 35:1-19 - Josiah's Passover Celebration")). The Chronicler's emphasis on Josiah's piety and obedience in previous verses makes his decision to disregard Necho's warning, which is explicitly stated to be from God ([2 Chronicles 35:22](/2_chronicles/35-22 "2 Chronicles 35:22 - Josiah's Disregard for God's Warning")), particularly striking and tragic. This narrative sequence highlights the severe consequences of even a righteous king's disobedience, marking a turning point in Judah's history towards its eventual exile.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The late 7th century BC was a period of immense geopolitical upheaval in the ancient Near East. The once-dominant Assyrian Empire was in rapid decline, facing pressure from the burgeoning Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire. Egypt, under Pharaoh Necho II, sought to prevent Babylonian ascendancy and preserve a buffer state by supporting the remnants of Assyria. Necho's march through Judah was part of this strategic effort, aiming to join forces with the Assyrians at Carchemish. Josiah, perhaps driven by a desire to reassert Judah's independence from foreign powers or to prevent the resurgence of Assyrian influence, chose to intercept Necho at Megiddo, a strategically significant plain. The cultural understanding of "God" in Necho's statement is crucial; while he was a pagan ruler, the Chronicler presents his warning as genuinely divinely inspired, indicating God's ability to use any instrument to communicate His will, even those who do not worship Him directly.
* **Key Themes:** The central themes embedded in [2 Chronicles 35:21](/2_chronicles/35-21 "2 Chronicles 35:21 - Pharaoh Necho's Warning to Josiah") include **Divine Sovereignty**, demonstrating God's ultimate control over international affairs and even pagan rulers, as Necho explicitly states, "God commanded me to make haste." Another prominent theme is the **Consequences of Disobedience**, even for a devout king like Josiah. His failure to heed a clear divine warning, regardless of its unexpected source, leads directly to his untimely death and sets Judah on a path of decline, underscoring the gravity of acting outside God's revealed will. Furthermore, the passage highlights the importance of **Discerning God's Will from Unexpected Sources**, challenging the assumption that divine communication is limited to traditional prophets or direct revelation to Israelite leaders. It serves as a stark reminder that God's voice can emerge from surprising channels, demanding humility and careful discernment from His people.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **What have I to do with thee? (Hebrew, _mah li valach_):** This is a common biblical idiom (מַה־לִּי וָלָךְ) expressing a desire for separation, non-involvement, or a strong objection to interference. It conveys Necho's clear intention that his conflict was not with Judah and that Josiah's intervention was unwarranted and unwelcome. It's an emphatic plea for Josiah to stay out of a matter that did not concern him.
* **God commanded me (Hebrew, _Elohim amar li_):** The use of אֱלֹהִים (*Elohim*), the general Hebrew term for God, is significant. While Necho, as an Egyptian pharaoh, would have worshipped his own deities, the Chronicler's subsequent narrative ([2 Chronicles 35:22](/2_chronicles/35-22 "2 Chronicles 35:22 - Josiah's Refusal to Heed God's Word")) affirms that this was indeed a message from the God of Israel. This underscores God's sovereignty over all nations and His ability to speak through any channel, even through those who do not explicitly acknowledge Him as Yahweh.
* **meddling with God (Hebrew, _teḥdal l'kha me'Elohim_):** The phrase תֶּחְדַּל לְךָ מֵאֱלֹהִים literally means "cease for yourself from God" or "refrain from God." It's a powerful warning against opposing a divine directive or interfering with God's work. Necho is essentially telling Josiah that by engaging him, Josiah would be fighting against God Himself, who was guiding Necho's actions. This carries a severe implication of divine judgment for such opposition.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah?":** This opening establishes Necho's initiative to communicate directly with Josiah, indicating a desire to avoid conflict with Judah. The rhetorical question, "What have I to do with thee?" is a forceful declaration that Necho's purpose does not involve Josiah or his kingdom, signaling a clear boundary and a plea for non-interference.
* **"[I come] not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war:":** Necho clarifies his military objective, explicitly stating that his campaign is not directed at Judah. The "house wherewith I have war" refers to the remnants of the Assyrian Empire and, by extension, the rising Babylonian power at Carchemish. This statement is a direct attempt to de-escalate any perceived threat to Judah and to explain the true nature of his northward march.
* **"for God commanded me to make haste:":** This is a crucial claim by Necho, providing a divine justification for his urgent military movement. Whether Necho believed his own gods or the God of Israel had commanded him, the Chronicler's perspective confirms this was indeed a message from the true God, highlighting God's sovereign hand in geopolitical events and His ability to use unexpected instruments to achieve His purposes.
* **"forbear thee from [meddling with] God, who [is] with me, that he destroy thee not.":** This is the direct and potent warning. Necho urges Josiah to desist from interfering with a divinely sanctioned mission. The phrase "God, who is with me" implies divine endorsement and protection for Necho's campaign, while the chilling consequence "that he destroy thee not" serves as a severe warning of the fatal outcome if Josiah chooses to oppose God's will.

#### Literary Devices
The Chronicler employs several potent literary devices in [2 Chronicles 35:21](/2_chronicles/35-21 "2 Chronicles 35:21 - Pharaoh Necho's Warning"). Most notably, there is profound **Irony** in God's clear warning to His chosen king, Josiah, being delivered through a pagan pharaoh. This unexpected channel for divine communication underscores God's universal sovereignty and challenges human assumptions about how God reveals His will. The verse also serves as a strong element of **Foreshadowing**, as Necho's explicit warning of destruction ("that he destroy thee not") directly predicts Josiah's tragic demise in the subsequent verses. This creates **Dramatic Irony**, as the reader is aware of Josiah's fate, making his decision to ignore the warning all the more poignant and regrettable. Furthermore, the entire interaction implicitly highlights the theme of **Divine Sovereignty**, portraying God as actively orchestrating events on the world stage, even through the actions and words of non-believers, to achieve His ultimate purposes.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
The profound theological implication of [2 Chronicles 35:21](/2_chronicles/35-21 "2 Chronicles 35:21 - Pharaoh Necho's Warning") is God's absolute sovereignty, extending even to the hearts and actions of pagan rulers and the outcomes of international conflicts. God's ability to communicate His will through an unexpected source like Pharaoh Necho underscores that His purposes transcend human limitations and religious boundaries. Josiah's tragic failure to discern and obey this divine warning, despite his otherwise exemplary piety, serves as a powerful reminder that even the most righteous individuals are not immune to the consequences of disobedience. It highlights the critical importance of humility and discernment in recognizing God's voice, regardless of the messenger, and the severe repercussions of resisting His revealed will.

* [Numbers 22:28](/numbers/22-28 "Numbers 22:28 - God Speaks Through Balaam's Donkey")
* [Isaiah 45:1](/isaiah/45-1 "Isaiah 45:1 - God Calls Cyrus His Anointed")
* [Proverbs 16:1](/proverbs/16-1 "Proverbs 16:1 - The Lord Directs Our Steps")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The account of Josiah's fatal encounter with Pharaoh Necho in [2 Chronicles 35:21](/2_chronicles/35-21 "2 Chronicles 35:21 - Pharaoh Necho's Warning") provides timeless lessons for believers today. It challenges us to cultivate a profound sense of spiritual discernment, recognizing that God is not limited to speaking through conventional channels. His voice can emerge from surprising sources, even those we might initially dismiss as secular or unspiritual. This requires humility to listen beyond our preconceived notions and a willingness to test every word against the consistent revelation of Scripture and the inner witness of the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, Josiah's tragic end underscores the paramount importance of obedience to God's revealed will, even when it seems counterintuitive or clashes with our own plans and desires. Our zeal, no matter how well-intentioned, must always be submitted to divine wisdom. The narrative also encourages us to consider whether we are engaging in "wars" that are not ours to fight, or interfering with God's sovereign work in situations where He has not called us to intervene. True wisdom lies in discerning God's path and aligning our steps with His, rather than "meddling with God" in ways that could lead to spiritual or personal destruction.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what unexpected ways or through what surprising individuals might God be trying to communicate with me today?**
* **Am I prone to dismiss divine warnings if they come from sources I don't typically associate with God's voice?**
* **Where in my life might my own good intentions or zeal be leading me to act outside of God's clear (even if indirect) instruction?**
* **Are there any "battles" I am fighting that God has not called me to, and how might I discern when to "forbear meddling"?**

### FAQ
**Why did King Josiah, a righteous king, disregard what was clearly a divine warning?**

Answer: The text does not explicitly state Josiah's motives, but several factors may have contributed to his fatal decision. Despite his piety and reforms, Josiah may have been driven by a combination of geopolitical ambition, a desire to assert Judah's independence from foreign powers, or a misinterpretation of God's will. He might have seen the Assyrian-Egyptian conflict as an opportunity to weaken the regional powers and secure Judah's position. It's also possible that, having successfully led a great revival, he felt a sense of invincibility or failed to seek direct divine counsel for this specific military engagement, relying instead on his own strategic judgment. The Chronicler simply states that Josiah "would not turn his face from him, but disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and hearkened not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God" ([2 Chronicles 35:22](/2_chronicles/35-22 "2 Chronicles 35:22 - Josiah's Disobedience and Death")), emphasizing his disobedience rather than his reasoning.

**How could a pagan ruler like Pharaoh Necho speak words that were truly from God?**

Answer: God's sovereignty extends over all creation, including nations and their rulers, whether they acknowledge Him or not. The Bible frequently demonstrates God using pagan kings and empires as instruments to accomplish His purposes, even if those rulers are unaware of it or attribute their success to their own deities. For example, God calls Cyrus the Great His "anointed" in [Isaiah 45:1](/isaiah/45-1 "Isaiah 45:1 - God's Anointed Cyrus"), using him to facilitate the return of the exiles. Similarly, God used Pharaoh Necho to deliver a warning to Josiah. This highlights that God's communication is not limited to His covenant people or traditional prophets; He can speak through any channel He chooses to convey His will and uphold His plans, demonstrating His absolute control over human history.

**What was the "house wherewith I have war" that Necho referred to?**

Answer: The "house wherewith I have war" refers to the remnants of the Assyrian Empire, which was rapidly collapsing under the assault of the rising Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire. Pharaoh Necho's objective was to march northward to the Euphrates River, specifically to Carchemish, to assist the Assyrians against the Babylonians. Egypt sought to prevent the complete dominance of Babylon, viewing a weakened Assyria as a preferable buffer state. Necho's campaign was a strategic move to maintain a balance of power in the ancient Near East, not an act of aggression against Judah. Josiah's decision to intercept him at Megiddo was therefore an intervention in a conflict that did not directly involve Judah's immediate security.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The tragic narrative of Josiah's disobedience in [2 Chronicles 35:21](/2_chronicles/35-21 "2 Chronicles 35:21 - Pharaoh Necho's Warning") finds its ultimate fulfillment and resolution in the person and work of Jesus Christ. Josiah, despite being one of Judah's most righteous kings, ultimately failed to perfectly discern and obey God's will, leading to his own death and the accelerated decline of his kingdom. This highlights the inherent limitations of even the best human kings and their inability to perfectly fulfill God's purposes. In stark contrast, Jesus Christ is the true and perfect King, the ultimate Son of David, who perfectly embodies obedience to the Father's will. Unlike Josiah, who "hearkened not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God" ([2 Chronicles 35:22](/2_chronicles/35-22 "2 Chronicles 35:22 - Josiah's Disobedience")), Jesus consistently declared, "I always do what pleases him" ([John 8:29](/john/8-29 "John 8:29 - Jesus Always Pleases the Father")). He did not "meddle" with God's plan but fully embraced it, even to the point of death on the cross, becoming the [Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God"). The warning to "forbear thee from meddling with God" finds its most profound application in the call to surrender to God's sovereign plan of salvation through Christ. He is the one through whom God's ultimate purposes for humanity are perfectly achieved, bringing about a kingdom that will never end, unlike the earthly kingdom of Judah which suffered greatly from its king's disobedience ([Luke 1:33](/luke/1-33 "Luke 1:33 - Christ's Eternal Kingdom")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Kings 18:25

Am I now come up without the LORD against this place to destroy it? The LORD said to me, Go up against this land, and destroy it.

2 Chronicles 25:19

Thou sayest, Lo, thou hast smitten the Edomites; and thine heart lifteth thee up to boast: abide now at home; why shouldest thou meddle to [thine] hurt, that thou shouldest fall, [even] thou, and Judah with thee?

John 2:4

Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come.

Isaiah 36:10

And am I now come up without the LORD against this land to destroy it? the LORD said unto me, Go up against this land, and destroy it.

Matthew 8:29

And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us before the time?

2 Samuel 16:10

And the king said, What have I to do with you, ye sons of Zeruiah? so let him curse, because the LORD hath said unto him, Curse David. Who shall then say, Wherefore hast thou done so?