1 Chronicles 16:3

KJV

And he dealt to every one of Israel, both man and woman, to every one a loaf of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon [of wine].

KJV (with Strong's)

And he dealt {H2505} to every one {H376} of Israel {H3478}, both man {H376} and woman {H802}, to every one {H376} a loaf {H3603} of bread {H3899}, and a good piece of flesh {H829}, and a flagon {H809} of wine.

Complete Jewish Bible

Then he distributed to everyone in Isra'el, to everyone there, both men and women, a loaf of bread, a portion of meat and a raisin cake.

Berean Standard Bible

Then he distributed to every man and woman of Israel a loaf of bread, a date cake, and a raisin cake.

American Standard Version

And he dealt to every one of Israel, both man and woman, to every one a loaf of bread, and a portion of flesh, and a cake of raisins.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 16:3 details King David's generous and inclusive provision for all the people of Israel—men and women alike—following the joyous and momentous occasion of bringing the Ark of the Covenant into Jerusalem. This act of widespread distribution, offering each individual a loaf of bread, a portion of meat, and a sweet cake, served as the culmination of the national celebration, underscoring God's abundant blessing, David's pastoral care for his flock, and the communal joy associated with the establishment of God's presence in the capital city.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated immediately after the grand and pivotal event of the Ark of the Covenant's relocation to Jerusalem, as described in [1 Chronicles 16:1-2](/1_chronicles/16-1 "1 Chronicles 16:1-2 - The Ark Brought to Jerusalem and Sacrifices Offered"). The preceding verses highlight the extensive burnt offerings and peace offerings made before the Lord, signifying dedication and reconciliation. David's blessing of the people in the name of the Lord (1 Chronicles 16:2) sets the stage for his subsequent act of material provision. The distribution of food and drink (or sweet cakes) serves as a tangible expression of the covenant blessings and the peace that God had established with His people, marking the end of a profound national worship experience and the beginning of a new era with the Ark centrally located in Jerusalem. This generosity reinforces David's role as a benevolent king who mirrors God's own provision.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The bringing of the Ark to Jerusalem was a monumental event, signifying the establishment of God's dwelling place in the capital and solidifying Jerusalem's status as the spiritual and political heart of Israel. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, large-scale feasting and distribution of food were common elements of major celebrations, religious festivals, and covenant renewals, often symbolizing prosperity, peace, and the king's beneficence. Peace offerings, specifically, involved portions of the sacrificed animal being returned to the worshipper for a communal meal, symbolizing fellowship with God and with one another. David's actions align with this cultural practice, transforming a religious ceremony into a nationwide feast, ensuring that every individual, regardless of social standing, could partake in the joy and abundance. This act also served to unify the diverse tribes under David's leadership and God's covenant.
* **Key Themes:** The distribution of provisions in [1 Chronicles 16:3](/1_chronicles/16-3 "1 Chronicles 16:3 - David's Provision for Israel") powerfully illustrates several key themes prevalent in Chronicles. Firstly, it highlights **Divine Provision and Abundance**, mirroring God's faithfulness in sustaining His people, as seen throughout the wilderness wanderings and the promise of a land flowing with milk and honey ([Deuteronomy 8:7-10](/deuteronomy/8 "Deuteronomy 8 - Remember the Lord Your God")). Secondly, it emphasizes **Celebration and Joy in Worship**, demonstrating that worship is not merely ritualistic but a holistic experience involving profound communal rejoicing and thanksgiving for God's presence and blessings. Thirdly, the phrase "every one of Israel, both man and woman" underscores **Inclusivity and Unity**, showcasing David's desire for all members of the covenant community to share equally in the blessings and joy, fostering a sense of national solidarity under God's rule. This act of generosity also reflects David's **Pastoral Kingship**, portraying him as a shepherd who cares for the physical as well as spiritual well-being of his flock, a motif central to understanding his reign, much like the ideal shepherd described in [Psalm 23](/psalm/23 "Psalm 23 - The Lord is My Shepherd").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Dealt (Hebrew, _ḥāleq'_):** This verb means "to divide," "to apportion," or "to distribute." It implies a deliberate and systematic act of sharing, ensuring that each individual receives an equitable portion. In this context, it emphasizes David's intentional and organized generosity, not a haphazard giving, but a structured distribution to every single person, signifying the thoroughness of his care and the universality of the blessing.
* **Good piece of flesh (Hebrew, _ʾešpār'_):** This phrase refers to a substantial, choice portion of meat, likely from the peace offerings that had just been sacrificed. The word _ʾešpār_ suggests a generous and desirable cut, not merely scraps. Its inclusion indicates a feast of quality and abundance, reinforcing the celebratory atmosphere and the richness of God's provision being shared among the people.
* **Flagon (Hebrew, _ʾăšîšāh'_):** While the KJV translates this as "flagon [of wine]," scholarly consensus, based on other biblical occurrences (e.g., [Song of Solomon 2:5](/song_of_solomon/2-5 "Song of Solomon 2:5 - Sustain Me with Raisins") and [Hosea 3:1](/hosea/3-1 "Hosea 3:1 - Love for an Adulteress")), indicates _ʾăšîšāh_ refers to a "raisin cake" or "sweet cake." These cakes were often pressed from dried fruits, particularly raisins, and were associated with festive occasions, offerings, and expressions of love or comfort. This suggests a dense, sweet food item rather than a liquid, emphasizing the provision of substantial, celebratory, and delightful nourishment.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And he dealt to every one of Israel, both man and woman":** This opening clause highlights the universal and inclusive nature of David's generosity. The phrase "every one of Israel" emphasizes that no one was excluded, and the specific mention of "both man and woman" further underscores the comprehensive scope of the distribution, ensuring that the entire community, irrespective of gender or status, participated in the blessing and celebration. This demonstrates David's commitment to the well-being and unity of his entire kingdom.
* **"to every one a loaf of bread":** The provision of "a loaf of bread" signifies the basic, essential sustenance provided to each individual. Bread was a staple food in ancient Israel, representing daily provision and life itself. Its inclusion ensures that the fundamental needs of every person were met, symbolizing God's faithfulness in providing for His people's daily sustenance, even amidst grand celebrations.
* **"and a good piece of flesh":** This phrase indicates the provision of a substantial and choice portion of meat. As discussed in the Key Word Analysis, this was likely from the peace offerings, symbolizing fellowship with God and communal feasting. The "good piece" emphasizes the quality and generosity of the provision, transforming a simple meal into a celebratory feast, reflecting the abundance of God's blessings.
* **"and a flagon [of wine]":** As elucidated in the Key Word Analysis, this is more accurately understood as "a raisin cake" or "sweet cake." The inclusion of this sweet delicacy further underscores the festive and celebratory nature of the occasion. It represents a special treat, a symbol of joy and abundance beyond mere sustenance, contributing to the overall sense of delight and thanksgiving for God's presence and favor.

#### Literary Devices
The verse employs several literary devices to convey its meaning and impact. **Repetition** is evident in the phrase "to every one," which appears twice, emphasizing the comprehensive and universal nature of David's distribution, ensuring no one was left out. This repetition underscores the king's thoroughness and the inclusivity of the celebration. **Symbolism** is also at play, as the bread, meat, and sweet cake are not merely food items but symbolize divine provision, covenant fellowship (from peace offerings), and the joy and sweetness of God's presence. The act of sharing these provisions becomes a tangible **metonymy** for the peace, unity, and abundance that God had bestowed upon Israel through the Ark's arrival and David's leadership. Furthermore, the sheer scale of the distribution, implied by "every one of Israel," suggests a form of **hyperbole** to convey the immense generosity and the national scope of the rejoicing.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
1 Chronicles 16:3 beautifully illustrates the theological principle that spiritual blessings often manifest in tangible, material provision and communal joy. David's act of generosity, stemming from a moment of profound worship and the establishment of God's presence, mirrors God's own character as the ultimate provider who delights in blessing His people abundantly. This passage reminds us that true worship is holistic, encompassing both spiritual devotion and practical care for one another, fostering a community where all are valued and nourished. The emphasis on universal provision foreshadows the inclusive nature of God's kingdom, where all who come are welcomed to the feast.

* [2 Samuel 6:19](/2_samuel/6-19 "2 Samuel 6:19 - Parallel Account of David's Provision")
* [Deuteronomy 12:12](/deuteronomy/12-12 "Deuteronomy 12:12 - Rejoicing Before the Lord")
* [Nehemiah 8:10](/nehemiah/8-10 "Nehemiah 8:10 - Sharing During Celebration")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
This verse offers a powerful model for leadership and community within the faith. David's generosity, flowing from a heart of worship and gratitude for God's presence, teaches us the importance of sharing our blessings, both material and spiritual, with those around us. It's a call to cultivate an inclusive community where everyone feels valued, seen, and provided for, reflecting the boundless love and provision of God. In a world often marked by scarcity and exclusion, the image of David ensuring "every one of Israel, both man and woman" received a share challenges believers to actively seek out and meet the needs of others, fostering genuine fellowship and demonstrating the tangible reality of God's kingdom. Our celebrations of God's goodness should naturally overflow into acts of kindness and generosity, making His presence known through our care for one another.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does David's generosity in this verse challenge my own understanding and practice of sharing my resources and blessings with others?**
* **In what ways can my community or church foster a more inclusive environment where "every one" feels valued and provided for, reflecting the spirit of this passage?**
* **How can I allow moments of spiritual blessing and gratitude in my life to naturally lead to tangible acts of generosity and care for those around me?**

### FAQ
**Why was David so generous in his provision for the people?**

Answer: David's generosity was multifaceted, stemming from both spiritual devotion and shrewd leadership. Spiritually, it was an outpouring of thanksgiving and joy for God's faithfulness in allowing the Ark, symbolizing God's presence, to be brought to Jerusalem. This act of provision was a tangible expression of worship, mirroring God's own character as a provider. From a leadership perspective, it served to unify the nation, solidifying Jerusalem's new status as the spiritual and political capital. By ensuring "every one of Israel, both man and woman" received a share, David fostered a sense of communal participation, peace, and shared blessing, reinforcing his role as a benevolent king who cared for all his subjects. This act transformed a religious ceremony into a national celebration, creating a lasting positive impression and strengthening the bonds between the king and his people, much like the shared meals of covenant renewal seen elsewhere in Israel's history (e.g., [Exodus 24:11](/exodus/24-11 "Exodus 24:11 - Eating and Drinking in God's Presence")).

**What is the significance of the "flagon [of wine]" mentioned in the KJV translation?**

Answer: The KJV translation of "flagon [of wine]" for the Hebrew word _ʾăšîšāh_ is widely considered a mistranslation by modern scholarship. Based on other biblical contexts (e.g., [Song of Solomon 2:5](/song_of_solomon/2-5 "Song of Solomon 2:5 - Sustain Me with Raisins") and [Hosea 3:1](/hosea/3-1 "Hosea 3:1 - Love for an Adulteress")), _ʾăšîšāh_ is more accurately translated as a "raisin cake" or "sweet cake." These were dense, sweet cakes, often made from pressed dried fruits, particularly raisins. Their significance lies in their association with festive occasions, celebrations, and sometimes cultic offerings. Therefore, David was providing not just essential sustenance (bread and meat) but also a special, delightful treat, further emphasizing the joyous and abundant nature of the celebration surrounding the Ark's arrival. This correction highlights the academic rigor required in biblical interpretation and enriches our understanding of the celebratory atmosphere.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
1 Chronicles 16:3, with its depiction of David's generous provision for all Israel, serves as a beautiful foreshadowing of the ultimate and infinitely more abundant provision offered by Jesus Christ. David, as a king and shepherd, provides physical sustenance for a temporary celebration, but Christ, the true [Son of David](/matthew/1-1 "Matthew 1:1 - Genealogy of Jesus"), offers spiritual and eternal sustenance for all who believe. He declares Himself the [Bread of Life](/john/6-35 "John 6:35 - Jesus, the Bread of Life"), promising that those who come to Him will never hunger. Just as the peace offerings provided meat for communal feasting, symbolizing fellowship with God, Christ's ultimate sacrifice on the cross establishes a new covenant, inviting all to partake in the [feast of His body and blood](/luke/22-19 "Luke 22:19 - Institution of the Lord's Supper"), signifying deep fellowship and reconciliation with God. The inclusivity of David's distribution to "every one of Israel, both man and woman," finds its perfect fulfillment in Christ, who breaks down all barriers of gender, status, or ethnicity, welcoming [all who believe](/galatians/3-28 "Galatians 3:28 - Equality in Christ") into His kingdom. He is the ultimate host, preparing a [heavenly banquet](/revelation/19-9 "Revelation 19:9 - The Marriage Supper of the Lamb") where His people will feast eternally on His boundless grace and love, a provision far surpassing any earthly bread, meat, or sweet cake.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Ezekiel 45:17

And it shall be the prince's part [to give] burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and drink offerings, in the feasts, and in the new moons, and in the sabbaths, in all solemnities of the house of Israel: he shall prepare the sin offering, and the meat offering, and the burnt offering, and the peace offerings, to make reconciliation for the house of Israel.

Nehemiah 8:10

Then he said unto them, Go your way, eat the fat, and drink the sweet, and send portions unto them for whom nothing is prepared: for [this] day [is] holy unto our Lord: neither be ye sorry; for the joy of the LORD is your strength.

1 Peter 4:9

Use hospitality one to another without grudging.

2 Chronicles 35:7

And Josiah gave to the people, of the flock, lambs and kids, all for the passover offerings, for all that were present, to the number of thirty thousand, and three thousand bullocks: these [were] of the king's substance.

2 Chronicles 35:8

And his princes gave willingly unto the people, to the priests, and to the Levites: Hilkiah and Zechariah and Jehiel, rulers of the house of God, gave unto the priests for the passover offerings two thousand and six hundred [small cattle], and three hundred oxen.

2 Chronicles 30:24

For Hezekiah king of Judah did give to the congregation a thousand bullocks and seven thousand sheep; and the princes gave to the congregation a thousand bullocks and ten thousand sheep: and a great number of priests sanctified themselves.