Joshua 19:30

KJV

Ummah also, and Aphek, and Rehob: twenty and two cities with their villages.

KJV (with Strong's)

Ummah {H5981} also, and Aphek {H663}, and Rehob {H7340}: twenty {H6242} and two {H8147} cities {H5892} with their villages {H2691}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Also included were 'Umah, Afek and Rechov - twenty cities, together with their villages.

Berean Standard Bible

Ummah, Aphek, and Rehob. There were twenty-two cities, along with their villages.

American Standard Version

Ummah also, and Aphek, and Rehob: twenty and two cities with their villages.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Joshua 19:30 concludes the detailed enumeration of cities allotted to the tribe of Asher, specifying "Ummah also, and Aphek, and Rehob: twenty and two cities with their villages." This verse, seemingly a mere geographical list, powerfully underscores God's meticulous faithfulness in fulfilling His ancient covenant promises to Israel by precisely distributing the Promised Land, ensuring each tribe received its distinct and comprehensive inheritance, down to the smallest dependent settlements.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Joshua 19:30 is situated within the lengthy and crucial section of the book of Joshua (chapters 13-21) that details the division of the land of Canaan among the twelve tribes of Israel. Following the initial military conquests, this phase marks the transition from nomadic wandering and warfare to settled nationhood. Specifically, chapter 19 outlines the territories assigned by lot to Simeon, Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dan. Verse 30 serves as the concluding summary statement for the cities allocated to the tribe of Asher, bringing closure to their specific territorial description before moving on to Naphtali's inheritance. The meticulous listing, characteristic of this entire section, emphasizes the thoroughness and divine orchestration of the land distribution process, which was overseen by Joshua and Eleazar the priest, as established in [Joshua 18:1](/joshua/18-1 "Joshua 18:1 - The Assembly at Shiloh and Land Division").
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The division of the land by lot was a culturally significant act in ancient Israel, symbolizing divine sovereignty and equitable distribution. It fulfilled the promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob centuries earlier, particularly the covenant in [Genesis 12:7](/genesis/12-7 "Genesis 12:7 - God's Promise of Land to Abraham"). The specific location of Asher's territory in the northern coastal plain, stretching from Mount Carmel northward, placed them in a region of fertile land and important trade routes. However, this also meant they bordered powerful Phoenician cities like Tyre and Sidon, presenting ongoing challenges for complete possession, as noted in [Judges 1:31-32](/judges/1-31 "Judges 1:31-32 - Asher's Failure to Dispossess"). The inclusion of "villages" alongside cities reflects the common settlement patterns of the time, where smaller, unwalled communities were economically and administratively tied to larger, fortified urban centers.
* **Key Themes:** This verse, like the broader land division narrative, highlights several profound themes. Firstly, it is a powerful testament to **Divine Faithfulness**, demonstrating God's unwavering commitment to His covenant promises. The detailed enumeration of every city and village confirms that [not one word of all the good promises the Lord had made failed](/joshua/21-45 "Joshua 21:45 - God's Promises Fulfilled"). Secondly, it underscores God's **Order and Precision** in His dealings with humanity. The meticulous accounting of "twenty and two cities" reveals a divine plan that is neither haphazard nor incomplete, but perfectly organized and thoroughly executed. Thirdly, it reinforces the concept of **Tribal Identity and Inheritance**, showing how each tribe received a distinct and specific portion, contributing to their unique place and responsibility within the burgeoning nation of Israel. This physical inheritance served as a tangible sign of their identity and God's provision.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Ummah (אֻמָּה, _’ummah'_):** This place name, though obscure in its precise modern identification, signifies one of the specific towns allotted to Asher. The inclusion of such a seemingly minor or less-known location within the official count emphasizes the comprehensive and exhaustive nature of God's land distribution, ensuring every designated parcel was accounted for.
* **Aphek (אֲפֵק, _’apheq'_):** Meaning "fortress" or "stronghold," Aphek was a common place name in ancient Israel, indicating a fortified or strategic location. The Aphek mentioned here is distinct from others (e.g., in Sharon or near Jezreel) and refers to a city within Asher's northern territory, likely important for defense or trade. Its inclusion highlights the strategic value of the land allotted to Asher.
* **Villages (חֲצֵרִים, _ḥaṣerim'_):** This plural term refers to the unwalled settlements, hamlets, or outlying communities that were dependent upon or associated with a larger, fortified city. The explicit mention of "villages" alongside "cities" indicates that the total count of "twenty and two" was a comprehensive enumeration, encompassing not just major urban centers but also their surrounding satellite communities, underscoring the completeness of the inheritance.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Ummah also, and Aphek, and Rehob:"**: This clause lists three specific cities that were part of the inheritance for the tribe of Asher. These names, though perhaps not as prominent as others in biblical history, represent tangible geographical locations within Asher's designated territory. Their inclusion signifies the concrete fulfillment of God's promise to provide a land for His people, down to the very names of the places they would inhabit.
* **"twenty and two cities with their villages."**: This concluding phrase provides the precise numerical summary of Asher's inheritance. The exact count of "twenty and two cities" (along with their dependent "villages") underscores the meticulous and divinely ordered nature of the land distribution. It serves as a final, authoritative statement confirming the completeness and specificity of Asher's allotment, leaving no ambiguity about the extent of their granted territory.

#### Literary Devices
Joshua 19:30 primarily employs **Enumeration**, a literary device characterized by the listing of items, in this case, the specific cities and their total count. This meticulous listing is not merely for geographical record-keeping but serves a theological purpose, emphasizing the divine **Order** and precision in God's fulfillment of His promises. The repetition of such detailed lists throughout Joshua 13-19 creates a sense of thoroughness and legal finality, reinforcing the concept of God's unwavering faithfulness. The verse also carries **Symbolism**; the physical land, meticulously divided and counted, symbolizes God's comprehensive provision and the tangible nature of His covenant blessings, a pattern that points to future spiritual realities.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Joshua 19:30, while seemingly a dry list, is deeply theological. It stands as a powerful testament to God's unwavering faithfulness and meticulous attention to detail in fulfilling His covenant promises. The precise enumeration of cities and villages for Asher, like for all tribes, demonstrates that God's word is not vague but concrete, specific, and fully realized. This divine precision in land distribution foreshadows the certainty of God's spiritual provisions for His people, assuring us that every promise He makes will be brought to fruition. It reminds us that God's plan is comprehensive, leaving no detail overlooked, and that His inheritance for His people is complete and secure.

* [Joshua 21:45](/joshua/21-45 "Joshua 21:45 - God's Promises Fulfilled")
* [Ephesians 1:11](/ephesians/1-11 "Ephesians 1:11 - Our Spiritual Inheritance in Christ")
* [Numbers 26:52-56](/numbers/26-52 "Numbers 26:52-56 - Land Divided by Lot")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The meticulous detail of Joshua 19:30, recording every city and even its dependent "villages," offers profound encouragement for our faith today. Just as God precisely and faithfully allocated every inch of the Promised Land to His people, He meticulously plans and provides for every aspect of our lives. This verse calls us to trust in God's specific and comprehensive provision, knowing that His faithfulness extends to the minutiae of our existence, not just the grand narratives. It encourages us to embrace our spiritual inheritance in Christ, which is far more glorious and enduring than any physical territory, understanding that God's promises to us are equally concrete and will be fully realized. We are reminded that our identity and security are found in God's precise and perfect plan for us, enabling us to rest in His sovereign care for every "city" and "village" of our journey.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does the meticulous detail of God's land distribution in Joshua 19:30 encourage your trust in His specific plans for your life?**
* **In what ways does understanding Israel's physical inheritance help you grasp the richness of your spiritual inheritance in Christ?**
* **What "villages" or seemingly small details in your life can you entrust to God, knowing His faithfulness extends to every aspect?**
* **How might acknowledging God's order and precision in this ancient text shape your approach to stewardship and responsibility in your own life?**

### FAQ
**Why is such a detailed list of cities included in the Bible?**

Answer: The inclusion of such detailed lists serves multiple crucial purposes. Firstly, it functions as a legal and historical record, documenting the tangible fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Abraham regarding the land of Canaan ([Genesis 12:7](/genesis/12-7 "Genesis 12:7 - God's Promise of Land to Abraham")). These lists authenticate the divine faithfulness, showing that God delivered on His word precisely as promised. Secondly, they served as administrative and territorial documentation for the tribes, defining their boundaries and establishing their distinct inheritances within the nation of Israel. Thirdly, from a theological perspective, the meticulousness underscores God's order, precision, and comprehensive care for His people, demonstrating that His plan is thorough and leaves no detail overlooked.

**What happened to these cities and the tribe of Asher?**

Answer: While Joshua 19:30 details Asher's allocated territory, the book of Judges reveals that the tribe of Asher, like several other tribes, did not fully dispossess all the inhabitants of their assigned cities, particularly those along the coast ([Judges 1:31-32](/judges/1-31 "Judges 1:31-32 - Asher's Failure to Dispossess")). Cities like Aphek and Rehob, if they remained inhabited by Canaanites, would have presented ongoing challenges. Over centuries, the distinct tribal identities and boundaries became less rigid, especially after the division of the kingdom and subsequent exiles. However, the initial land division remained a foundational aspect of Israelite identity and a testament to God's original provision, even if the full obedience required for complete possession was not always maintained.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Joshua 19:30, with its meticulous cataloging of Asher's physical inheritance, finds its ultimate and richer fulfillment in Christ. The Promised Land, meticulously divided and inherited, served as a type or shadow of a greater, spiritual inheritance. While the Israelites received a physical land of rest, believers in Christ receive an eternal, spiritual inheritance that is incorruptible and undefiled, reserved in heaven ([1 Peter 1:4](/1_peter/1-4 "1 Peter 1:4 - An Incorruptible Inheritance")). Jesus Himself is our true "Promised Land," the source of our rest and the embodiment of all God's promises. The "twenty and two cities with their villages" for Asher foreshadow the comprehensive spiritual blessings we receive in Christ—every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places ([Ephesians 1:3](/ephesians/1-3 "Ephesians 1:3 - Blessed with Every Spiritual Blessing")). Just as God meticulously provided for Asher's earthly needs, He has perfectly and completely provided for our eternal needs through the sacrifice and resurrection of the [Lamb of God](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God"). Our inheritance is not a plot of land but participation in God's kingdom, a "dwelling place" prepared for us by Christ Himself ([John 14:2-3](/john/14-2 "John 14:2-3 - Jesus Prepares a Place")). The divine precision seen in Joshua 19:30 assures us that God's promises in Christ are equally certain, comprehensive, and eternally secure.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

1 Kings 20:30

But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and [there] a wall fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men [that were] left. And Benhadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber.

Joshua 19:28

And Hebron, and Rehob, and Hammon, and Kanah, [even] unto great Zidon;

Joshua 21:31

Helkath with her suburbs, and Rehob with her suburbs; four cities.

Numbers 13:11

Of the tribe of Joseph, [namely], of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi the son of Susi.

Joshua 12:18

The king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one;

Joshua 13:4

From the south, all the land of the Canaanites, and Mearah that [is] beside the Sidonians, unto Aphek, to the borders of the Amorites:

1 Samuel 4:1

¶ And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out against the Philistines to battle, and pitched beside Ebenezer: and the Philistines pitched in Aphek.