TRV
Study This Verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers 2 Kings 11:4–12. His three-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Six years Athaliah tyrannised. We have not a particular account of her reign; no doubt it was of a piece with the beginning. While Jehu was extirpating the worship of Baal in Israel, she was establishing it in Judah, as appears, Ch2 24:7. The court and kingdom of Judah had been debauched by their alliance with the house of Ahab, and now one of that house is a curse and a plague to both: sinful friendships speed no better. All this while, Joash lay hid, entitled to a crown and intended for it, and yet buried alive in obscurity. Though the sons and heirs of heaven are now hidden, the world knows them not (Jo1 3:1), yet the time is fixed when they shall appear in glory, as Joash in his seventh year; by that time he was ready to be shown, not a babe, but, having served his first apprenticeship to life and arrived at his first climacterical year, he had taken a good step towards manhood; by that time the people had grown weary of Athaliah's tyranny and ripe for a revolution. How that revolution was effected we are here told.
I.The manager of this great affair was Jehoiada the priest, probably the high priest, or at least the sagan (as the Jews called him) or suffragan to the high priest. By his birth and office he was a man in authority, whom the people were bound by the law to observe and obey, especially when there was no rightful king upon the throne, Deu 17:12. By marriage he was allied to the royal family, and, if all the seed-royal were destroyed, his wife, as daughter to Joram, had a better title to the crown than Athaliah had. By his eminent gifts and graces he was fitted to serve his country, and better service he could not do it than to free it from Athaliah's usurpation; and we have reason to think he did not make this attempt till he had first asked counsel of God and known his mind, either by prophets or Urim, perhaps by both.
II.The management was very discreet and as became so wise and good a man as Jehoiada was.
1.He concerted the matter with the rulers of hundreds and the captains, the men in office, ecclesiastical, civil, and military; he got them to him to the temple, consulted with them, laid before them the grievances they at present laboured under, gave them an oath of secresy, and, finding them free and forward to join with him, showed them the king's son (Kg2 11:4), and so well satisfied were they with his fidelity that they saw no reason to suspect an imposition. We may well think what a pleasing surprise it was to the good people among them, who feared that the house and lineage of David were quite cut off, to find such a spark as this in the embers.
2.He posted the priests and Levites, who were more immediately under his direction, in the several avenues to the temple, to keep the guard, putting them under the command of the rulers of hundreds, Kg2 11:9. David had divided the priests into courses, which waited by turns. Every sabbath-day morning a new company came into waiting, but the company of the foregoing week did not go out of waiting till the sabbath evening, so that on the sabbath day, when double service was to be done, there was a double number to do it, both those that were to come in and those that were to go out. These Jehoiada employed to attend on this great occasion; he armed them out of the magazines of the temple with David's spears and shields, either his own or those he had taken from his enemies, which he devoted to God's honour, Kg2 11:10. If they were old and unfashionable, yet those that used them might, by their being David's, be reminded of God's covenant with him, which they were now acting in the defence of. Two things they were ordered to do: - (1.) To protect the young king from being insulted; they must keep the watch of the king's house (Kg2 11:5), compass the king, and be with him (Kg2 11:8), to guard him from Athaliah's partizans, for still there were those that thirsted after royal blood. (2.) To preserve the holy temple from being profaned by the concourse of people that would come together on this occasion (Kg2 11:6): Keep the watch of the house, that it be neither broken through nor broken down, and so strangers should crowd in, or such as were unclean. He was not so zealous for the projected revolution as to forget his religion. In times of the greatest hurry care must be taken, Ne detrimentum capiat ecclesia - That the holy things of God be not trenched upon. It is observable that Jehoiada appointed to each his place as well as his work (Kg2 11:6, Kg2 11:7), for good order contributes very much to the expediting and accomplishing of any great enterprise. Let every man know, and keep, and make good, his post, and then the work will be done quickly.
3.When the guards were fixed, then the king was brought forth, Kg2 11:12. Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Sion! for even in thy holy mountain thy king appears, a child indeed, but not such a one as brings a woe upon the land, for he is the son of nobles, the son of David (Ecc 10:17) - a child indeed, but he had a good guardian, and, which was better, a good God, to go to. Jehoiada, without delay, proceeded to the coronation of this young king; for, though he was not yet capable of despatching business, he would be growing up towards it by degrees. This was done with great solemnity, Kg2 11:12.
(1.)In token of his being invested with kingly power, he put the crown upon him, though it was yet too large and heavy for his head. The regalia, it is probable, were kept in the temple, and so the crown was ready at hand.
(2.)In token of his obligation to govern by law, and to make the word of God his rule, he gave him the testimony, put into his hand a Bible, in which he must read all the days of his life, Deu 17:18, Deu 17:19.
(3.)In token of his receiving the Spirit, to qualify him for this great work to which he before was called, he anointed him. Though notice is taken of the anointing of the kings only in case of interruption, as here, and in Solomon's case, yet I know not but the ceremony might be used for all their kings, at least those of the house of David, because their royalty was typical of Christ's, who was to be anointed above his fellows, above all the sons of David.
(4.)In token of the people's acceptance of him and subjection to his government, they clapped their hands for joy, and expressed their hearty good wishes to him: Let the king live; and thus they made him king, made him their king, consented to, and concurred with, the divine appointment. They had reason to rejoice in the period now put to Athaliah's tyranny, and the prospect they had of the restoration and establishment of religion by a king under the tuition of so good a man as Jehoiada. They had reason to bid him welcome to the crown whose right it was, and to pray, Let him live, concerning him who came to them as life from the dead and in whom the house of David was to live. With such acclamations of joy and satisfaction must the kingdom of Christ be welcomed into our hearts when his throne is set up there and Satan the usurper is deposed. Hosanna, blessed is he that comes: clap hands, and say, "Let King Jesus live, for ever live and reign, in my soul, and in all the world;" it is promised (Psa 72:15), He shall live, and prayer shall be made for him, and his kingdom, continually.
Historical interpretation
Ten Centuries of Reception
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"And he brought out the king's son, and put the diadem and the testimony upon him." [2 Kings 11:12] What follows about the same: He brought out the king's son, and put the diadem and the testimony upon him, signifies the kingly insignia on the head in the diadem, and the decrees of God's law, by which it is declared what the king should do and how he is commanded to live, in the testimony. Finally, more openly in the book of Chronicles: And they put the diadem on him, and gave him the law to hold in his hand (2 Chronicles 23); and it was indeed of great and salutary wisdom, that after the death of the tyrannical and impious queen, to the succeeding son of the legitimate king, simultaneously with the state of kingship, the discipline of God's law should also be entrusted, so that he who saw himself set over the people in rule should remember that he himself was to be subject to divine laws in rule.
The testimony: The book of the law.
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Summary
Second Kings 11:12 captures the momentous coronation of Joash, a meticulously orchestrated event within the sacred confines of the temple that saw the rightful heir to the Davidic throne publicly installed. This pivotal act not only restored legitimate kingship to Judah after the tyrannical usurpation by Queen Athaliah but also powerfully affirmed God's unwavering faithfulness to His covenant promises concerning the Davidic dynasty, ensuring the continuation of the royal line from which the Messiah would ultimately descend. The anointing, the presentation of the crown and "testimony," and the people's joyous acclamation collectively underscored the divine sanction and popular affirmation of Joash's reign, marking a new era of hope and righteous governance.
Context
Literary Context
This verse serves as the triumphant culmination of a dramatic seven-year narrative arc within 2 Kings 11. The chapter opens with the horrific account of Athaliah, the queen mother, seizing power by attempting to exterminate all royal heirs after her son King Ahaziah's death in 2 Kings 9:27. Unbeknownst to her, Ahaziah's infant son, Joash, was miraculously rescued by his aunt Jehosheba and her husband, Jehoiada the priest, and hidden within the temple for six years (2 Kings 11:1-3). Verse 12 describes the public unveiling and coronation, which follows Jehoiada's meticulous planning and strategic deployment of loyal Levites and guards within the temple precincts, ensuring the security and legitimacy of the coup (2 Kings 11:4-11). Immediately after this verse, the narrative details Athaliah's swift and violent overthrow and execution (2 Kings 11:13-16), followed by Jehoiada's comprehensive reforms to restore proper worship and covenant fidelity in Judah (2 Kings 11:17-20).
Historical & Cultural Context
The events of 2 Kings 11 unfold during a turbulent period in Judah's history, marked by profound political instability and the corrupting influence of Baal worship. This idolatry was largely introduced by Athaliah, who was the daughter of the notorious King Ahab and Queen Jezebel of Israel, known for their fervent promotion of Baalism. The temple in Jerusalem was not merely a place of worship but also a secure fortress, making it an ideal hiding place for Joash and the strategic location for the coup. The act of "anointing" was a crucial ritual in ancient Israelite kingship, signifying divine election and empowerment for office, a practice dating back to the earliest kings like Saul and David (1 Samuel 10:1 and 1 Samuel 16:13). The "testimony" (often understood as a copy of the Deuteronomic law or a royal covenant document) underscored the king's submission to God's law, distinguishing Israelite monarchy from the absolute Near Eastern despotisms where rulers often claimed divine status. The public acclamation, "God save the king," was a traditional cry of loyalty and blessing, affirming the people's allegiance to the new monarch and seeking divine favor upon his reign.
Key Themes
The central theme is the Divine Preservation of the Davidic Line, demonstrating God's unwavering faithfulness to His covenant with David (2 Samuel 7:12-16), even when human actions (like Athaliah's purge) threaten its extinction. This event highlights the Restoration of Legitimate Authority, as divinely appointed rule triumphs over an illegitimate and idolatrous reign, re-establishing order, justice, and covenant fidelity. The narrative also underscores The Vital Role of the Priesthood; Jehoiada's courage, strategic planning, and unwavering commitment to God's covenant exemplify the spiritual leadership necessary to uphold truth and restore God's established order when civil authority fails or becomes corrupt. Finally, the Public Affirmation and Joy of the people signify their enthusiastic acceptance of the legitimate king and their collective hope for a new, righteous era under a monarch who would rule according to God's will and lead them back to Yahweh worship, as seen in the subsequent reforms initiated by Jehoiada in 2 Kings 11:17-20.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This verb (H3318, יָצָא) means "to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications." In this context, it signifies the dramatic and deliberate act of Jehoiada unveiling Joash from his hidden sanctuary within the temple. This is not a casual emergence but a purposeful "bringing out" into the public eye, marking the transition from secrecy and vulnerability to public recognition and authority. It underscores the divine orchestration of the event, as the hidden heir is brought forth by God's instrument to reclaim his rightful place.
This feminine noun (H5715, עֵדֻת) refers to "testimony" or "witness," but in cultic and legal contexts, it often denotes the Law, the covenant, or specifically the tablets of the Law kept in the Ark of the Covenant (e.g., Exodus 25:16). In the context of kingship, it most likely refers to a copy of the Deuteronomic law, specifically the "copy of this law" that the king was required to write for himself and read daily (Deuteronomy 17:18-20). Its presentation to Joash symbolized that his rule was not absolute but bound by God's divine law, serving as a constant reminder of his obligations to govern justly and according to God's will. It was a visible sign of the covenant between God, the king, and the people, establishing the theological foundation for his reign.
The verb (H4886, מָשַׁח) means "to rub with oil," specifically "to anoint." This ritual act was central to consecrating individuals for sacred office, whether priests (Exodus 29:7), prophets, or kings. The anointing oil was a potent symbol of divine election and the impartation of God's Spirit and authority upon the chosen individual. For Joash, it signified that his kingship was divinely sanctioned and empowered, not merely a human appointment, thereby legitimizing his rule in the eyes of God and the people and setting him apart for his sacred royal duties.
Verse Breakdown
"And he brought forth the king's son"
This phrase marks the dramatic public unveiling of Joash, who had been hidden for six years within the temple. Jehoiada, the high priest, is the one who orchestrates and executes this crucial act, symbolizing the priestly authority validating the royal succession and the divine hand in bringing the rightful heir to light. This public presentation is essential for establishing Joash's legitimacy after a period of usurpation and secrecy.
"and put the crown upon him"
The crown (נֵזֶר, nezer) is the quintessential symbol of royalty, authority, and sovereignty. Placing it upon Joash's head visually confirms his status as the rightful king, publicly marking the transfer of power and the restoration of the Davidic monarchy. This act is a visible sign of his enthronement and the re-establishment of the legitimate royal line.
"and [gave him] the testimony"
This act, as previously discussed, refers to the presentation of the covenant document or the Law. It signifies that the king's authority is derived from and subject to God's divine will and commandments. It underscores the theological principle that the Israelite king was a vassal of Yahweh, bound by His laws, unlike pagan monarchs who often claimed divine status or ruled by absolute decree. It was a tangible reminder of his accountability to God.
"and they made him king, and anointed him"
This phrase reiterates the formal installation of Joash. "Made him king" (וַיַּמְלִכוּ, vayyamlikhu) indicates the formal act of enthronement and recognition by the assembled officials and people, signifying their acceptance and allegiance. The anointing, performed by Jehoiada, was the sacred ritual that consecrated Joash for his office, signifying divine appointment and empowerment, setting him apart for his royal duties with God's blessing.
"and they clapped their hands"
This action is a spontaneous and powerful expression of joy, approval, and celebration. It signifies the people's enthusiastic acceptance of Joash as their legitimate king, a stark contrast to the oppressive and illegitimate reign of Athaliah. It's a sign of popular affirmation, communal delight in the restoration of order, and a collective sigh of relief.
"and said, God save the king."
This acclamation (יְחִי הַמֶּלֶךְ, yechi hammelekh) is a traditional cry of loyalty, blessing, and prayer for the king's long life and prosperity. It functions as a public oath of allegiance and a fervent petition for divine favor upon the newly enthroned monarch, reflecting the people's hope for a righteous, stable, and blessed reign under God's chosen ruler.
Literary Devices
The passage makes rich use of Symbolism, with the crown representing royal authority, the anointing oil signifying divine election and consecration, and the "testimony" embodying the divine covenant and the king's submission to God's law. The temple itself functions as a powerful symbol of divine presence and protection, providing a safe haven for Joash and the sacred space for his legitimate enthronement. There is also a strong sense of Dramatic Irony, as Athaliah, believing she had eradicated the Davidic line, is completely unaware that the true heir has been hidden under her very nose in the temple for six years, being meticulously prepared for his rightful ascension. The narrative also employs Contrast, powerfully juxtaposing the darkness, illegitimacy, and idolatry of Athaliah's reign with the light, order, divine sanction, and covenant fidelity of Joash's coronation. The joyous acclamation of the people contrasts sharply with the oppressive atmosphere and fear that must have permeated Judah under the usurper queen.
Theological and Thematic Connections
The coronation of Joash in 2 Kings 11:12 is a profound testament to God's unwavering faithfulness to His covenant with David, promising an eternal dynasty. Despite human wickedness and determined attempts to thwart His plan—specifically Athaliah's murderous purge—God sovereignly preserves the royal line, demonstrating His power to work through a faithful remnant (Jehoiada and Jehosheba) to uphold His promises. This event underscores that true authority is divinely bestowed and operates under God's law, not through human ambition, violence, or illegitimate means. It also highlights the crucial role of righteous spiritual leadership in times of national crisis and moral decay, as Jehoiada acts as God's instrument to restore justice, legitimate rule, and proper worship in Judah, reminding us that God often works through courageous individuals committed to His will.
Reflection and Application
The dramatic narrative of Joash's coronation offers enduring lessons for believers today, serving as a powerful reminder of God's unwavering faithfulness to His promises, even when circumstances appear dire or human evil seems to prevail. Just as God miraculously preserved a remnant of the Davidic line against all odds, so too does He remain faithful to His people through every generation, ensuring His ultimate purposes are fulfilled. This passage encourages us to trust deeply in God's sovereign plan, even when we cannot see how He is working behind the scenes, recognizing that His hidden work is often the most profound. It also challenges us to consider the nature of true leadership: it is not about seizing power or personal gain, but about serving God's purposes and governing justly according to His revealed will. We are called to uphold righteousness, truth, and justice, even when it is unpopular or dangerous, just as Jehoiada courageously did. Furthermore, the people's joyful acclamation reminds us of the importance of affirming and praying for righteous leadership, recognizing that all authority ultimately derives from God and should be exercised in submission to His Word.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What was the significance of "the testimony" given to Joash?
The "testimony" (Hebrew: ‘eduth) given to Joash was highly significant. It most likely refers to a copy of the Deuteronomic law, specifically the king's copy of the law as prescribed in Deuteronomy 17:18-20. This act symbolized that Joash's kingship was not absolute or self-derived, but was under the supreme authority of God's covenant and His divine law. It served as a constant reminder that he was to govern justly, according to God's commands, and to lead the people in faithfulness to Yahweh. This practice fundamentally distinguished the Israelite monarchy from surrounding pagan kingships, where rulers often claimed divine status or exercised absolute power without accountability to a higher law.
Why was Joash hidden in the temple, and for how long?
Joash was hidden in the temple for six years to protect him from the murderous purge initiated by his grandmother, Athaliah. After the death of her son, King Ahaziah, Athaliah seized power and, in a desperate attempt to secure her reign, ordered the execution of all remaining royal heirs (2 Kings 11:1). However, Joash, then an infant, was secretly rescued by his aunt Jehosheba, the wife of Jehoiada the high priest, and hidden within the temple complex (2 Kings 11:2-3). The temple provided a secure sanctuary, allowing him to grow up safely under the care of Jehoiada and Jehosheba until the opportune moment for his rightful enthronement arrived, demonstrating God's providential care for the Davidic line.
What happened to Athaliah after Joash was crowned?
Immediately following Joash's coronation, Queen Athaliah was swiftly and decisively overthrown and executed. Upon hearing the sounds of celebration and the acclamation of the new king from the temple, Athaliah rushed in to investigate. When she saw Joash on the throne, crowned and with the "testimony," she tore her clothes and cried, "Treason! Treason!" (2 Kings 11:13-14). Jehoiada the priest, having secured the temple, commanded the military commanders to remove her from the temple precincts and execute her outside, ensuring no bloodshed defiled the sacred space. She was taken out and put to death at the horse gate by the palace (2 Kings 11:15-16), bringing an abrupt and violent end to her illegitimate and idolatrous reign and restoring legitimate rule to Judah.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
The dramatic restoration of Joash to the throne of Judah in 2 Kings 11:12 serves as a powerful foreshadowing of the ultimate King, Jesus Christ. Just as Joash, a hidden heir, was divinely preserved from a murderous purge and brought forth to reclaim his rightful Davidic throne, so too was Jesus, the true Son of David, preserved from Herod's murderous decree (Matthew 2:13-18) and ultimately revealed as the King of kings and Lord of lords (Revelation 19:16). Joash's anointing by Jehoiada points to Christ, the "Anointed One" (Messiah), upon whom the Spirit of the Lord rests without measure (John 3:34 and Isaiah 61:1). The "testimony" given to Joash, signifying his rule under God's law, finds its perfect fulfillment in Jesus, who not only perfectly obeyed the Law but is Himself the living Word and embodiment of God's will (John 1:1 and Hebrews 1:1-3). The people's cry, "God save the king," echoes the deep longing for a righteous ruler, a longing fully satisfied in Christ, whose kingdom is eternal and whose reign brings true salvation and peace (Luke 1:32-33). Ultimately, Joash's coronation is a historical anchor for the promise that God would never abandon His covenant with David, a promise gloriously fulfilled in the person and eternal reign of Jesus Christ, who reigns from heaven and will return to establish His kingdom fully on earth (Acts 2:30-36).