Ezekiel 37:16

Translation
King James Version
Moreover, thou son of man, take thee one stick, and write upon it, For Judah, and for the children of Israel his companions: then take another stick, and write upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and for all the house of Israel his companions:
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KJV (with Strong's)
Moreover, thou son H1121 of man H120, take H3947 thee one H259 stick H6086, and write H3789 upon it, For Judah H3063, and for the children H1121 of Israel H3478 his companions H2270: then take H3947 another H259 stick H6086, and write H3789 upon it, For Joseph H3130, the stick H6086 of Ephraim H669, and for all the house H1004 of Israel H3478 his companions H2270:
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Complete Jewish Bible
"You, human being, take one stick and write on it, 'For Y'hudah and those joined with him [among] the people of Isra'el.' Next, take another stick and write on it, 'For Yosef, the stick of Efrayim, and all the house of Isra'el who are joined with him.'
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Berean Standard Bible
“And you, son of man, take a single stick and write on it: ‘Belonging to Judah and to the Israelites associated with him.’ Then take another stick and write on it: ‘Belonging to Joseph—the stick of Ephraim—and to all the house of Israel associated with him.’
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American Standard Version
And thou, son of man, take thee one stick, and write upon it, For Judah, and for the children of Israel his companions: then take another stick, and write upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and for all the house of Israel his companions:
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World English Bible Messianic
You, son of man, take one stick, and write on it, For Judah, and for the children of Israel his companions: then take another stick, and write on it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and for all the house of Israel his companions:
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Geneva Bible (1599)
Moreouer thou sonne of man, take thee a piece of wood, and write vpon it, Vnto Iudah, and to the children of Israel his companions the take another piece of wood, and write vpon it, Vnto Ioseph the tree of Ephraim, and to al the house of Israel his companions.
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Young's Literal Translation
`And thou, son of man, take to thee one stick, and write on it, For Judah, and for the sons of Israel, his companions; and take another stick, and write on it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and all the house of Israel, his companions,
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See also
2 Chronicles 15:92 Chronicles 10:192 Chronicles 10:17Numbers 17:2Numbers 17:31 Kings 12:161 Kings 12:20
In the KJVVerse 21,414 of 31,102

Study This Verse

SUMMARY

Ezekiel 37:16 introduces a profound prophetic sign-act where God commands the prophet to take two distinct sticks, symbolically representing the long-divided kingdoms of Judah and Israel (often identified with Joseph/Ephraim). This powerful visual demonstration serves as a divine prelude to the Lord's promise of a miraculous reunification of His scattered people, signaling the end of their historical schism and the restoration of a single, unified nation under the benevolent reign of one shepherd-king.

CONTEXT

  • Literary Context: This verse is an immediate and crucial follow-up to the transformative vision of the valley of dry bones in Ezekiel 37:1-14. While the dry bones vision primarily emphasizes the spiritual and physical resurrection of the nation of Israel from a state of death and despair, the subsequent prophecy of the two sticks, spanning Ezekiel 37:15-28, shifts focus to the political and national reunification of the historically fractured Northern and Southern Kingdoms. This progression highlights God's comprehensive plan for His people: first, their spiritual revival, and then their national restoration and unity, culminating in the establishment of an everlasting covenant and a unified kingdom under a single, righteous Davidic ruler.
  • Historical & Cultural Context: At the time Ezekiel received this prophecy, the people of Judah were enduring the harsh realities of the Babylonian exile, a direct consequence of their covenant unfaithfulness and persistent idolatry. The Northern Kingdom of Israel, often referred to as Ephraim or Joseph due to the prominence of these tribes, had suffered an even earlier and more devastating fate, having been conquered and dispersed by the Assyrians over a century prior (circa 722 BC). The deep-seated schism between these two kingdoms originated centuries earlier, following the death of King Solomon and the subsequent reign of Rehoboam, as vividly recounted in 1 Kings 12:16-19. This division led to centuries of political rivalry, distinct religious practices (including idolatry in the North), and often open warfare, deeply embedding the fracture in the national consciousness. For the exiled Judeans, the cultural memory of this profound division made the promise of reunification particularly astonishing and profoundly hopeful.
  • Key Themes: The overarching theme of Ezekiel 37:16 is the divine reunification of Israel. God's sovereign intent is to miraculously bring together the two distinct entities—Judah (representing the Southern Kingdom) and Joseph/Ephraim (representing the Northern Kingdom)—into one cohesive, unified nation. This act powerfully underscores the theme of divine restoration, demonstrating God's unparalleled power not only to return His people to their promised land but also to supernaturally heal their deepest internal divisions, thereby fulfilling His ancient covenant promises despite their abject failures. Furthermore, this prophecy lays crucial groundwork for the promise of one king, a righteous Davidic descendant, who would shepherd the unified nation. This messianic theme is explicitly developed in Ezekiel 37:24-25, pointing towards the ultimate fulfillment in the person and reign of the Messiah.

EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

Key Word Analysis

  • stick (Hebrew, ‘ēṣ', H6086): This term, derived from a root meaning "firmness," primarily denotes "tree" or "wood." In this prophetic context, it refers to a piece of wood, a staff, or a tablet suitable for inscription. The choice of a simple "stick" is significant; it's an everyday object, making the prophetic act tangible and relatable. Its transformation from two separate pieces into one symbolizes the profound, even miraculous, nature of the coming national unity that only divine intervention could achieve.
  • Judah (Hebrew, Yᵉhûwdâh', H3063): Meaning "celebrated" or "praised," Judah represents the Southern Kingdom. This kingdom primarily comprised the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, along with many Levites, and maintained the Davidic dynasty and the central worship at the Temple in Jerusalem until the Babylonian exile. Its inscription on one stick signifies the continuity and distinct identity of this specific lineage and the remnant associated with it.
  • Joseph (Hebrew, Yôwçêph', H3130): Meaning "let him add" or "adding," Joseph, the son of Jacob and Rachel, became the patriarch of the prominent tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. In this context, "Joseph" is used metonymically to represent the Northern Kingdom, which was largely dominated by the powerful tribe of Ephraim (hence "the stick of Ephraim"). This kingdom, comprising the ten northern tribes, had a long history of idolatry, political instability, and rebellion against the Davidic line, ultimately leading to its earlier Assyrian exile and scattering.

Verse Breakdown

  • "Moreover, thou son of man, take thee one stick, and write upon it, For Judah, and for the children of Israel his companions:" The divine command is issued to Ezekiel, addressed as "son of man," a designation emphasizing his human frailty in stark contrast to God's omnipotence. He is instructed to take a single, ordinary piece of wood and inscribe upon it the name "Judah." This inscription clearly identifies the stick with the Southern Kingdom. The appended phrase "and for the children of Israel his companions" clarifies that this stick represents not merely the tribe of Judah but all those who remained loyal to the Davidic covenant and were associated with the Southern Kingdom, including the tribe of Benjamin and the Levites, many of whom were also in Babylonian exile.
  • "then take another stick, and write upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and [for] all the house of Israel his companions:" The prophet is then commanded to take a second, distinct stick. Upon this one, he is to write "For Joseph," with the explicit clarification "the stick of Ephraim." This emphasizes that Joseph, through his son Ephraim, became the representative head of the Northern Kingdom, which consisted of the ten tribes that had broken away from the Davidic monarchy. The concluding phrase "and for all the house of Israel his companions" signifies that this second stick represents the entirety of the Northern Kingdom, including all the scattered tribes associated with it, who had been exiled by Assyria. The visual separation of the two sticks powerfully underscores the deep and long-standing historical division between these two entities.

Literary Devices

Ezekiel 37:16 is profoundly rich in Symbolism, where the two physical sticks serve as potent representations of the two politically and spiritually distinct kingdoms of Judah and Israel. This act is a classic example of a Prophetic Act or Sign-Act, a common feature in prophetic literature where the prophet is commanded to perform a tangible, visible deed to convey a divine message more powerfully and memorably than words alone. The specific instruction to write on the sticks adds an element of Clarity and Identification, making the represented entities explicit and undeniable. Furthermore, the use of "Joseph" and "Ephraim" to denote the Northern Kingdom is an instance of Metonymy, a figure of speech where a part (a prominent tribe or its progenitor) stands for the whole (the ten northern tribes). This literary device efficiently communicates the identity of the Northern Kingdom, leveraging its historical and tribal associations to evoke its entire populace.

THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS

Ezekiel 37:16 stands as a powerful testament to God's unwavering commitment to His covenant promises and His ultimate, redemptive plan for the restoration and unity of His people. Despite centuries of deep-seated divisions, political rivalry, and repeated covenant unfaithfulness, God reveals His miraculous intention to heal the historical schism between Judah and Israel, bringing them together as one unified nation under a single, righteous king. This divine act of reunification transcends mere political reconciliation; it signifies a profound spiritual renewal, a healing of national wounds, and the establishment of a righteous kingdom where God's presence will dwell permanently among His people. It speaks profoundly to God's infinite power to mend brokenness, whether national, communal, or individual, and to bring about His perfect will even in the face of human rebellion, fragmentation, and despair.

REFLECTION AND APPLICATION

Ezekiel 37:16 offers a profound and enduring message of hope, reconciliation, and divine sovereignty for believers today. In a world perpetually characterized by division—whether within families, churches, communities, or nations—this prophecy serves as a powerful reminder that God is the ultimate Unifier, capable of bringing together even the most estranged parties. It challenges us to look beyond superficial differences, historical grievances, and entrenched animosities, trusting in God's sovereign power to bring healing and unity where human efforts have repeatedly failed. For the global church, it stands as a compelling call to earnestly pursue the unity that Christ Himself prayed for and accomplished through His atoning work, recognizing that our shared identity in Him transcends all earthly distinctions of race, class, gender, or denomination. This passage encourages us to actively pray for and work towards reconciliation in our own spheres of influence, knowing that God's ultimate plan is for a unified people, perfectly reflecting His own harmonious and triune nature. It provides immense comfort, assuring us that no brokenness is beyond God's miraculous capacity to restore, integrate, and transform into His grand, redemptive design.

Questions for Reflection

  • Where do you observe deep-seated divisions in your personal life, family, church, or community that seem as entrenched as the historical schism between Judah and Israel?
  • How does the promise of God's supernatural reunification in Ezekiel 37:16 encourage and empower you to pray for healing and reconciliation in those specific areas?
  • What practical, Spirit-led steps can you take to actively foster unity, build bridges, and break down barriers within your sphere of influence, thereby reflecting God's profound heart for reconciliation?

FAQ

What is the significance of "Judah" and "Joseph, the stick of Ephraim" in this prophecy?

Answer: "Judah" represents the Southern Kingdom, which consisted primarily of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, and maintained the Davidic line of kings and the central Temple worship in Jerusalem until the Babylonian exile. "Joseph, the stick of Ephraim" refers to the Northern Kingdom, which was dominated by the powerful tribe of Ephraim (Joseph's son) and comprised the ten northern tribes that separated from Judah after Solomon's reign. The profound significance lies in their historical and political division, which had persisted for centuries, marked by rivalry and even warfare. God's command to write these names on separate sticks, and then to visibly join them, serves as a potent symbolic act. It visually communicates His divine intention to supernaturally reverse this long-standing schism and unite His entire people—both the Northern and Southern kingdoms—into one cohesive nation once again, as further elaborated in Ezekiel 37:22.

CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT

The profound prophecy of the two sticks in Ezekiel 37:16 finds its ultimate and glorious fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The promise of "one king" over the reunited Israel, explicitly identified in Ezekiel 37:24 as "My servant David," points directly to the Messiah, Jesus, who is the true Son of David and the eternal, righteous King. He is the divine Shepherd-King who perfectly embodies the divine will to gather His scattered sheep into one unified flock, as He Himself declared in John 10:16. Through His atoning sacrifice on the cross, Jesus broke down every dividing wall of hostility, not only between Jew and Gentile (as powerfully articulated in Ephesians 2:14-16), but also spiritually unifying all who believe into one new humanity—the Church. The national reunification envisioned in Ezekiel serves as a powerful foreshadowing of the spiritual unity of all believers from every tribe, tongue, people, and nation, who are now, by grace through faith, part of the one true Israel of God, living under the singular, sovereign headship of Christ. He is the ultimate fulfillment of God's covenant promises and the bringer of everlasting peace, unity, and reconciliation (see Galatians 3:28 and Colossians 3:11).

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Commentary on Ezekiel 37 verses 15–28

Here are more exceedingly great and precious promises made of the happy state of the Jews after their return to their own land; but they have a further reference to the kingdom of the Messiah and the glories of gospel-times.

I. It is here promised that Ephraim and Judah shall be happily united in brotherly love and mutual serviceableness; so that whereas, ever since the desertion of the ten tribes from the house of David under Jeroboam, there had been continual feuds and animosities between the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and it is to be feared there had been some clashings between them even in the land of their captivity (Ephraim upon all occasions envying Judah and Judah vexing Ephraim), now it should be no longer, but there should be a coalition between them, and, notwithstanding the old differences that had been between them, they should agree to love one another and to do one another all good offices. This is here illustrated by a sign. The prophet was to take two sticks, and write upon one, For Judah (including Benjamin, those of the children of Israel that were his companions), upon the other, For Joseph, including the rest of the tribes, Eze 37:16. These two sticks must be so framed as to fall into one in his hand, Eze 37:17. The people took notice of this, and desired him to tell them the meaning of it, for they knew he did not play with sticks for his diversion, as children do. Those that would know the meaning should ask the meaning of the word of God which they read and hear, and of the instituted signs by which spiritual and divine things are represented to us; the ministers' lips should keep the knowledge hereof and the people should ask it at their mouth, Mal 2:7. It is a necessary question for grown people, as well as children, to ask, What mean you by this service, by this sign? Exo 12:26. The meaning was that Judah and Israel should become one in the hand of God, Eze 37:19. 1. They shall be one, one nation, Eze 37:22. They shall have no separate interests, and, consequently, no divided affections. There shall be no mutual jealousies and animosities, no remembrance, no remains, of their former discord. But there shall be a perfect harmony between them, a good understanding one of another, a good disposition one to another, and a readiness to all good offices and services for one another's credit and comfort. They had been two sticks crossing and thwarting one another, nay, beating and bruising one another; but now they shall become one, supporting and strengthening one another. Vix unita fortior - Force added to force is proportionally more efficient. Behold, how good and how pleasant a thing it is to see Judah and Israel, that had long been at variance, now dwelling together in unity. Then they shall become acceptable to their God, amiable to their friends, and formidable to their enemies, Isa 11:13, Isa 11:14. 2. They shall be one in God's hand; by his power they shall be united, and, being by his hand brought together, his hand shall keep them together, so that they shall not fly off, to be separated again. They shall be one in his hand, for his glory shall be the centre of their unity and his grace the cement of it. In him, in a regard to him and in his service and worship, they shall unite, and so shall become one. Both sides shall agree to put themselves into his hand, and so they shall be one. Qui conveniunt in aliquo tertio inter se conveniunt - Those who agree in a third agree with each other. Note, Those are best united that are one in God's hand, whose union with each other results from their union with Christ and their communion with God through him, Eph 1:10. One in us, Joh 17:21. 3. They shall be one in their return out of captivity (Eze 37:21): I will take them from among the heathen, and gather them on every side, and bring them together incorporated into one body to their own land. They shall be one in their separation from the heathen with whom they had mingled themselves: they shall both agree to part from them, and take their affections off from them, and no longer to comply with their usages, and then they will soon agree to join together in walking according to the rule of God's word. Their having been joint-sufferers will contribute to this blessed comprehension, when they begin to come to themselves and to consider things. Put many pieces of metal together into the furnace, and, when they are melted, they will run all together. It was time for them to strengthen one another when their oppressors were so busy to weaken and ruin them all. Likewise their being joint-sharers in the favour of God, and the great and common deliverance wrought out for them all, should help to unite them. God's loving them all was a good reason why they should love one another. Times of common joy, as well as times of common suffering, should be healing loving times. 4. They shall all be the subjects of one king, and so they shall become one. The Jews, after their return, were under one government, and not divided as formerly. But this certainly looks further, to the kingdom of Christ; he is that one King in allegiance to whom all God's spiritual Israel shall cheerfully unite, and under whose protection they shall all be gathered. All believers unite in one Lord, one faith, and one baptism. And the uniting of Jews and Gentiles in the gospel church, their becoming one fold under Christ the one great Shepherd, is doubtless the union that is chiefly looked at in this prophecy. By Christ and partition-wall between them was taken down, and the enmity slain, and of them twain was made one new man, Eph 2:14, Eph 2:15.

II. It is here promised that the Jews shall by their captivity be cured of their inclination to idolatry; this shall be the happy fruit of that affliction, even the taking away of their sin (Eze 37:23): Neither shall they defile themselves any more with their idols, those detestable defiling things, no, nor with any of their former transgressions. Note, When one sin is sincerely parted with all sin is abandoned too, for he that hates sin, as sin, will hate all sin. And those that are cured of their spiritual idolatry, their inordinate affection to the world and the flesh, that no longer make a god of their money or their belly, have a happy blow given to the root of all their transgressions. Two ways God will take to cure them of their idolatry: - 1. By bringing them out of the way of temptation to it: "I will save them out of all their dwelling-places wherein they have sinned, because there they met with the occasion of sin and allurements to it." Note, It is our wisdom to avoid the places where we have been overcome by temptations to sin, not to remain in them, or return to them, but to save ourselves out of them, as we would out of infected places; see Zac 2:7; Rev 18:4. And it is a great mercy when God, in his providence, saves us out of the dwelling-places where we have sinned, and keeps us from harm by keeping us out of harm's way, in answer to our prayer, Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. 2. By changing the disposition of their mind: "I will cleanse them (Eze 37:28); that is, I will sanctify them, will work in them an aversion to the pollutions of sin and a complacency in the pleasures of holiness, and then you may be sure they will not defile themselves any more with their idols." Those whom God has cleansed he will keep clean.

III. It is here promised that they shall be the people of God, as their God, and the subjects and sheep of Christ their King and Shepherd. These promises we had before, and they are here repeated (Eze 37:23, Eze 37:24) for the encouragement of the faith of Israel: They shall be my people, to serve me, and I will be their God, to save them and to make them happy. David, my servant, shall be king over them, to fight their battles, to protect them from injury, and to rule them, and overrule all things that concern them for their good. He shall be their shepherd, to guide them and provide for them. Christ is this David, Israel's King of old; and those whom he subdues to himself, and makes willing in the day of his power, he makes to walk in his judgments and to keep his statutes.

IV. It is here promised that they shall dwell comfortably, Eze 37:25, Eze 37:26. They shall dwell in the land of Israel; for where else should Israelites dwell? And many things will concur to make their dwelling agreeable. 1. They shall have it by covenant; they shall come in again upon their old title, by virtue of the grant made unto Jacob, God's servant. As Christ was David, God's servant, so the church is Jacob, his servant too; and the members of the church shall come in for a share, as born in God's house. He will make a covenant of peace with them (Eze 37:26), and in pursuance of that covenant he will place them, and multiply them. Note, Temporal mercies are doubly sweet when they come from the promise of the covenant, and not merely from common providence. 2. They shall come to it by prescription: "It is the land wherein your fathers have dwelt, and for that reason you cannot but have a special kindness for it, which God will graciously gratify." It was the inheritance of their ancestors, and therefore shall be theirs. They are beloved for their fathers' sakes. 3. They shall have it entailed upon them and the heirs of their body, and shall have their families built up, so that it shall not be lost for want of heirs. They shall dwell therein all their time, and never be turned out of possession, and they shall leave it for an inheritance to their children and their children's children for ever, who shall enjoy it when they are gone, the prospect of which will be a satisfaction to them. 4. They shall live under a good government, which will contribute very much to the comfort of their lives: My servant David shall be their prince for ever. This can be no other than Christ, of whom it was said, when he was brought into the world, He shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever, Luk 1:33. Note, It is the unspeakable comfort of all Christ's faithful subjects that, as his kingdom is everlasting, so he is an everlasting King, he lives to reign for ever; and, as sure and as long as he lives and reigns, they shall live and reign also. 5. The charter by which they hold all their privileges is indefeasible. God's covenant with them shall be an everlasting covenant; so the covenant of grace is, for it secures to us an everlasting happiness.

V. It is here promised that God will dwell among them; and this will make them dwell comfortably indeed: I will set my sanctuary in the midst of them for evermore; my tabernacle also shall be with them, Eze 37:26, Eze 37:27. 1. They shall have the tokens of God's special presence with them and his gracious residence among them. God will in very deed dwell with them upon the earth, for where his sanctuary is he is; when they profaned his sanctuary he took it from them (Isa 64:11), but now that they are purified God will dwell with them again. 2. They shall have opportunity of conversing with God, of hearing from him, speaking to him, and so keeping up communion with him, which will be the comfort of their lives. 3. They shall have the means of grace. By the oracles of God in his tabernacle they shall be made wiser and better, and all their children shall be taught of the Lord. 4. Thus their covenant relation to God shall be improved and the bond of it strengthened: "I will be their God and they shall be my people, and they shall know it by having my sanctuary among them, and shall have the comfort of it."

VI. Both God and Israel shall have the honour of this among the heathen, Eze 37:26. "Now the heathen observe how Israel have profaned their own crown by their sins, and God has profaned it by his judgments; but then, when Israel is reformed and God has returned in mercy to them, the very heathen shall be made to know that the Lord sanctifies Israel, has a title to them and an interest in them more than other people, because his sanctuary is, and shall be, in the midst of them." Note, God designs the sanctification of those among whom he sets up his sanctuary. And blessed and holy are those who, enjoying the privileges of the sanctuary, give such proofs and evidences of their sanctification that the heathen may know it is no less than the almighty grace of God that sanctifies them. Such have God's sanctuary in the midst of them, the kingdom of God within them, in the principles of the spiritual life, and shall have it so for evermore in the enjoyments of an eternal life.

Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 15–28. Public domain.
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Commentary on Ezekiel
(Verse 15 and following) \"And the word of the Lord came to me, saying: And you, son of man, take for yourself one piece of wood and write on it 'Judah' and the children of Israel, his companions, and take another piece of wood and write on it 'Joseph, the wood of Ephraim,' and all the house of Israel, his companions. And join them one to another for yourself into one piece of wood; and they will be in unity in your hand. But when the children of your people speak to you, saying: Will you not tell us what these things mean to you? You shall speak to them: Thus says the Lord God: Behold, I will take the wood of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel, his associates; and I will join them with the wood of Judah, and make them one wood, and they shall be one in my hand. And the wood on which you have written shall be visible to their eyes. And you shall say to them: Thus says the Lord God: Behold, I will take the sons of Israel from among the nations to which they have gone, and I will gather them together from all sides, and bring them to their own land. And I will make them one nation in the land on the mountains of Israel, and one king shall be king over them all, and they shall have no more princes; And there will no longer be two nations, nor will they be divided into two kingdoms anymore; nor will they defile themselves anymore with their idols, and with abominations, and with all their iniquities, and I will save them from all their dwelling places, in which they have sinned, and I will cleanse them, and they will be my people, and I will be their God. And my servant David will be their king over them, and there will be one shepherd for all of them, they will walk in my judgments, and they will keep my commandments, and they will do them. And they shall dwell upon the land which I gave to my servant Jacob: wherein your fathers dwelt, and they shall dwell therein, they and their children, and their children's children, forever: and my servant David shall be their prince forever. And I will make a covenant of peace with them: it shall be an everlasting covenant with them, and I will establish them, and multiply them, and I will put my sanctuary in the midst of them forever. And my tabernacle will be among them, and I will be their God, and they will be my people. And the nations shall know that I am the Lord, the sanctifier of Israel, when my sanctification is in their midst forever. LXX: And the word of the Lord came to me, saying: And you, son of man, take for yourself one staff, and write on it Judah, and the children of Israel who are associated with him, and take another staff for yourself, and write on it Joseph, the staff of Ephraim, and all the children of Israel who are associated with him, and join them together for yourself into one staff, that they may be joined together, and they will be in your hand. And it shall come to pass, when the children of Israel shall speak unto thee, saying, Shew us what thou meanest by these? That thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his fellows, and will put them with him, even with the stick of Judah, and make them one stick, and they shall be one in mine hand. And the sticks whereon thou writest shall be in thine hand before their eyes. And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the children of Israel from among the heathen, whither they be gone, and will gather them on every side, and bring them into their own land: And I will make them one nation in the land upon the mountains of Israel; and one king shall be king to them all: and they shall be no more two nations, neither shall they be divided into two kingdoms any more at all. And they shall no longer be divided into two nations or two kingdoms, so that they will not defile themselves with their idols, their abominations, and all their transgressions. And I will deliver them from all their iniquities, in which they have sinned, and I will cleanse them, and they shall be my people, and I will be their God. And my servant David shall be their prince in their midst, and there shall be one shepherd for all of them, because they shall walk in my commandments and keep my statutes and do them. And they shall dwell in the land that I have given to my servant Jacob, where their fathers dwelt. And they shall dwell in it, they and their children, and their children's children, forever. And my servant David shall be their prince forever. And I will make with them a covenant of peace, an everlasting covenant. And I will give them and multiply them, and I will set my sanctuary in their midst forever. And my tabernacle shall be with them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. And the nations shall know that I am the Lord, who sanctify you, when my sanctuary is in their midst forever.\" The history of the Kings (3 Kings 12) tells that under Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, the twelve tribes were divided, and two, namely Judah and Benjamin, followed Rehoboam, who reigned in Jerusalem, and his kingdom was called Judah. But the other ten tribes, who said, \"We have no share in David, nor inheritance in the son of Jesse,\" submitted their necks and served Jeroboam, the son of Nebat from the tribe of Ephraim, who was the son of Joseph. They were mostly called by the ancient name Israel, and for a long time the kingdom of Judah and Israel had conflicts with each other, and obeyed their own kings (4 Kings 25). The first ten tribes were captured by the Assyrians, and after some time those called Judah were taken captive by the Chaldeans into Babylon, and the tribe of Judah was restored to the ancient land after seventy years. But the ten tribes called Israel still serve as captives in the mountains and cities of the Medes to this day (4 Kings 25). Therefore, the present prophecy from the mouth of the Lord promises that both kingdoms should be joined together, that is, the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel, and the Ephraim branch, which is descended from the line of Joseph, with the remaining tribes that are associated with it, should be removed, and joined to the branch of Judah, so that they are not called Judah and Israel, but are called Judah by one name: and under the figure of the prophet who precedes in the type of the Lord and Savior, they should hold not with two hands, but with one hand of Christ. For he says that he will assume the children of Israel from among the nations to which they were taken captive, and he will bring them back to the land and mountains of Israel, of which we read above. And one nation will be called, and it will be ruled by the authority of one king, so that they will no longer be polluted by idols and their abominations. But when they are freed from the seats of captivity, in which they have sinned, they must be cleansed of all vices and they will become the people of God, so that the Lord will be their God. And my servant David shall reign over them, says the Lord (Luke 1). And the Angel speaks about him in the Gospel, that he will reign over the house of Jacob, and his kingdom shall have no end. And his mercy shall be so great that he shall be called not only king, but also shepherd, because he softens the proud name of ruler with the name of shepherd. And after they have become one nation and have dwelt in the land of Israel and the mountains, they shall walk in all the judgments of the Lord and keep His commandments. And they shall dwell not in any other land, but in the land that He gave to His servant Jacob, where their fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and the rest of the saints, dwell. And not only they themselves shall dwell, but also their sons and grandsons, according to that saying of Virgil (Aeneid, Book IV).

And those who are born of them, and those who will be born from them, may they dwell not for a short time, but forever. But you want to know, he says, who this king and shepherd is? He is the one of whom I have spoken before, my servant David. Though he was in the form of God, he did not consider it robbery to be equal with God; but he emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, and became obedient to the Father even unto death, death on a cross (Philippians 2:6 seq.). And when they are under such a king, I will establish a covenant of peace with them. Not like in the Old Testament of battles and wars, but a covenant of peace that surpasses all understanding, of which the Savior speaks to the Apostles: 'Peace I leave with you, My peace I give to you' (John 14:27). And the prophet says: 'His dwelling place shall be in peace' (Psalm 76:2). When He establishes and strengthens them in the Church, so that they can say: 'He set my feet upon a rock' (Psalm 40:3), then they will multiply either in number of believers or in the increase of virtues. And I will give, he says, my sanctification, or sanctuary among them forever, which the Jews interpret as the temple, which was built under Zerubbabel. But how can this be fulfilled, which is said forever, when that temple which was built by Zerubbabel and later restored, was burned by Roman fire? All of these things are to be referred to the Church and to the times of the Savior, when his tabernacle was placed in the Church: where our God was made, and we became his people. And the progress of all is, that they may know that He Himself is the Lord, and He Himself sanctifies Israel, not according to the flesh, but according to the spirit: when His sanctification was made among the believers forever. And when the Lord rejected the tribe of Ephraim, and chose the tribe of Judah, and in the Psalms we read, in which it is written: And He rejected the tabernacle of Joseph, and He did not choose the tribe of Ephraim; but He chose the tribe of Judah (Psalm 78:67, 68), of which it is written: The prince shall not fail from Judah, nor the leader from his thighs, until He comes to whom it is reserved: and He shall be the expectation of the nations (Genesis 49:10). Truly, in the coming of the Lord and Savior, the two rods, as it is written in Hebrew, the two pieces of wood are joined together as a scepter, and in the baptism of Christ, they are separated and united: so that they may become one new man and one nation, no longer polluted by idols and abominations; but through the cleansing of the world, they may be the people of God, and Christ may reign over them, and they may dwell upon the gentle earth, the land of the living, which He had given to His servant Jacob, who supplanted the people of Israel in the womb of his mother. But if we wish, according to the prophecy of Hosea, which is directed almost entirely to the ten tribes, that is, to Joseph and Ephraim, and Samaria, and Israel, to understand the false knowledge of the name, and the various crowds of heretics, we will say this, that at the end of time when the fullness of the Gentiles has entered, and all Israel has been saved (Rom. XI), then even the adversaries of the people, who fought against the house of Judah and the confession of the Church, will surrender to the faith of the Church, and leaving behind all errors and the princes of this world who are destroyed, and their patriarchs who led them into the abyss of blasphemy, they will rise and abandon their idols and their abominations, which they themselves fabricated in their hearts, and they will pass from all their seats, in which they sinned, to the faith of the Church, and they will be cleansed, and they will be the people of Christ, and He will be their God: all of which I know more fully were said by the prophet Hosea. But if Judaizing Jews and Christians want to refer these things to a thousand years in the future, they are compelled by necessity to undertake all the things that those who are saved must do when they dwell in the land of Israel: to build Jerusalem, to construct the temple, to perform all the ceremonies of the Law, to observe the Sabbath, to accept circumcision, to eat and drink, and to consider an abundance of wealth as the highest bliss and ultimate value, even though the Apostle says: Food for the stomach and the stomach for food, but God will destroy both this and them (I Cor. VI, 13). However, just as in the type of the resurrection the higher prophetic discourse demonstrated the resurrection of the Jewish people, not carnal but spiritual, so this prophecy pertains not at all to the flesh but to the happiness of the soul, and to the faith of Christ, by which we are cleansed in baptism, whose kingdom is forever, so that we do not expect things to come which have already passed, and which we know to be happening every day.
Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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