2 Samuel 19:31

KJV

¶ And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Rogelim, and went over Jordan with the king, to conduct him over Jordan.

KJV (with Strong's)

And Barzillai {H1271} the Gileadite {H1569} came down {H3381} from Rogelim {H7274}, and went over {H5674} Jordan {H3383} with the king {H4428}, to conduct {H7971} him over Jordan {H3383}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Barzillai the Gil'adi had come down from Roglim and passed on to the Yarden with the king to bring him across the Yarden.

Berean Standard Bible

Now Barzillai the Gileadite had come down from Rogelim to cross the Jordan with the king and send him on his way from there.

American Standard Version

And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Rogelim; and he went over the Jordan with the king, to conduct him over the Jordan.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
2 Samuel 19:31 highlights the unwavering loyalty and profound respect demonstrated by Barzillai the Gileadite towards King David during a pivotal moment of transition. As David returned to Jerusalem following the defeat of Absalom's rebellion, Barzillai, who had previously provided crucial support during David's exile, journeyed from his home in Rogelim to personally escort the king across the Jordan River. This act underscores Barzillai's selfless devotion, not for personal gain, but out of genuine fidelity to the restored monarch, setting the stage for David's deep gratitude and subsequent commendation.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated within the dramatic narrative of King David's return to Jerusalem after the devastating rebellion led by his son, Absalom. The preceding chapters chronicle Absalom's coup, David's flight from Jerusalem, his exile across the Jordan, and the subsequent battle in which Absalom was killed. With Absalom defeated, David's focus shifts to reclaiming his throne and reuniting his fractured kingdom. The immediate literary context of 2 Samuel 19 describes David's journey back, marked by various encounters: Joab's rebuke for David's excessive mourning over Absalom, the contentious reconciliation with Shimei, and the arrival of various individuals, including Barzillai, who come to meet the king at the Jordan River. Barzillai's appearance here is a continuation of his earlier support for David when the king was a fugitive in Mahanaim, where Barzillai, along with others, provided essential provisions for David and his weary men ([2 Samuel 17:27-29](/2_samuel/17-27 "2 Samuel 17:27-29 - Barzillai's Provision for David")). His presence at the Jordan signifies a formal and respectful send-off from the Transjordanian region, marking the completion of David's exile and his re-entry into the heartland of Israel.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** Geographically, Rogelim was located in Gilead, a region east of the Jordan River known for its rugged terrain and relative independence. The Jordan River itself served as a significant natural boundary, and crossing it often symbolized a transition or a return to the promised land. For a king to be "conducted over Jordan" by a prominent local figure like Barzillai was a gesture of profound honor and allegiance. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, hospitality and loyalty to a monarch, especially during times of distress, were highly valued virtues. Providing aid to a fleeing king, as Barzillai did in Mahanaim, was a risky act of loyalty that could have incurred severe repercussions if Absalom's rebellion had succeeded. Barzillai's subsequent act of personally escorting David across the Jordan reaffirmed his commitment publicly and solidified his reputation as a steadfast supporter, demonstrating a bond that transcended mere political expediency. This also highlights the importance of regional leaders in affirming the legitimacy of the central monarchy.
* **Key Themes:** The verse powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within 2 Samuel and the broader Deuteronomistic History. **Loyalty and Devotion** are paramount, exemplified by Barzillai's unwavering support for David, first in providing sustenance during his flight and now in offering a personal escort for his return. This stands in stark contrast to the shifting allegiances and opportunistic actions of others during Absalom's rebellion. Another key theme is **Gratitude and Honor**, as David profoundly recognizes Barzillai's service, leading to an immediate offer of a place at court ([2 Samuel 19:33](/2_samuel/19-33 "2 Samuel 19:33 - David's Offer to Barzillai")) and a later, solemn command to his son Solomon to care for Barzillai's descendants ([1 Kings 2:7](/1_kings/2-7 "1 Kings 2:7 - David's Instructions to Solomon Regarding Barzillai's Sons")). This illustrates David's character as a king who remembers and rewards faithfulness. Finally, the theme of **Selfless Service** is evident in Barzillai's actions. His advanced age and eventual refusal of David's offer to live in Jerusalem ([2 Samuel 19:35-37](/2_samuel/19-35 "2 Samuel 19:35-37 - Barzillai's Humble Refusal")) underscore that his service was not driven by a desire for personal gain or political advancement, but by genuine respect and care for the king.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Barzillai (Hebrew, _Barzillay'_):** The name Barzillai likely derives from the Hebrew word for "iron" (ברזל, _barzel_), suggesting "man of iron" or "iron-like." This etymology is remarkably fitting for his character, symbolizing his strength, steadfastness, and unwavering loyalty to King David during a period of immense instability and personal danger. His actions demonstrate a resolve as strong as iron, providing a stable and reliable presence when many others faltered or sought their own advantage.
* **Gileadite (Hebrew, _Gil'adi'_):** This term identifies Barzillai as an inhabitant of Gilead, a fertile and strategic region east of the Jordan River. Being a Gileadite often implied a certain rugged independence and resilience. Barzillai's status as a wealthy and influential figure in this region highlights the broad support David commanded, even beyond the traditional borders of Judah and Israel, and underscores the significance of his personal journey to meet and escort the king.
* **Conduct (Hebrew, לְשַׁלְּחוֹ, _l'shall'cho'_):** The Hebrew verb "שָׁלַח" (_shalach_), in its Piel stem (as here), means "to send," "to send away," "to dismiss," or "to escort." In this context, "to conduct him over Jordan" implies more than just a casual farewell. It suggests a formal, respectful, and perhaps even protective escort, accompanying the king to ensure his safe passage across a significant boundary. It signifies a personal commitment to see David safely on his way, rather than merely waving him off.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Rogelim":** This clause establishes the identity and origin of the individual. Barzillai, a man of significant stature and wealth, is identified by his name and his regional affiliation (Gileadite). His movement "came down from Rogelim" indicates his journey from his home, likely situated in the higher elevations of Gilead, to the lower Jordan Valley where David was. This descent signifies a deliberate and intentional effort on his part to meet the king, demonstrating his active commitment.
* **"and went over Jordan with the king":** This phrase describes Barzillai's direct participation in David's crucial crossing. He didn't just meet David; he accompanied him across the geographical and symbolic barrier of the Jordan River. This act of physically crossing with the king underscores his solidarity and willingness to be identified with David's return to power, even though his primary residence was on the eastern side.
* **"to conduct him over Jordan":** This final clause clarifies the purpose of Barzillai's journey and his accompanying David. The verb "conduct" (as discussed above) implies a formal escort, a send-off, or a farewell. It highlights Barzillai's role as a loyal subject ensuring the king's safe and honored passage back into the heartland of his kingdom. It was a gesture of ultimate respect and a final act of service in the Transjordanian region before David fully re-established himself in Jerusalem.

#### Literary Devices
The verse employs several literary devices to convey its meaning and emotional weight. **Characterization** is prominent, as Barzillai is depicted through his actions as a man of profound loyalty, humility, and integrity. His journey from Rogelim and his personal escort of David across the Jordan speak volumes about his steadfast character, contrasting sharply with the shifting allegiances of other figures in the narrative. **Symbolism** is also at play with the "Jordan River" representing a significant boundary and a point of transition. Crossing the Jordan symbolizes David's re-entry into his kingdom and the restoration of his legitimate rule after a period of exile and turmoil. Barzillai's act of "conducting" David across this symbolic threshold underscores his role in facilitating this restoration. Furthermore, there is an element of **Foreshadowing** in this verse, as Barzillai's act of loyalty sets the stage for David's profound gratitude and the subsequent commendation of Barzillai and his descendants to Solomon, ensuring their future well-being and honor. This demonstrates the long-lasting impact of true faithfulness.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
The unwavering loyalty of Barzillai in 2 Samuel 19:31 resonates deeply with biblical themes of faithfulness, covenant, and the divine recognition of selfless service. Barzillai's actions embody a steadfastness that mirrors God's own faithfulness to His covenant promises, even when His people are unfaithful. His commitment to David, especially during the king's lowest point, illustrates the kind of unreserved devotion that is highly valued in God's economy. This commitment is not for personal gain, but flows from a genuine respect and love for the king, reflecting a principle seen throughout Scripture: those who serve faithfully, often without seeking reward, are ultimately honored and remembered, not only by human leaders but by God Himself. This verse serves as a powerful reminder that acts of kindness, support, and loyalty, particularly towards those in distress or authority, are seen and valued, often leading to lasting blessings.

* [Proverbs 3:27-28](/proverbs/3-27 "Proverbs 3:27-28 - Do Not Withhold Good")
* [Hebrews 6:10](/hebrews/6-10 "Hebrews 6:10 - God Will Not Forget Your Work")
* [Matthew 25:21](/matthew/25-21 "Matthew 25:21 - Well Done, Good and Faithful Servant")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Barzillai's exemplary conduct in 2 Samuel 19:31 offers profound lessons for contemporary believers on the nature of true loyalty, selfless service, and the enduring value of genuine relationships. In a world often characterized by transactional interactions and shifting allegiances, Barzillai stands as a beacon of steadfastness. His willingness to go out of his way, despite his age, to honor and support David—not for personal gain, but out of sincere devotion—challenges us to examine the depth and purity of our own commitments. We are called to be people who stand by others, especially in their times of vulnerability or transition, offering practical support and heartfelt encouragement without expectation of reward. This verse encourages us to cultivate a spirit of humility, recognizing that true service often involves quiet, consistent acts of faithfulness that may not garner immediate public acclaim but are deeply valued by those they serve and, ultimately, by God. It also reminds leaders and those in positions of influence to cultivate a grateful heart, remembering and honoring those who have supported them faithfully, just as David remembered Barzillai.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what ways can I demonstrate "Barzillai-like" loyalty and selfless service to others in my life, especially those in need or in positions of leadership?**
* **Am I willing to go out of my way, perhaps even at personal inconvenience, to support and honor someone without expecting anything in return?**
* **How does David's gratitude towards Barzillai inspire me to recognize and appreciate the faithful service of others around me?**
* **What does Barzillai's humility in later refusing David's offer teach me about the motivations for my own service?**

### FAQ
**Who was Barzillai, and why was his act of "conducting" David so significant?**

Answer: Barzillai was a wealthy and influential Gileadite from Rogelim, east of the Jordan River. His significance lies in his unwavering loyalty to King David during the tumultuous period of Absalom's rebellion. He had previously provided crucial provisions for David and his weary men when they were fugitives in Mahanaim ([2 Samuel 17:27-29](/2_samuel/17-27 "2 Samuel 17:27-29 - Barzillai's Provision")). His act of "conducting" David over the Jordan in 2 Samuel 19:31 was a final, deeply respectful gesture of escort and farewell from the Transjordanian region, marking David's safe return to his kingdom. It demonstrated his personal commitment and honor for the king, distinguishing him from many who sought to reconcile with David purely for political advantage. This selfless act earned him David's lasting gratitude and a promise of care for his descendants ([1 Kings 2:7](/1_kings/2-7 "1 Kings 2:7 - David's Charge to Solomon")).

**What does "Rogelim" signify in this context?**

Answer: Rogelim was Barzillai's hometown in Gilead, a region east of the Jordan River. While the name itself might have meanings related to "foot-runners" or "spies," in this context, it primarily serves as a geographical marker, indicating Barzillai's place of origin. His journey "down from Rogelim" highlights the deliberate effort he made to meet David at the Jordan, underscoring the depth of his commitment and the personal nature of his loyalty. It emphasizes that this was not a casual encounter but a purposeful journey to honor the king.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Barzillai's selfless loyalty and service to King David, particularly in escorting him across the Jordan and facilitating his return to power, beautifully foreshadow the ultimate service and faithfulness of Jesus Christ. Just as Barzillai went out of his way to support a king in distress, Christ, our true King, "did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many" ([Matthew 20:28](/matthew/20-28 "Matthew 20:28 - The Son of Man Came to Serve")). Barzillai's act of accompanying David across the Jordan, a symbolic transition, points to Christ's role as our faithful High Priest and Shepherd, who "conducts" us through the metaphorical "Jordan" of death and sin into the promised land of eternal life. He is the one who "made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant" ([Philippians 2:7](/philippians/2-7 "Philippians 2:7 - Christ's Humility")) and who, through His perfect obedience and ultimate sacrifice, secured our passage from exile to reconciliation with God. Like Barzillai, who sought no personal gain but only to honor the king, Christ's service was born of pure love and devotion to the Father's will, leading us to the Father's presence ([John 14:6](/john/14-6 "John 14:6 - Jesus, the Way, the Truth, and the Life")). In Him, we find the ultimate example of loyalty, service, and the one who truly escorts us home.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

1 Kings 2:7

But shew kindness unto the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and let them be of those that eat at thy table: for so they came to me when I fled because of Absalom thy brother.

Nehemiah 7:63

And of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz, the children of Barzillai, which took [one] of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite to wife, and was called after their name.

Ezra 2:61

And of the children of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz, the children of Barzillai; which took a wife of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite, and was called after their name:

2 Samuel 17:27

And it came to pass, when David was come to Mahanaim, that Shobi the son of Nahash of Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and Machir the son of Ammiel of Lodebar, and Barzillai the Gileadite of Rogelim,

2 Samuel 17:29

And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of kine, for David, and for the people that [were] with him, to eat: for they said, The people [is] hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness.