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Commentary on Revelation 1 verses 9–20
We have now come to that glorious vision which the apostle had of the Lord Jesus Christ, when he came to deliver this revelation to him, where observe,
I. The account given of the person who was favoured with this vision. He describes himself, 1. By his present state and condition. He was the brother and companion of these churches in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Christ. He was, at their time, as the rest of true Christians were, a persecuted man, banished, and perhaps imprisoned, for his adherence to Christ. He was their brother, though an apostle; he seems to value himself upon his relation to the church, rather than his authority in it: Judas Iscariot may be an apostle, but not a brother in the family of God. He was their companion: the children of God should choose communion and society with each other. He was their companion in tribulation: the persecuted servants of God did not suffer alone, the same trials are accomplished in others. He was their companion in patience, not only a sharer with them in suffering circumstances, but in suffering graces: if we have the patience of the saints, we should not grudge to meet with their trials. He was their brother and companion in the patience of the kingdom of Christ, a sufferer for Christ's cause, for asserting his kingly power over the church and the world, and for adhering to it against all who would usurp upon it. By this account he gives of his present state, he acknowledges his engagements to sympathize with them, and to endeavour to give them counsel and comfort, and bespeaks their more careful attention to what he had to say to them from Christ their common Lord. 2. By the place where he was when he was favoured with this vision: he was in the isle Patmos. He does not say who banished him thither. It becomes Christians to speak sparingly and modestly of their own sufferings. Patmos is said to be an island in the Aegean Sea, One of those called Cyclades, and was about thirty-five miles in compass; but under this confinement it was the apostle's comfort that he did not suffer as an evil-doer, but that it was for the testimony of Jesus, for bearing witness to Christ as the Immanuel, the Saviour. This was a cause worth suffering for; and the Spirit of glory and of God rested upon this persecuted apostle. 3. The day and time in which he had this vision: it was the Lord's day, the day which Christ had separated and set apart for himself, as the eucharist is called the Lord's supper. Surely this can be no other than the Christian sabbath, the first day of the week, to be observed in remembrance of the resurrection of Christ. Let us who call him our Lord honour him on his own day, the day which the Lord hath made and in which we ought to rejoice. 4. The frame that his soul was in at this time: He was in the Spirit. He was not only in a rapture when he received the vision, but before he received it; he was in a serious, heavenly, spiritual frame, under the blessed gracious influences of the Spirit of God. God usually prepares the souls of his people for uncommon manifestations of himself, by the quickening sanctifying influences of his good Spirit. Those who would enjoy communion with God on the Lord's day must endeavour to abstract their thoughts and affections from flesh and fleshly things, and be wholly taken up with things of a spiritual nature.
II. The apostle gives an account of what he heard when thus in the Spirit. An alarm was given as with the sound of a trumpet, and then he heard a voice, the voice of Christ applying to himself the character before given, the first and the last, and commanding the apostle to commit to writing the things that were now to be revealed to him, and to send it immediately to the seven Asian churches, whose names are mentioned. Thus our Lord Jesus, the captain of our salvation, gave the apostle notice of his glorious appearance, as with the sound of a trumpet.
III. We have also an account of what he saw. He turned to see the voice, whose it was and whence it came; and then a wonderful scene of vision opened itself to him.
1.He saw a representation of the church under the emblem of seven golden candlesticks, as it is explained in the last verse of the chapter. The churches are compared to candlesticks, because they hold forth the light of the gospel to advantage. The churches are not candles: Christ only is our light, and his gospel our lamp; but they receive their light from Christ and the gospel, and hold it forth to others. They are golden candlesticks, for they should be precious and pure, comparable to fine gold; not only the ministers, but the members of the churches ought to be such; their light should so shine before men as to engage others to give glory to God.
2.He saw a representation of the Lord Jesus Christ in the midst of the golden candlesticks; for he has promised to be with his churches always to the end of the world, filling them with light, and life, and love, for he is the very animating informing soul of the church. And here we observe,
(1.)The glorious form in which Christ appeared in several particulars. [1.] He was clothed with a garment down to the foot, a princely and priestly robe, denoting righteousness and honour. [2.] He was girt about with a golden girdle, the breast-plate of the high priest, on which the names of his people are engraven; he was ready girt to do all the work of a Redeemer. [3.] His head and hairs were white like wool or snow. He was the Ancient of days; his hoary head was no sign of decay, but was indeed a crown of glory. [4.] His eyes were as a flame of fire, piercing and penetrating into the very hearts and reins of men, scattering terrors among his adversaries. [5.] His feet were like unto fine burning brass, strong and stedfast, supporting his own interest, subduing his enemies, treading them to powder. [6.] His voice was as the sound of many waters, of many rivers falling in together. He can and will make himself heard to those who are afar off as well as to those who are near. His gospel is a profluent and mighty stream, fed by the upper springs of infinite wisdom and knowledge. [7.] He had in his right hand seven stars, that is, the ministers of the seven churches, who are under his direction, have all their light and influence from him, and are secured and preserved by him. [8.] Out of his mouth went a two-edged sword, his word, which both wounds and heals, strikes at sin on the right hand and on the left, [9.] His countenance was as the sun shining, its strength too bright and dazzling for mortal eyes to behold.
(2.)The impression this appearance of Christ made upon the apostle John (Rev 1:17): He fell at the feet of Christ as dead; he was overpowered with the greatness of the lustre and glory in which Christ appeared, though he had been so familiar with him before. How well is it for us that God speaks to us by men like ourselves, whose terrors shall not make us afraid, for none can see the face of God and live!
(3.)The condescending goodness of the Lord Jesus to his disciple: He laid his hand upon him, Rev 1:17. He raised him up; he did not plead against him with his great power, but he put strength into him, he spoke kind words to him. [1.] Words of comfort and encouragement: Fear not. He commanded away the slavish fears of his disciple. [2.] Words of instruction, telling him particularly who he was that thus appeared to him. And here he acquaints him, First, with his divine nature: The first and the last. Secondly, With his former sufferings: I was dead; the very same that his disciples saw upon the cross dying for the sins of men. Thirdly, With his resurrection and life: "I live, and am alive for evermore, have conquered death and opened the grave, and am partaker of an endless life." Fourthly, With his office and authority: I have the keys of hell and of death, a sovereign dominion in and over the invisible world, opening and none can shut, shutting so that none can open, opening the gates of death when he pleases and the gates of the eternal world, of happiness or misery, as the Judge of all, from whose sentence there lies no appeal. Fifthly, With his will and pleasure: Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are, and which shall be hereafter. Sixthly, With the meaning of the seven stars, that they are the ministers of the churches; and of the seven candlesticks, that they are the seven churches, to whom Christ would now send by him particular and proper messages.
There is the selfsame difference in respect of the soul's corporeality, which is (perhaps) invisible to the flesh, but perfectly visible to the spirit. Thus John, being "in the Spirit" of God, beheld plainly the souls of the martyrs.
He says that he was taken up in the spirit, that is, that he was raised up to the secret things of God, in order that he might see those things which he was to speak. Moreover, he says that he did not enter into the heights of heaven in a bodily manner, but that he entered in the spirit, recalling this word, “No one has ascended into heaven except he who has descended, namely the Son of man, who is in heaven.” The holy apostle Paul also says that he was taken up, but in what way? He says, “Whether in the body or out of the body, I do not know, God knows.” He writes that he had been taken up into ecstasy, in the spirit. But since the day of the Lord is mentioned in this passage, when he says that he had been taken up in the spirit, he is indicating that he had been cleansed of any work of a profane kind. For, on the Lord’s day the apostle could only devote himself to divine things and holy duties.… Concerning the preachers of the gospel, it is written, “Cry aloud, do not cease, lift up your voice as a trumpet.” And concerning the words “behind me,” the prophet said, “And they shall hear a voice from behind of one teaching.” Let all humanity be exalted to whatever degree of sanctity, in comparison to the holy acts of God and to the divine words, it can by no means ever stand as an equal before his presence and face. But our flesh, weighed down by a certain weakness, is instructed, as it were, from behind by the words of God. Therefore, in saying “behind me” he indicates the weakness of his human nature.
And I heard behind me, etc. He is first admonished by the voice to turn his sight to the vision.
I was in the Spirit on the Lord’s day. He also indicates a suitable time for the spiritual vision. For Scripture often expresses the fixed limits of causes, as often of place, body, or air, so also of time. For the angels visit Abraham at noon, Sodom in the evening. Adam feared at the voice of the Lord walking in the afternoon. And Solomon received wisdom at night, which he would not keep.
I was in the spirit on the Lord's day. Here we need to start speaking about species and genus individually. John's spirit did not leave his flesh altogether when he saw this, because his body could not have survived without spirit; but, being in ecstasy, he could not feel or understand anything through his body. Note also that he says he was in the spirit not on the Sabbath, but on the Lord's day, because the old law, which produced death, had already passed, and the new one, which gives life, had become well-known with Christ's Resurrection. Allegorically, the Church is also shown to be the Lord's day, because, in the elect, it mortifies the deeds of the flesh by the spirit [Rom. 8:13] so that it may rise in the spirit in the conduct of a new life. Whence this saying of the apostle: You are not in the flesh, but in the spirit. [Ibid. 9] And heard behind me a great voice, as of a trumpet, saying: What thou seest, write. What one should know is that just as John heard it in the spirit, so was the voice spoken to him spiritual. We should however ask the question of what back a spirit could have to be able to hear a voice behind him. It seems then that the face of that spirit was the very force of divine contemplation, and its back, obliviousness of present matters. Therefore he heard the voice in the things he had forgotten, the purpose of this being to make him turn his mind's face towards them and write in a book everything he saw; as if the voice were saying to him, “Those things which you are beginning to see in the spirit of God, either have been done or must be done here, where you hear me sounding without sound, that is on earth.” With the words What thou seest, write, it is as if he were saying “what thou art about to see,” for he had not seen anything yet. Allegorically, the Church hears a voice concerning its union with Christ, behind it, from the law and the prophets, like this: They shall be two in one flesh. [Gen. 2:24] This voice, whether with regards to the Church or with regards to John, is rightly called great, because it speaks of the highest mysteries, and because of that it is compared to a trumpet and spread by the mouths of the preachers; whence it is said to one of them, Lift up thy voice like a trumpet. [Is. 58:1] This voice, through John, tells the Church to write what it sees, that is, to keep it in mind. And send to the seven churches, to Ephesus, to Smyrna, to Pergamus, to Thyatira, to Sardis, to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea. We need to say how the interpretations of these names tally with the universal Church. Ephesus translates to “my will” or “my counsel”: and whose counsel, but that of the one who casteth away the counsels of princes, but his counsel standeth forever? [Ps. 32:10-11] Moreover, the Church is the will of God, to which it is said through the prophet, Thou shalt be called My will. [Is. 62:4] Note also that will pertains to love, while counsel pertains to correction. Indeed, someone is the will of God when they submit to the Creator not out of fear of punishment, but willingly; whereas if someone wants to join neither for fear nor for love, they are given a speech of correction through the action of divine mercy so that they may abandon their error and receive the counsel of salvation. Smyrna translates to “their canticle,” that is the elect's, and that canticle is the new commandment. Therefore the Church sings this canticle every day when it fulfills the new commandment by loving God and neighbor. Pergamus translates to “separating their horns”: and whose horns but Christ's and the Devil's? So by Christ's horns is represented his kingdom, that is the Church, and by the Devil's horns, it is also his kingdom that is represented, that is the wicked. Hear therefore the separation of the horns: I will break all the horns of sinners, and the horns of the just shall be exalted. [Ps. 74:11] Thyatira means “enlightened”: and what other enlightened one are we to understand, but the one to whom it is said by Isaiah, Arise, be enlightened, O Jerusalem? [Is. 60:1] It is appropriate for the Church to be called enlightened, so that it should remember that it used to be darkness; whence the apostle to its members: You were heretofore darkness, but now light in the Lord. [Eph. 5:8] Sardis means “for the prince of beauty,” and “fitted” or “prepared” is implied. The prince of beauty is the one about whom the Psalmist says, beautiful above the sons of men. [Ps. 44:3] And who is prepared for him, if not the one about whom the prophet says to the same prince, The queen stood on thy right hand, in gilded clothing; surrounded with variety? [Ibid. 10] Philadelphia translates to “saving the inheritance for the Lord.” From this it is right to understand the Church of the elect, which strives to save itself with divine help. Indeed it is about this inheritance that it is said, I will give thee the Gentiles for thy inheritance. [Ps. 2:8] Laodicea translates to “tribe lovely to the Lord” or “they were in vomit”: this interpretation shows the good mingled with the wicked in the Church.
When John said, "I was in the Spirit" indicates a vision not perceptible to the senses, nor seen by the flesh or eyes, but rather by prophetic insight; concerning these spiritual perceptions Isaiah said: "He gave me understanding early on, He gave me an ear to hear, and the instruction of the Lord opened my ears." (Isa. 54:4)
There are many cities in Asia, but he himself commands to write to those who have been taught by him and have already accepted the faith of Christ. For what could one advise to those who are unbelieving and have turned away from the saving word?
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SUMMARY
Revelation 1:10 describes the profound spiritual state and specific timing of the Apostle John's initial prophetic encounter on the island of Patmos. While in a deep spiritual receptivity, John heard a powerful, authoritative voice, likened to a trumpet, which signaled the commencement of the divine revelations that form the core of the book of Revelation. This verse establishes the supernatural origin and compelling nature of the message he was about to receive, setting the stage for the unfolding apocalyptic vision.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Revelation 1:10 employs several powerful literary devices. Simile is prominently used in "as of a trumpet," directly comparing the sound of the voice to a trumpet. This comparison is not merely descriptive but evocative, immediately conveying the characteristics of the voice: loud, clear, authoritative, and attention-grabbing. It also carries Symbolism, as the trumpet in biblical tradition frequently symbolizes divine communication, summons, judgment, or the advent of a significant event (e.g., the giving of the Law on Mount Sinai). The phrase "in the Spirit" represents Spiritual Imagery, depicting a state of profound divine inspiration and receptivity, essential for receiving apocalyptic visions. Furthermore, the entire verse sets a tone of Anticipation and Awe, preparing the reader for the momentous revelations that follow by emphasizing the extraordinary circumstances of their reception.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Revelation 1:10 powerfully establishes the divine origin and authoritative nature of the entire book, affirming that the visions John received were not products of his own imagination but direct communications from God, mediated by the Holy Spirit. This emphasis on divine inspiration is crucial for the book's theological weight, assuring readers that the prophecies and messages contained within are trustworthy and carry ultimate authority. The setting "on the Lord's day" also elevates the significance of Christian worship and the resurrection of Christ, suggesting that moments of profound spiritual encounter often occur within the context of dedicating time to the Risen Lord. The trumpet-like voice foreshadows the many trumpet judgments and divine pronouncements throughout Revelation, reinforcing the theme of God's sovereign control over history and His ultimate triumph.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Revelation 1:10 serves as a profound reminder of God's active engagement with humanity and His desire to communicate His truth. John's experience of being "in the Spirit" calls believers to cultivate a similar posture of spiritual receptivity, especially in an age filled with distractions. It encourages us to intentionally seek moments of quiet and devotion where we can attune our hearts and minds to God's voice, whether through His written Word, prayer, or the promptings of the Holy Spirit. The designation of "the Lord's day" highlights the enduring significance of Sunday as a special time for worship, rest, and focusing on the Risen Christ. In a world that often minimizes spiritual realities, this verse challenges us to prioritize dedicated time for God, recognizing that it is often in these sacred spaces that He chooses to reveal His purposes and strengthen our faith. The powerful, trumpet-like voice assures us that God's communication is not timid or uncertain, but clear, authoritative, and demands our earnest attention and obedience, guiding us through life's complexities and toward His ultimate victory.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What does "in the Spirit" mean in this context?
Answer: In this context, "in the Spirit" (Greek: en pneumati) signifies a profound state of divine inspiration and spiritual receptivity. It means John was under the direct, powerful influence of the Holy Spirit, enabling him to transcend ordinary human perception and receive supernatural visions and revelations from God. This is a common biblical description of prophetic experiences, where God's Spirit empowers a prophet to perceive and communicate divine truths (e.g., Ezekiel 3:12). It's not merely an emotional feeling but a supernatural enabling.
Why is the timing "on the Lord's day" significant?
Answer: "On the Lord's day" (Greek: kyriakē hēmera) refers to Sunday, the first day of the week. This timing is significant because it was the day early Christians gathered for worship, commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ (John 20:1). By the end of the first century, it had become the established day for Christian assembly and worship, distinguishing it from the Jewish Sabbath. John receiving this profound revelation on this specific day underscores the day's sacredness and its connection to the Risen Christ and the life of the church.
What is implied by the voice being "as of a trumpet"?
Answer: The comparison of the voice to a trumpet (Greek: sálpinx) implies several things. Firstly, it conveys the immense volume and clarity of the voice—it was loud, distinct, and unmistakable. Secondly, it suggests authority and importance; in biblical and ancient cultures, trumpets were used to summon armies, announce royal decrees, signal significant events, or mark the presence of God (as at Mount Sinai). Thus, the trumpet-like voice indicates that the message John was about to receive was from a divine, authoritative source, demanding immediate attention and obedience, and signaling the commencement of momentous events.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Revelation 1:10, though describing John's experience, is deeply Christ-centered in its implications. John's being "in the Spirit" points to the work of the Holy Spirit, whom Christ promised to send to His disciples to guide them into all truth and declare to them the things to come (John 16:13). The vision occurring "on the Lord's day" directly links the revelation to the Risen Christ, whose resurrection on the first day of the week inaugurated the new creation and established the foundation for Christian worship. It is the Lord Jesus Christ who is the ultimate source and subject of the entire book of Revelation, as He is the one who "reveals" these things to John (Revelation 1:1). The "great voice, as of a trumpet," is ultimately identified with the voice of the Son of Man, Jesus Christ Himself, who subsequently speaks to John, revealing His majestic glory and authority over all things (Revelation 1:12-18). Thus, this verse sets the stage for a Christ-unveiling, where the glorified Lord communicates His final message of judgment and salvation, culminating in His ultimate triumph and eternal reign (Revelation 22:20-21).