Numbers 31:9

KJV

And the children of Israel took [all] the women of Midian captives, and their little ones, and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods.

KJV (with Strong's)

And the children {H1121} of Israel {H3478} took all the women {H802} of Midian {H4080} captives {H7617}, and their little ones {H2945}, and took the spoil {H962} of all their cattle {H929}, and all their flocks {H4735}, and all their goods {H2428}.

Complete Jewish Bible

The people of Isra'el took captive the women of Midyan and their little ones, and they took as booty all their cattle, flocks and other goods.

Berean Standard Bible

The Israelites captured the Midianite women and their children, and they plundered all their herds, flocks, and goods.

American Standard Version

And the children of Israel took captive the women of Midian and their little ones; and all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods, they took for a prey.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Numbers 31:9 meticulously records a pivotal outcome of Israel's divinely commanded punitive war against the Midianites: the comprehensive capture of human lives, specifically women and children, and the extensive plunder of material wealth. This verse serves as a stark, factual report of the immediate spoils of victory, highlighting the severe consequences of Midian's actions against God's people and setting the stage for subsequent divine instructions regarding the disposition of these captives and goods.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Numbers 31:9 is situated within the broader narrative of Israel's journey through the wilderness, specifically following the devastating incident at Baal-Peor in [Numbers 25](/numbers/25 "Numbers 25 - The Sin at Baal-Peor"), where Midianite women enticed Israelite men into idolatry and sexual immorality. The war against Midian, detailed in [Numbers 31](/numbers/31 "Numbers 31 - The War Against Midian"), is presented as a direct divine command from Yahweh to Moses, a retribution for Midian's role in leading Israel astray. Verse 9 specifically describes the initial phase of the military victory: the taking of captives and spoil. It functions as a concise, factual report of the immediate outcome of the battle, preceding the more complex and challenging divine directives concerning the disposition of the captured population and the distribution of the plunder, which are given in later verses of the chapter, particularly [Numbers 31:14-24](/numbers/31-14 "Numbers 31:14-24 - Moses' Anger and Instructions for Purification"). This sequential presentation builds narrative tension, moving from the act of conquest to the ethical and theological complexities of its aftermath.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** Ancient Near Eastern warfare frequently involved the taking of captives and the seizure of plunder as standard practice. This was not merely for economic gain but also as a demonstration of dominance, a means of weakening the enemy's future capacity, and a reward for the victorious army. The Midianites were a semi-nomadic people, often adversaries of Israel, whose influence, particularly their religious practices, posed a significant threat to Israel's covenant fidelity. The war described in Numbers 31 was not for territorial expansion but a specific act of divine judgment, akin to a holy war, where the enemy was deemed an existential spiritual threat due to their role in the Baal-Peor apostasy. While the concept of *herem* (devotion to destruction) was applied in some conquests (e.g., [Deuteronomy 20:16-18](/deuteronomy/20-16 "Deuteronomy 20:16-18 - Instructions for Conquering Nations")), the Midianite war had unique parameters, as evidenced by the subsequent instructions regarding the disposition of the captives and spoil, which differed from a total *herem*.
* **Key Themes:** This verse contributes significantly to several overarching themes within Numbers and the Pentateuch. Firstly, it powerfully underscores the theme of **Divine Judgment** and the severe consequences of sin, particularly idolatry and spiritual apostasy, as seen in Midian's role at Baal-Peor (cf. [Numbers 25:1-9](/numbers/25-1 "Numbers 25:1-9 - The Sin at Baal-Peor")). God's holiness demands a response to such egregious sin that threatens the purity of His covenant people. Secondly, it highlights the **Harsh Realities of Ancient Warfare**, depicting the common practices of the era, even when divinely sanctioned. This provides a stark contrast to modern sensibilities, forcing the reader to grapple with the historical context of God's dealings with nations. Finally, the verse implicitly demonstrates **Israel's Obedience** to a challenging divine command, even though the full implications of dealing with the captives would later require further, difficult instructions from Moses, as detailed in [Numbers 31:17-18](/numbers/31-17 "Numbers 31:17-18 - Moses' Instructions on Captives").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **took captives (Hebrew, _shâbâh'_):** This Hebrew verb (H7617) means "to transport into captivity," "to take as prisoner," or "to lead away." Its use here specifically denotes the capture of human beings—women and children—as war booty. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, where the defeated population could be enslaved, assimilated, or otherwise disposed of by the victors. The term emphasizes the forced removal and subjugation of the individuals, highlighting the complete victory of the Israelite forces over the Midianites.
* **spoil (Hebrew, _bâzaz'_):** Derived from the primitive root (H962) meaning "to plunder" or "to seize booty," this noun refers to the material possessions taken from the enemy during warfare. In this context, it encompasses "cattle," "flocks," and "goods," indicating a comprehensive appropriation of Midian's economic resources. The act of taking spoil was both a reward for the victorious army and a means of crippling the enemy's future capacity, ensuring their inability to pose a threat.
* **Midian (Hebrew, _Midyân'_):** This proper noun (H4080) refers to a people descended from Abraham through Keturah (cf. [Genesis 25:2](/genesis/25-2 "Genesis 25:2 - Abraham's Sons by Keturah")), who became a significant, often adversarial, presence in Israel's history. Their specific role in enticing Israel to idolatry at Baal-Peor (cf. [Numbers 25:6-9](/numbers/25-6 "Numbers 25:6-9 - Phinehas' Zeal")) is the direct catalyst for this punitive war, marking them as a spiritual enemy whose corrupting influence warranted severe divine judgment.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And the children of Israel took [all] the women of Midian captives, and their little ones":** This clause describes the capture of the human element of the Midianite population. The inclusion of "all" (though sometimes debated in its absolute sense, it conveys comprehensiveness) and specifically "their little ones" (children) is crucial. It highlights the devastating scope of ancient warfare and sets the stage for the challenging divine instructions that follow concerning the disposition of these captives, distinguishing between those who were involved in the sin at Baal-Peor and those who were not. This captures the immediate, tangible human cost of the conflict.
* **"and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods":** This second clause details the material plunder. "Cattle" and "flocks" refer to their livestock, which was a primary form of wealth in an agrarian and pastoral society, representing their economic foundation. "All their goods" is a comprehensive term encompassing any other movable property or possessions, from household items to valuables. The repetition of "all" underscores the thoroughness of the plunder, reflecting a complete appropriation of Midian's material resources as part of the punitive judgment, effectively dismantling their societal and economic infrastructure.

#### Literary Devices
Numbers 31:9 employs several literary devices to convey its message with clarity and impact. **Enumeration** is evident in the precise listing of the spoils: "women," "little ones," "cattle," "flocks," and "goods," which provides a clear, comprehensive account of the victory's immediate yield and emphasizes the totality of the conquest. The verse functions as a factual **Reportage**, presenting the outcome of the military action in a direct, unembellished manner, characteristic of historical narrative in the Pentateuch, lending an air of objective truth to the events. There is a strong sense of **Consequence** or **Result**, as the taking of captives and spoil is presented as the direct, inevitable outcome of the divinely commanded war against Midian's egregious sin. Furthermore, the verse serves as a subtle **Foreshadowing**, as the very act of taking these specific categories of spoil (women and children) immediately raises complex ethical and practical questions that are addressed in the subsequent, intricate divine instructions in [Numbers 31:14-24](/numbers/31-14 "Numbers 31:14-24 - Moses' Anger and Instructions for Purification"), thus building narrative tension and anticipation for further revelation.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Numbers 31:9, while describing a difficult historical event, serves as a powerful testament to God's unwavering holiness and justice. The severity of the judgment against Midian, manifested in the taking of their people and possessions, underscores the profound seriousness of sin, particularly idolatry and spiritual compromise, which threatened to corrupt God's covenant people. This passage reminds us that God is not indifferent to evil; His righteous character demands a response to sin that seeks to undermine His covenant and lead His people astray. While the methods of divine judgment in the Old Testament can be challenging to reconcile with contemporary ethics, they consistently reveal a God who acts decisively to preserve the purity and distinctiveness of His chosen people, through whom His redemptive plan for humanity would unfold. This act of judgment, therefore, is ultimately rooted in God's faithfulness to His covenant and His commitment to His people's spiritual well-being, ensuring the lineage and context for the coming Messiah.

* [Deuteronomy 7:1-6](/deuteronomy/7-1 "Deuteronomy 7:1-6 - Instructions for Conquering Nations")
* [Joshua 6:17-21](/joshua/6-17 "Joshua 6:17-21 - The Destruction of Jericho")
* [Exodus 34:15-16](/exodus/34-15 "Exodus 34:15-16 - Warnings Against Idolatry and Intermarriage")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Numbers 31:9 presents a stark reality of ancient warfare and divine judgment that can be challenging for modern readers. While we do not engage in physical wars of conquest or punitive judgment in the same manner as ancient Israel, the underlying principles remain profoundly relevant. This passage calls us to reflect on the absolute holiness of God and the gravity of sin, especially spiritual idolatry and compromise that can lead us away from Him. It reminds us that God takes seriously anything that threatens the purity of His relationship with His people and His purposes for them. For us today, the "Midianites" are not a physical nation but spiritual forces and influences that seek to entice us into unfaithfulness—whether through worldly values, false ideologies, moral laxity, or anything that competes for our ultimate allegiance. We are called to spiritual vigilance, to "wage war" against sin in our own lives and in the church, not with physical weapons, but with the armor of God (cf. [Ephesians 6:10-18](/ephesians/6-10 "The Armor of God")) and the spiritual weapons of truth, righteousness, and the Word of God. This verse also prompts us to humbly acknowledge the complexities of God's dealings in history, trusting that His ways are always just, even when they are beyond our full comprehension, and to seek His wisdom in navigating the moral complexities of our own time.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does Numbers 31:9 challenge or deepen your understanding of God's justice and holiness, particularly in light of His love and mercy?**
* **In what ways might we, as modern believers, be susceptible to "Midianite" influences that lead to spiritual compromise or idolatry in our contemporary culture?**
* **What lessons can we draw from this difficult passage about the seriousness of sin and the importance of spiritual purity and unwavering devotion in our lives today?**

### FAQ
**Why did God command such a harsh war against Midian, including the capture of women and children?**

Answer: The war against Midian was not a typical territorial conquest but a specific, punitive act of divine judgment. Its primary catalyst was Midian's direct role in the Baal-Peor incident (cf. [Numbers 25:1-9](/numbers/25-1 "Numbers 25:1-9 - The Sin at Baal-Peor")), where Midianite women enticed Israelite men into idolatry and sexual immorality, leading to a plague that killed 24,000 Israelites. This was a direct assault on Israel's covenant relationship with God and a grievous sin that threatened the spiritual purity and very existence of God's chosen people. God's command was an act of righteous indignation against those who sought to corrupt His people and undermine His redemptive plan. While the capture of women and children is difficult for modern readers, it was a common practice in ancient warfare. Furthermore, later in [Numbers 31:17-18](/numbers/31-17 "Numbers 31:17-18 - Moses' Instructions on Captives"), Moses, under divine instruction, makes a crucial distinction, commanding the killing of adult women who had known a man (i.e., those likely involved in the Baal-Peor seduction) and all male children, while sparing the virgin girls and female children. This indicates a specific, targeted judgment against those deemed responsible for the spiritual corruption, not a blanket annihilation, and highlights the unique, judicial nature of this particular conflict.

**How do we reconcile the severity of this passage with God's character of love and mercy?**

Answer: Reconciling such passages requires understanding the multifaceted nature of God's character, which includes both perfect love and perfect justice. In the Old Testament, God often used physical judgments to address severe sin and to preserve the holiness of His covenant people, through whom the Messiah would eventually come. The Midianite war demonstrates God's intolerance for idolatry and moral corruption that threatened to derail His redemptive plan for humanity. While God is merciful and slow to anger, His justice is also absolute, demanding a response to sin that is proportionate to its offense against His holy character. This passage reminds us that sin has real and devastating consequences. Ultimately, God's love and mercy are most fully revealed in Christ, who bore the full weight of God's judgment against sin on the cross (cf. [Romans 5:8](/romans/5-8 "God Demonstrates His Love")). The Old Testament judgments, though harsh, served to highlight the seriousness of sin and the desperate need for a perfect sacrifice, foreshadowing the ultimate solution found in Jesus Christ, who perfectly embodies both God's unwavering justice and His boundless, redemptive love.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Numbers 31:9, with its depiction of divine judgment and the taking of spoil from an enemy who sought to corrupt God's people, finds its ultimate fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The war against Midian was a physical manifestation of God's battle against spiritual forces of evil that sought to lead Israel astray and compromise their covenant purity. In the New Testament, Christ wages a far greater spiritual war, not with swords and spears, but through His perfect life, atoning death, and glorious resurrection. He triumphs decisively over the true spiritual enemies of humanity—Satan, sin, and death. Just as the Israelites "took spoil" from Midian, Christ, by His victory on the cross, "disarmed the rulers and authorities and put them to open shame, by triumphing over them in him" ([Colossians 2:15](/colossians/2-15 "Christ's Triumph Over Spiritual Powers")). He leads "captivity captive," distributing gifts to His people as the ultimate Victor who has conquered the powers of darkness (cf. [Ephesians 4:8](/ephesians/4-8 "Christ's Ascension and Gifts")). Furthermore, the cleansing rituals associated with the spoil in [Numbers 31:21-24](/numbers/31-21 "Purification of the Spoil") also point to Christ, whose perfect sacrifice and precious blood purify us from all sin and make us holy before God, cleansing our consciences from dead works to serve the living God (cf. [Hebrews 9:14](/hebrews/9-14 "Christ's Blood Purifies Conscience")). Ultimately, the judgment against Midian, a people who caused Israel to stumble, foreshadows Christ's role as the [Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world](/john/1-29 "Jesus, the Lamb of God"), providing the ultimate and final solution to humanity's rebellion and spiritual corruption, not through destruction, but through redemption and reconciliation.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Chronicles 28:5

Wherefore the LORD his God delivered him into the hand of the king of Syria; and they smote him, and carried away a great multitude of them captives, and brought [them] to Damascus. And he was also delivered into the hand of the king of Israel, who smote him with a great slaughter.

2 Chronicles 28:8

And the children of Israel carried away captive of their brethren two hundred thousand, women, sons, and daughters, and took also away much spoil from them, and brought the spoil to Samaria.

2 Chronicles 28:10

And now ye purpose to keep under the children of Judah and Jerusalem for bondmen and bondwomen unto you: [but are there] not with you, even with you, sins against the LORD your God?

Deuteronomy 20:14

But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, [even] all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.

Numbers 31:15

And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive?

Numbers 31:16

Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD.