Joshua 16:3

KJV

And goeth down westward to the coast of Japhleti, unto the coast of Bethhoron the nether, and to Gezer: and the goings out thereof are at the sea.

KJV (with Strong's)

And goeth down {H3381} westward {H3220} to the coast {H1366} of Japhleti {H3311}, unto the coast {H1366} of Bethhoron {H1032} the nether {H8481}, and to Gezer {H1507}: and the goings out {H8444} thereof are at the sea {H3220}.

Complete Jewish Bible

went down westward to the border with the Yafleti, to the border of Lower Beit-Horon, on to Gezer and ending at the sea.

Berean Standard Bible

Then it descended westward to the border of the Japhletites as far as the border of Lower Beth-horon and on to Gezer, and it ended at the Sea.

American Standard Version

and it went down westward to the border of the Japhletites, unto the border of Beth-horon the nether, even unto Gezer; and the goings out thereof were at the sea.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Joshua 16:3 meticulously describes a specific segment of the southern boundary for the tribe of Ephraim, one of the two tribes descended from Joseph. This verse traces the border's westward trajectory from an initial, unspecified point, through the significant geographical markers of Japhleti, Lower Bethhoron, and Gezer, ultimately terminating at the Mediterranean Sea. This precise geographical delineation underscores God's unwavering faithfulness in fulfilling His ancient covenant promises of land to Israel, establishing clear and divinely ordained boundaries for tribal inheritances, and highlighting the ongoing process of possessing and settling the promised territory.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Joshua 16:3 is situated within the extensive and detailed land allocation section of the Book of Joshua, specifically chapters 13-19, which meticulously records the division of Canaan among the twelve tribes of Israel. Following the initial military campaigns and conquests led by Joshua, this phase marks the fulfillment of God's ancient promise to Abraham regarding the land. Chapter 16 specifically outlines the inheritance granted to the "children of Joseph"—the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. This particular verse provides a precise geographical description of a crucial portion of Ephraim's southern boundary, immediately following a general outline of Joseph's inheritance and preceding further details of Ephraim's territory and their challenges in fully possessing the land, as notably highlighted in [Joshua 16:10](/joshua/16-10 "Joshua 16:10 - Ephraim's Failure to Expel Canaanites"). The highly detailed nature of these boundary descriptions emphasizes the divine precision, order, and legal specificity involved in the distribution of the land, serving as an enduring record of God's faithfulness.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The period depicted in the Book of Joshua represents a pivotal transition for the Israelites, moving from a nomadic existence to a settled, agrarian, and urbanized society within the Promised Land. The meticulous demarcation of tribal boundaries was not merely an administrative task but a foundational act for establishing national identity, preventing inter-tribal conflicts, and ensuring the fulfillment of individual family inheritances as promised by God. Towns such as Bethhoron and Gezer were not arbitrary points but strategically vital locations. Bethhoron, specifically "the nether" (lower), was part of a critical pass that served as a primary artery connecting the fertile coastal plain to the central highlands, making it a key military and trade route. Gezer, a formidable Canaanite royal city, was heavily fortified and represented a significant stronghold, posing an ongoing challenge to Israelite control even after its designation within Ephraim's territory. The very act of defining these borders was a profound declaration of Israel's claim and establishment of their presence in the land, reflecting the tangible reality of God's covenant faithfulness.
* **Key Themes:** The meticulous detailing of borders in [Joshua 16](/joshua/16 "Joshua 16 - Ephraim and Manasseh's Inheritance"), and specifically in Joshua 16:3, contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it powerfully illustrates **Divine Faithfulness**, demonstrating God's unwavering commitment to fulfilling His covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob concerning the land, as seen in passages like [Genesis 15:18](/genesis/15-18 "Genesis 15:18 - God's Covenant with Abraham"). Secondly, it highlights **Order and Specificity** in God's divine plan, reflecting His orderly nature and the importance of clear, defined inheritances for each tribe, which would minimize disputes and ensure justice. Thirdly, the mention of cities like Gezer, which were not fully conquered by Ephraim (as explicitly noted in [Joshua 16:10](/joshua/16-10 "Joshua 16:10 - Ephraim's Failure to Expel Canaanites")), introduces the crucial theme of **Inheritance and Possession**. While the land was divinely allotted, its full possession required ongoing effort, obedience, and faithfulness from the Israelites, foreshadowing the continuous struggles and partial obedience that would characterize Israel's subsequent history. This tension between divine gift and human responsibility is central to the book's message.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Goeth down (Hebrew, _yârad'_):** This verb, derived from a primitive root meaning "to descend," literally denotes movement from a higher to a lower elevation. In the context of the border description, it precisely indicates a topographical reality: the boundary line moves from the central highlands, where Ephraim's territory began, westward towards the lower coastal plain and the Mediterranean Sea. This specific geographical detail highlights the careful observation and recording of the land's contours, reflecting the accuracy of the biblical account.
* **Coast (Hebrew, _gᵉbûwl'_):** While translated "coast" in the KJV, the Hebrew word _gᵉbûwl_ (or _gᵉbûl_) more broadly and accurately means "boundary," "border," or "territory." Its repeated use in this verse ("coast of Japhleti," "coast of Bethhoron the nether") emphasizes the precise line of demarcation itself, highlighting the defined and legally established nature of the tribal inheritance. It underscores the divinely ordained limits and the legal claim of Ephraim to this specific land.
* **Nether (Hebrew, _tachtôwn'_):** Meaning "lower" or "bottommost," this adjective specifically distinguishes "Bethhoron the nether" (Lower Bethhoron) from its counterpart, Bethhoron the Upper. This distinction was vital for accurate geographical identification, as both towns were strategically important and located along a significant pass. The use of "nether" precisely pinpoints the exact Bethhoron that lay on Ephraim's southern border, ensuring clarity in the land's division.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And goeth down westward to the coast of Japhleti":** This opening phrase establishes the initial direction and a key landmark for this segment of Ephraim's southern border. The verb "goeth down" indicates a descent in elevation, moving from the higher ground of the central highlands towards the west. Japhleti, though its exact location remains a subject of scholarly debate, serves as a specific, identifiable landmark from which the border is meticulously traced.
* **"unto the coast of Bethhoron the nether":** The border continues its westward trajectory, extending to include Lower Bethhoron. This was a strategically vital town, situated on a crucial pass that connected the coastal plain with the central highlands. Its inclusion on the border highlights its immense importance as a point of control, defense, and communication for Ephraim's territory, signifying a key point in their allocated land.
* **"and to Gezer":** The boundary further extends to Gezer, a highly significant and formidable Canaanite royal city. Gezer was a powerful stronghold, and its inclusion on Ephraim's border demonstrates the expansive nature of their divinely allotted territory. However, as noted elsewhere in Joshua, the Canaanites in Gezer were not fully dispossessed by Ephraim, indicating a persistent challenge to their full possession of the land.
* **"and the goings out thereof are at the sea":** This final clause definitively states that the westernmost extent of this border segment reaches the Mediterranean Sea. This provides a clear, natural, and absolute boundary for Ephraim's territory on its western side, completing the precise description of this particular line of demarcation and marking the ultimate limit of their inheritance in this direction.

#### Literary Devices
The primary literary device employed in Joshua 16:3 is **Topographical Description**, characterized by its meticulous and precise detailing of geographical landmarks to delineate the tribal border. This serves not only as a historical record but also as a profound theological statement, emphasizing God's ordered, specific, and faithful provision of the land. The repetition of the term "coast" (or "border," _gᵉbûwl_) functions as **Repetition** for emphasis, reinforcing the idea of a clearly defined, legally established, and divinely ordained boundary. Furthermore, the verse's focus on exact locations like "Bethhoron the nether" and "Gezer" demonstrates **Specificity**, underscoring the divine intention behind each allotment and the tangible reality of the promised land. The phrase "goeth down westward" also subtly employs **Imagery**, allowing the reader to visualize the descent in elevation as the border approaches the sea, adding a dynamic element to the otherwise static description.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Joshua 16:3, with its precise delineation of Ephraim's boundary, serves as a powerful testament to God's meticulous faithfulness in fulfilling His covenant promises. Just as God precisely measured and allotted a physical inheritance to the tribes of Israel, He has also provided a spiritual inheritance for believers in Christ, an inheritance that is equally defined and secure in His divine plan. The physical boundaries in Joshua represent the tangible expression of God's commitment to His people, ensuring their place and provision. However, the narrative also subtly highlights the tension between divine promise and human responsibility; while the land was given, its full possession often required active effort and obedience to drive out the remaining inhabitants. This foreshadows the spiritual reality that while our inheritance in Christ is secure, walking in its fullness requires diligence, faith, and active engagement with God's Word and will, confronting spiritual "enemies" that hinder our complete experience of God's blessings.

* [Deuteronomy 1:8](/deuteronomy/1-8 "Deuteronomy 1:8 - God's Promise of the Land")
* [Ephesians 1:11](/ephesians/1-11 "Ephesians 1:11 - Our Spiritual Inheritance in Christ")
* [Hebrews 4:1](/hebrews/4-1 "Hebrews 4:1 - Entering God's Rest")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The detailed geographical descriptions in Joshua 16:3, while seemingly mundane, offer profound insights into God's character and His dealings with His people. They remind us that God is a God of order, precision, and unwavering faithfulness, who meticulously fulfills His promises. Just as He provided a specific and defined inheritance for each tribe, He has also provided a unique spiritual inheritance, calling, and purpose for each believer through Christ. This verse challenges us to consider our own "boundaries" – the spiritual gifts, talents, callings, and truths that God has allotted to us. Are we actively "possessing" and living within the full scope of what God has provided? The ongoing struggle for full possession in Joshua, exemplified by cities like Gezer, serves as a poignant reminder that even when God has given us an inheritance, there may be "Canaanites" (sin, doubt, fear, worldly distractions, or spiritual strongholds) within our spiritual territory that need to be "driven out" through faith, obedience, and spiritual warfare for us to experience the fullness of God's blessing and purpose for our lives. This requires persistent effort and reliance on God's power.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does God's meticulous care in defining Israel's inheritance encourage you regarding His specific plans and provisions for your own life?**
* **What "boundaries" or "inheritances" (e.g., spiritual gifts, specific callings, foundational truths) has God given you that require active "possession" through faith and obedience?**
* **In what areas of your life might you be failing to fully "drive out" the "Canaanites" (sin, doubt, fear, or worldly influences) that hinder you from experiencing God's full provision and purpose?**

### FAQ
**Why is the border described in such detail in the Book of Joshua?**

Answer: The detailed description of tribal borders in the Book of Joshua, including Joshua 16:3, serves multiple crucial purposes. Firstly, it powerfully underscores the **fulfillment of God's covenant promise** to Abraham to give his descendants the land of Canaan, as explicitly stated in passages like [Genesis 15:18](/genesis/15-18 "Genesis 15:18 - God's Covenant with Abraham"). The precision demonstrates God's unwavering faithfulness to His word. Secondly, it provided a **legal and historical record** for each tribe, establishing their specific, divinely ordained inheritance and preventing future disputes over territory. These boundaries were essential for tribal identity, economic stability, and political organization in the newly settled land. Thirdly, it highlights God's **orderly nature** and His meticulous care for His people, ensuring that each family and tribe received its designated portion with clarity and justice. Finally, the inclusion of strategic locations like Bethhoron and Gezer emphasizes the practical realities of settling the land, including the ongoing challenges of securing and maintaining control over key areas that were not immediately or fully subdued.

**What is the significance of "Bethhoron the nether" and "Gezer" in this border description?**

Answer: Both Bethhoron the Nether and Gezer were highly significant locations that add depth to the border description. **Bethhoron the Nether** (Lower Bethhoron) was part of a crucial pass that connected the fertile coastal plain with the central highlands of Canaan. This made it an immensely vital strategic point for trade, communication, and military movements, as control of the Bethhoron pass was essential for securing the central region of Israel. Its inclusion on Ephraim's border highlights the strategic importance and inherent challenges of their allotted territory. **Gezer** was a powerful and heavily fortified Canaanite royal city, representing a significant stronghold. Its mention on the border indicates the expansive reach of Ephraim's inheritance, but also points to the ongoing challenges of fully possessing the land. [Joshua 16:10](/joshua/16-10 "Joshua 16:10 - Ephraim's Failure to Expel Canaanites") explicitly states that Ephraim did not drive out the Canaanites living in Gezer, but rather put them to forced labor. This detail underscores the incomplete nature of Israel's conquest and foreshadows the future struggles with the remaining Canaanite populations, reminding us that receiving an inheritance does not always equate to immediate, full possession; it often requires ongoing effort and obedience.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The meticulous detail of the tribal inheritance in Joshua 16:3, while describing a physical land, profoundly foreshadows the spiritual inheritance and full possession that believers receive in Christ. The promised land of Canaan, given to Israel as a place of rest and blessing, serves as a powerful type for the ultimate rest and spiritual blessings found in Jesus. Just as God meticulously defined the boundaries for Ephraim's physical inheritance, so too has He, in Christ, "blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places" ([Ephesians 1:3](/ephesians/1-3 "Ephesians 1:3 - Blessed with Every Spiritual Blessing")). Jesus is the true "land" and "rest" for His people, the one in whom all God's promises find their "Yes" and "Amen" ([2 Corinthians 1:20](/2_corinthians/1-20 "2 Corinthians 1:20 - God's Promises in Christ")). The struggle of Ephraim to fully dispossess the Canaanites in Gezer, despite the land being allotted to them, mirrors the ongoing spiritual warfare believers face to fully "possess" and live out their identity and inheritance in Christ ([Ephesians 6:12](/ephesians/6-12 "Ephesians 6:12 - Spiritual Warfare")). Our ultimate "goings out" are not at a physical sea, but in the boundless grace and eternal life secured by the [Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God"), granting us an inheritance that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for us ([1 Peter 1:4](/1_peter/1-4 "1 Peter 1:4 - Our Imperishable Inheritance")). Through Christ, we are not merely given a territory, but we are given new life and access to all the riches of God's grace, a spiritual inheritance far surpassing any earthly boundary.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Joshua 18:13

And the border went over from thence toward Luz, to the side of Luz, which [is] Bethel, southward; and the border descended to Atarothadar, near the hill that [lieth] on the south side of the nether Bethhoron.

Joshua 10:33

Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.

2 Chronicles 8:5

Also he built Bethhoron the upper, and Bethhoron the nether, fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars;

1 Chronicles 7:28

And their possessions and habitations [were], Bethel and the towns thereof, and eastward Naaran, and westward Gezer, with the towns thereof; Shechem also and the towns thereof, unto Gaza and the towns thereof:

1 Chronicles 7:24

(And his daughter [was] Sherah, who built Bethhoron the nether, and the upper, and Uzzensherah.)

1 Kings 9:15

¶ And this [is] the reason of the levy which king Solomon raised; for to build the house of the LORD, and his own house, and Millo, and the wall of Jerusalem, and Hazor, and Megiddo, and Gezer.

1 Kings 9:17

And Solomon built Gezer, and Bethhoron the nether,