TRV
Oecumenius
Medieval · AD 800–1500 · 987 passages across 19 books
Commentary
Titus 1:12
One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said, The Cretians are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies.
One of them, a prophet of their own, said: "Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons." It is asked for what reason Paul brought forward the testimony of the Greeks, and commended it, especially since it was not rightly said? But what is the testimony? The Cretans built a tomb for Zeus. And so a certain poet says: The Cretans built a tomb for you, O king; but you are by no means dead, for you always live. Part of this prophecy is: The Cretans are always liars, etc. However, the Apostle attested that this saying is true. But if this testimony is true, then Zeus must be immortal. Yet we say that in this alone he said the testimony was true, because he called them liars themselves. — [OECUMENIUS] Epimenides the Cretan, the oracle of the prophet. Callimachus has also made use of the verse spoken by him in the hymn to Zeus. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius G f. 314r] — Where Paul says: "This testimony," namely that he says they themselves are liars. Indeed, someone might say this is so: but why did he bring forth testimony from the Greeks? And we say that this affected them…
One of them, a prophet of their own, said: "Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons."
It is asked for what reason Paul brought forward the testimony of the Greeks, and commended it, especially since it was not rightly said? But what is the testimony? The Cretans built a tomb for Zeus. And so a certain poet says: The Cretans built a tomb for you, O king; but you are by no means dead, for you always live. Part of this prophecy is: The Cretans are always liars, etc. However, the Apostle attested that this saying is true. But if this testimony is true, then Zeus must be immortal. Yet we say that in this alone he said the testimony was true, because he called them liars themselves.
— [OECUMENIUS] Epimenides the Cretan, the oracle of the prophet. Callimachus has also made use of the verse spoken by him in the hymn to Zeus. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius G f. 314r] —
Where Paul says: "This testimony," namely that he says they themselves are liars. Indeed, someone might say this is so: but why did he bring forth testimony from the Greeks? And we say that this affected them with the greatest shame that it produced testimony of their own wickedness from their own people. For since those among us do not have faith in them, Paul brought their own accusers to them. This God was also doing when, through the star, He indicated Christ to the Magi, so that they would be occupied with astronomy (Matt. 2), as if admonishing them by their own. Again, the prophet from the oxen drawing the ark (2 Sam. 6:3). Moreover, Saul from the woman having the spirit of Python (Acts 16:16), because he believed her. In these ways God was revealing Himself. Nor is it opposed by the fact that Christ and afterwards the apostles forbade demons to speak: for signs were made which could persuade (Mark 9:38). It was necessary that they persuade men by those whom they believed.
It is asked for what reason Paul brought forward the testimony of the Greeks, and commended it, especially since it was not rightly said? But what is the testimony? The Cretans built a tomb for Zeus. And so a certain poet says: The Cretans built a tomb for you, O king; but you are by no means dead, for you always live. Part of this prophecy is: The Cretans are always liars, etc. However, the Apostle attested that this saying is true. But if this testimony is true, then Zeus must be immortal. Yet we say that in this alone he said the testimony was true, because he called them liars themselves.
— [OECUMENIUS] Epimenides the Cretan, the oracle of the prophet. Callimachus has also made use of the verse spoken by him in the hymn to Zeus. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius G f. 314r] —
Where Paul says: "This testimony," namely that he says they themselves are liars. Indeed, someone might say this is so: but why did he bring forth testimony from the Greeks? And we say that this affected them with the greatest shame that it produced testimony of their own wickedness from their own people. For since those among us do not have faith in them, Paul brought their own accusers to them. This God was also doing when, through the star, He indicated Christ to the Magi, so that they would be occupied with astronomy (Matt. 2), as if admonishing them by their own. Again, the prophet from the oxen drawing the ark (2 Sam. 6:3). Moreover, Saul from the woman having the spirit of Python (Acts 16:16), because he believed her. In these ways God was revealing Himself. Nor is it opposed by the fact that Christ and afterwards the apostles forbade demons to speak: for signs were made which could persuade (Mark 9:38). It was necessary that they persuade men by those whom they believed.
Titus 1:13
This witness is true. Wherefore rebuke them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith;
This testimony is true. For this reason, he rebuked them sharply, so that they might be sound in the faith.
For this reason, he rebuked them sharply. Therefore, because some are wicked, he says, rebuke them more harshly, for they could not be led from gentleness to what is right.
be sound in the faith. To be sound in faith, however, is if one has introduced nothing external to it, neither Jewish nor Gentile.
For this reason, he rebuked them sharply. Therefore, because some are wicked, he says, rebuke them more harshly, for they could not be led from gentleness to what is right.
be sound in the faith. To be sound in faith, however, is if one has introduced nothing external to it, neither Jewish nor Gentile.
Titus 1:14
Not giving heed to Jewish fables, and commandments of men, that turn from the truth.
not paying attention to Jewish fables and human commandments that turn away from the truth.
Jewish fables. The Jewish stories are called fables for two reasons: both because their time has passed, and because even when they were in force, they were a resemblance of truth and not the truth itself.
and human commandments. Paul speaks about the observations concerning food, which is evident from what follows.
Jewish fables. The Jewish stories are called fables for two reasons: both because their time has passed, and because even when they were in force, they were a resemblance of truth and not the truth itself.
and human commandments. Paul speaks about the observations concerning food, which is evident from what follows.
Titus 1:15
Unto the pure all things are pure: but unto them that are defiled and unbelieving is nothing pure; but even their mind and conscience is defiled.
Things are always pure to the pure; but to the defiled and unbelieving, nothing is pure, but both their mind and conscience are defiled.
— [OECUMENIUS] What then was the law given to the Jews concerning uncleanness? And we say, not because they were unclean did God legislate accordingly, but by this law cutting off much luxury and indifference among the Jews. For what is clean and unclean depends chiefly on the character of those receiving it. Since by nature all things are clean to those who do not examine too closely; but to those who are not such, all things are unclean, though not actually unclean. For only sin is truly unclean. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius A f. 185v; B f. 224v; G f. 314v] —
but to the defiled. Therefore, impure things come from a defiled mind: just as for a person suffering from an illness, all things are unpleasant because of the disease.
but both their mind and conscience are defiled. No food is indeed impure, Paul says, but the mind and conscience of those people are impure, and their skepticism makes foods impure and useless.
— [OECUMENIUS] What then was the law given to the Jews concerning uncleanness? And we say, not because they were unclean did God legislate accordingly, but by this law cutting off much luxury and indifference among the Jews. For what is clean and unclean depends chiefly on the character of those receiving it. Since by nature all things are clean to those who do not examine too closely; but to those who are not such, all things are unclean, though not actually unclean. For only sin is truly unclean. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius A f. 185v; B f. 224v; G f. 314v] —
but to the defiled. Therefore, impure things come from a defiled mind: just as for a person suffering from an illness, all things are unpleasant because of the disease.
but both their mind and conscience are defiled. No food is indeed impure, Paul says, but the mind and conscience of those people are impure, and their skepticism makes foods impure and useless.
Titus 1:16
They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate.
They confess to know God, but by their works they deny Him, being detestable and disobedient, and unfit for every good work.
They confess to know God. This is truly impure, for faith without works is dead. (James 2:26)
They confess to know God. This is truly impure, for faith without works is dead. (James 2:26)
Titus 2:1
But speak thou the things which become sound doctrine:
But you speak what accords with sound doctrine.
But you speak what accords with sound doctrine. But although these men are such, Paul said, you should nevertheless not become any less diligent, but do what is your duty and teach, even if no one obeys.
Exhortations which ought to be given to each according to their age.
But you speak what accords with sound doctrine. But although these men are such, Paul said, you should nevertheless not become any less diligent, but do what is your duty and teach, even if no one obeys.
Exhortations which ought to be given to each according to their age.
Titus 2:2
That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity, in patience.
Elders must be sober, honorable, self-controlled, sound in faith, in love, and in patience.
Elders must be sober. For old age is mostly followed by slowness and sluggishness. This, therefore, corrects it.
be [εἶναι]. For the common expression is, "must be" [εἶναι δεῖ].
self-controlled [σωφροσύνη]. He basically says careful [Φρονίμους]. For self-controlled is, as it were, soundness, the salvation of the mind. For self-control would not have been sought after by the aged in matters of immorality, as this is generally acknowledged.
patience. Paul rightly says that they ought to have patience. For irritability clings to old age.
Elders must be sober. For old age is mostly followed by slowness and sluggishness. This, therefore, corrects it.
be [εἶναι]. For the common expression is, "must be" [εἶναι δεῖ].
self-controlled [σωφροσύνη]. He basically says careful [Φρονίμους]. For self-controlled is, as it were, soundness, the salvation of the mind. For self-control would not have been sought after by the aged in matters of immorality, as this is generally acknowledged.
patience. Paul rightly says that they ought to have patience. For irritability clings to old age.
Titus 2:3
The aged women likewise, that they be in behaviour as becometh holiness, not false accusers, not given to much wine, teachers of good things;
likewise, older women must be respectful in behavior, not slanderers, not enslaved to much wine, teachers of what is good.
— [OECUMENIUS] likewise, older women. Paul refers to the deaconesses.
Respectful. From this Paul means clothing. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius Π f. 173v; A f. 186r anonym; B f. 225r; G f. 314v] —
behavior. From this attire, Paul says, they showed modesty and the fact of engaging in sacred services.
not slanderers. For from wine follows slander: and especially because the violence that comes of wine is hostile to weaker old age.
teachers of what is good. And how does it hinder women from teaching elsewhere? And we say that here it speaks about an exhortative speech addressed to household members, but there it is about sitting in public and speaking in the assembly. And that it has made them participants only of the teaching which is imparted at home is made clear by what follows.
— [OECUMENIUS] likewise, older women. Paul refers to the deaconesses.
Respectful. From this Paul means clothing. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius Π f. 173v; A f. 186r anonym; B f. 225r; G f. 314v] —
behavior. From this attire, Paul says, they showed modesty and the fact of engaging in sacred services.
not slanderers. For from wine follows slander: and especially because the violence that comes of wine is hostile to weaker old age.
teachers of what is good. And how does it hinder women from teaching elsewhere? And we say that here it speaks about an exhortative speech addressed to household members, but there it is about sitting in public and speaking in the assembly. And that it has made them participants only of the teaching which is imparted at home is made clear by what follows.
Titus 2:4-5
That they may teach the young women to be sober, to love their husbands, to love their children,
so that they may train the young women to love their husbands, to love their children, to be self-controlled, pure, homemakers, kind, submissive to their own husbands, so that the word of God may not be reviled.
so that they may train the young women. Paul is not speaking only about their daughters but of women in general, and for the younger to be subordinate to the older.
to love their husbands. This is the head of all duties that exist in the family, from which the rest arise.
to love their children. For she who loves the root will also love the branches.
homemakers. Paul says "homemaker", those who manage the household affairs. However, such guardians are concerned neither with their own nourishment nor with untimely departures.
so that the word of God may not be reviled. For if a husband were unfaithful, having a faithful wife, but not submissive and corrupt, the very faith would be slandered which such women have. Do you see that Paul writes this, having especially the care of preaching?
so that they may train the young women. Paul is not speaking only about their daughters but of women in general, and for the younger to be subordinate to the older.
to love their husbands. This is the head of all duties that exist in the family, from which the rest arise.
to love their children. For she who loves the root will also love the branches.
homemakers. Paul says "homemaker", those who manage the household affairs. However, such guardians are concerned neither with their own nourishment nor with untimely departures.
so that the word of God may not be reviled. For if a husband were unfaithful, having a faithful wife, but not submissive and corrupt, the very faith would be slandered which such women have. Do you see that Paul writes this, having especially the care of preaching?
Titus 2:6-8
Young men likewise exhort to be sober minded.
He also urged the younger men to be sensible; presenting yourself as a pattern of good works in everything, in teaching, showing incorruptibility, dignity, sound speech, and blamelessness; so that the opponent may be ashamed, having nothing evil to say about us. Do you see how appropriately Paul arranged it, appointing women as teachers of women and elderly women, and Titus himself to the men? to be sensible. For nothing is so hostile to youth as the erotic love [ἔρως] of the body. presenting yourself as a pattern of good works. Let it be, Paul says, that your life is a common teaching and example to all. in teaching. Providing common understanding. Therefore, offering integrity, familiarity, and a certain humility in teaching. showing incorruptibility. That is, community and something like straightforwardness. dignity. That is, not as a ruler, nor as one speaking to subjects, but gently as to children. sound speech. Clearly, that of the doctrines. For when these are added to the teaching, he who opposes, whether the slanderer or the heretic, will be ashamed, finding no hold a…
He also urged the younger men to be sensible; presenting yourself as a pattern of good works in everything, in teaching, showing incorruptibility, dignity, sound speech, and blamelessness; so that the opponent may be ashamed, having nothing evil to say about us.
Do you see how appropriately Paul arranged it, appointing women as teachers of women and elderly women, and Titus himself to the men?
to be sensible. For nothing is so hostile to youth as the erotic love [ἔρως] of the body.
presenting yourself as a pattern of good works. Let it be, Paul says, that your life is a common teaching and example to all.
in teaching. Providing common understanding. Therefore, offering integrity, familiarity, and a certain humility in teaching.
showing incorruptibility. That is, community and something like straightforwardness.
dignity. That is, not as a ruler, nor as one speaking to subjects, but gently as to children.
sound speech. Clearly, that of the doctrines. For when these are added to the teaching, he who opposes, whether the slanderer or the heretic, will be ashamed, finding no hold at all against us.
Concerning slaves, so that they themselves may also serve worthily of the grace of Christ.
Do you see how appropriately Paul arranged it, appointing women as teachers of women and elderly women, and Titus himself to the men?
to be sensible. For nothing is so hostile to youth as the erotic love [ἔρως] of the body.
presenting yourself as a pattern of good works. Let it be, Paul says, that your life is a common teaching and example to all.
in teaching. Providing common understanding. Therefore, offering integrity, familiarity, and a certain humility in teaching.
showing incorruptibility. That is, community and something like straightforwardness.
dignity. That is, not as a ruler, nor as one speaking to subjects, but gently as to children.
sound speech. Clearly, that of the doctrines. For when these are added to the teaching, he who opposes, whether the slanderer or the heretic, will be ashamed, finding no hold at all against us.
Concerning slaves, so that they themselves may also serve worthily of the grace of Christ.
Titus 2:9-10
Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters, and to please them well in all things; not answering again;
Slaves, be obedient to your own masters with all respect, to please them in everything, not being argumentative or pilfering, but showing all good faith:, so that in everything they may adorn the teaching of our Savior God.
Therefore, it is not proper to take slaves away from their masters under the pretext of virtue.
not being argumentative. Paul urges the observance of obedience and loyalty; for this is what most befits slaves.
they may adorn the teaching of our Savior. Rightly Paul said elsewhere, "As servants of God, not of men." (1 Corinthians 7: and Ephesians 6:6-7) Indeed, although you serve the master with goodwill, he says, the opportunity nevertheless begins with the fear of God. For if they are wicked, they bring insult to Christianity. “For the name of God is blasphemed because of you," (Isa. 52:; Rom. 2:24) But those who do the things that have been said will fulfill the preaching, faithfully serving.
Therefore, it is not proper to take slaves away from their masters under the pretext of virtue.
not being argumentative. Paul urges the observance of obedience and loyalty; for this is what most befits slaves.
they may adorn the teaching of our Savior. Rightly Paul said elsewhere, "As servants of God, not of men." (1 Corinthians 7: and Ephesians 6:6-7) Indeed, although you serve the master with goodwill, he says, the opportunity nevertheless begins with the fear of God. For if they are wicked, they bring insult to Christianity. “For the name of God is blasphemed because of you," (Isa. 52:; Rom. 2:24) But those who do the things that have been said will fulfill the preaching, faithfully serving.
Titus 2:11-12
For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men,
For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all people, training us to renounce ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives in the present age. Then Paul also gives a reason why slaves ought to be such toward their masters. For he says that the grace of God has appeared, educating us. Therefore, since we have become pupils of God's discipline, how could we not owe it to act in a manner worthy of His teaching? training us to renounce. The appearance of our Savior God, that is, the revealing in the flesh, not only freed from former sins, but also made us safer for the future. For, as it says, denying signifies great abstinence. ungodliness and worldly passions. Paul speaks of ungodliness as the doctrines of the wicked, and of worldly desires as those both of the soul and of the flesh, and all those that simply do not lead us to heaven. And the term "self-controlled" does not only signify abstinence from bodily pleasures and their love, but also from every passion. in the present age. For this age has the struggle, but the age…
For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all people, training us to renounce ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives in the present age.
Then Paul also gives a reason why slaves ought to be such toward their masters. For he says that the grace of God has appeared, educating us. Therefore, since we have become pupils of God's discipline, how could we not owe it to act in a manner worthy of His teaching?
training us to renounce. The appearance of our Savior God, that is, the revealing in the flesh, not only freed from former sins, but also made us safer for the future. For, as it says, denying signifies great abstinence.
ungodliness and worldly passions. Paul speaks of ungodliness as the doctrines of the wicked, and of worldly desires as those both of the soul and of the flesh, and all those that simply do not lead us to heaven. And the term "self-controlled" does not only signify abstinence from bodily pleasures and their love, but also from every passion.
in the present age. For this age has the struggle, but the age that is to come has the rewards.
Then Paul also gives a reason why slaves ought to be such toward their masters. For he says that the grace of God has appeared, educating us. Therefore, since we have become pupils of God's discipline, how could we not owe it to act in a manner worthy of His teaching?
training us to renounce. The appearance of our Savior God, that is, the revealing in the flesh, not only freed from former sins, but also made us safer for the future. For, as it says, denying signifies great abstinence.
ungodliness and worldly passions. Paul speaks of ungodliness as the doctrines of the wicked, and of worldly desires as those both of the soul and of the flesh, and all those that simply do not lead us to heaven. And the term "self-controlled" does not only signify abstinence from bodily pleasures and their love, but also from every passion.
in the present age. For this age has the struggle, but the age that is to come has the rewards.
Titus 2:13
Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;
waiting for the blessed hope and the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ.
waiting for the blessed hope. Behold also the rewards. For nothing is truly more blessed than His revealing.
of the glory. For the second coming of Jesus will be with glory, unlike the first which was in humility.
of our great God. Where now are the inventors of impious doctrines, who assert that Christ is not God, or is lesser than the Father? For in this place the Apostle openly professes that Christ is even the great God. Truly great, he does not distinguish against some lesser god: by no means! but absolutely so great that no one greater can be understood by it.
waiting for the blessed hope. Behold also the rewards. For nothing is truly more blessed than His revealing.
of the glory. For the second coming of Jesus will be with glory, unlike the first which was in humility.
of our great God. Where now are the inventors of impious doctrines, who assert that Christ is not God, or is lesser than the Father? For in this place the Apostle openly professes that Christ is even the great God. Truly great, he does not distinguish against some lesser god: by no means! but absolutely so great that no one greater can be understood by it.
Titus 2:14
Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.
who gave himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness and to purify for himself a peculiar people for his own possession, eager to do good works.
a peculiar people. This is, different from others, abundantly beloved, having nothing in common with the remaining peoples.
eager to do good works. Do you see that even in our needs? Eager, Paul says, that is, going towards virtue with much excitement. For it was solely out of his own kindness that he freed us from the sins of old. And he accomplished virtue both for himself and for us.
a peculiar people. This is, different from others, abundantly beloved, having nothing in common with the remaining peoples.
eager to do good works. Do you see that even in our needs? Eager, Paul says, that is, going towards virtue with much excitement. For it was solely out of his own kindness that he freed us from the sins of old. And he accomplished virtue both for himself and for us.
Titus 2:15
These things speak, and exhort, and rebuke with all authority. Let no man despise thee.
Speak these things and urged, and reproved with all authority. Let no one despise you.
with all authority. That is, with harshness. For since the characters of these men were harsher, therefore they say that they are rebuked sharply.
Let no one despise you, that is, let no one look down on you. Do you see how the bishop is to be both powerful and authoritative?
with all authority. That is, with harshness. For since the characters of these men were harsher, therefore they say that they are rebuked sharply.
Let no one despise you, that is, let no one look down on you. Do you see how the bishop is to be both powerful and authoritative?
Titus 3:1
Put them in mind to be subject to principalities and powers, to obey magistrates, to be ready to every good work,
Remind them to be subject to rulers and authorities, to obey, to be ready for every good work.
to be ready for every good work. That is to be ready and well-prepared.
to be ready for every good work. That is to be ready and well-prepared.
Titus 3:2
To speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers, but gentle, shewing all meekness unto all men.
to speak evil of no one, to be peaceable, gentle, showing all humility to all people.
to speak evil of no one. Even if he acts badly, even if he makes a mistake in something. For our mouth must generally be free from insult. "For you say, 'Why do you judge your brother?" (Rom.:10" Why do you alter the judgment of God? For he calls the insult against his brother blasphemy.
showing all humility to all people. Both Jews and Greeks, and friends and enemies, and those who wrong you and those who harass.
to speak evil of no one. Even if he acts badly, even if he makes a mistake in something. For our mouth must generally be free from insult. "For you say, 'Why do you judge your brother?" (Rom.:10" Why do you alter the judgment of God? For he calls the insult against his brother blasphemy.
showing all humility to all people. Both Jews and Greeks, and friends and enemies, and those who wrong you and those who harass.
Titus 3:3
For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another.
For we were once foolish, disobedient, led astray, slaves to various desires and pleasures, living in hatred and envy, hated by one another.
Do not reproach anyone, Paul says. For we too were evil, not that we still are. Therefore, since you were once such, and were saved by the grace of Christ, and not by your own works, how do you dare to reproach another? When were we such? When, he says, we were in error, when we worshipped idols. For it is clear how the Greeks live irreverently. For among them are adultery, fornication, murders, and shameful all-night partying [παννυχίδες]. And these they commit as if in honor of the gods.
Do not reproach anyone, Paul says. For we too were evil, not that we still are. Therefore, since you were once such, and were saved by the grace of Christ, and not by your own works, how do you dare to reproach another? When were we such? When, he says, we were in error, when we worshipped idols. For it is clear how the Greeks live irreverently. For among them are adultery, fornication, murders, and shameful all-night partying [παννυχίδες]. And these they commit as if in honor of the gods.
Titus 3:4-5
But after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appeared,
But when the kindness and love of God our Savior appeared, not because of works done by us in righteousness, but according to His own mercy, He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit.
kindness and love of God our Savior appeared. Through His incarnation.
not because of works done by us in righteousness. Not because, Paul says, we live so religiously as to urge him to become incarnate, but because God himself wished to have mercy on us, being unworthy.
works done by us. For we did not do it.
kindness and love of God our Savior appeared. Through His incarnation.
not because of works done by us in righteousness. Not because, Paul says, we live so religiously as to urge him to become incarnate, but because God himself wished to have mercy on us, being unworthy.
works done by us. For we did not do it.
Titus 3:6-7
Which he shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour;
whom He poured out richly upon us through Jesus Christ our Savior, so that, having been justified by His grace, we might become heirs according to the hope of eternal life.
He poured out richly upon us. Which spirit? The one whom, Paul says, poured out richly upon us through Jesus Christ. He says that we needed great spiritual grace, so that not only might we be justified from past sins, but also become heirs of life; for this reason, He poured out.
by His grace. Of Christ, and of the Holy Spirit.
we might become heirs. He says, Let us become heirs of eternal life, which is now in hope for us. — So be it. Let us become heirs of eternal life, as we also hope.
He poured out richly upon us. Which spirit? The one whom, Paul says, poured out richly upon us through Jesus Christ. He says that we needed great spiritual grace, so that not only might we be justified from past sins, but also become heirs of life; for this reason, He poured out.
by His grace. Of Christ, and of the Holy Spirit.
we might become heirs. He says, Let us become heirs of eternal life, which is now in hope for us. — So be it. Let us become heirs of eternal life, as we also hope.