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Commentary on Exodus 12 verses 1–20
Moses and Aaron here receive of the Lord what they were afterwards to deliver to the people concerning the ordinance of the passover, to which is prefixed an order for a new style to be observed in their months (Exo 12:1, Exo 12:2): This shall be to you the beginning of months. They had hitherto begun their year from the middle of September, but henceforward they were to begin it from the middle of March, at least in all their ecclesiastical computations. Note, It is good to begin the day, and begin the year, and especially to begin our lives, with God. This new calculation began the year with the spring, which reneweth the face of the earth, and was used as a figure of the coming of Christ, Sol 2:11, Sol 2:12. We may suppose that, while Moses was bringing the ten plagues upon the Egyptians, he was directing the Israelites to prepare for their departure at an hour's warning. Probably he had be degrees brought them near together from their dispersions, for their are here called the congregation of Israel (Exo 12:3), and to them as a congregation orders are here sent. Their amazement and hurry, it is easy to suppose, were great; yet now they must apply themselves to the observance of a sacred rite, to the honour of God. Note, When our heads are fullest of care, and our hands of business, yet we must not forget our religion, nor suffer ourselves to be indisposed for acts of devotion.
I. God appointed that on the night wherein they were to go out of Egypt they should, in each of their families, kill a lamb, or that two or three families, if they were small, should join for a lamb. The lamb was to be got ready four days before and that afternoon they were to kill it (Exo 12:6) as a sacrifice; not strictly, for it was not offered upon the altar, but as a religious ceremony, acknowledging God's goodness to them, not only in preserving them from, but in delivering them by, the plagues inflicted on the Egyptians. See the antiquity of family-religion; and see the convenience of the joining of small families together for religious worship, that it may be made the more solemn.
II. The lamb so slain they were to eat, roasted (we may suppose, in its several quarters), with unleavened bread and bitter herbs, because they were to eat it in haste (Exo 12:11), and to leave none of it until the morning; for God would have them to depend upon him for their daily bread, and not to take thought for the morrow. He that led them would feed them.
III. Before they ate the flesh of the lamb, they were to sprinkle the blood upon the doorposts, Exo 12:7. By this their houses were to be distinguished from the houses of the Egyptians, and so their first-born secured from the sword of the destroying angel, Exo 12:12, Exo 12:13. Dreadful work was to be made this night in Egypt; all the first-born both of man and beast were to be slain, and judgment executed upon the gods of Egypt. Moses does not mention the fulfillment, in this chapter, yet he speaks of it Num 33:4. It is very probable that the idols which the Egyptians worshipped were destroyed, those of metal melted, those of wood consumed, and those of stone broken to pieces, whence Jethro infers (Exo 18:11), The Lord is greater than all gods. The same angel that destroyed their first-born demolished their idols, which were no less dear to them. For the protection of Israel from this plague they were ordered to sprinkle the blood of the lamb upon the door-posts, their doing which would be accepted as an instance of their faith in the divine warnings and their obedience to the divine precepts. Note, 1. If in times of common calamity God will secure his own people, and set a mark upon them; they shall be hidden either in heaven or under heaven, preserved either from the stroke of judgments or at least from the sting of them. 2. The blood of sprinkling is the saint's security in times of common calamity; it is this that marks them for God, pacifies conscience, and gives them boldness of access to the throne of grace, and so becomes a wall of protection round them and a wall of partition between them and the children of this world.
IV. This was to be annually observed as a feast of the Lord in their generations, to which the feast of unleavened bread was annexed, during which, for seven days, they were to eat no bread but what was unleavened, in remembrance of their being confined to such bread, of necessity, for many days after they came out of Egypt, Exo 12:14-20. The appointment is inculcated for their better direction, and that they might not mistake concerning it, and to awaken those who perhaps in Egypt had grown generally very stupid and careless in the matters of religion to a diligent observance of the institution. Now, without doubt, there was much of the gospel in this ordinance; it is often referred to in the New Testament, and, in it, to us is the gospel preached, and not to them only, who could not stedfastly look to the end of these things, Heb 4:2; Co2 3:13.
1.The paschal lamb was typical. Christ is our Passover, Co1 5:7. (1.) It was to be a lamb; and Christ is the Lamb of God (Joh 1:29), often in the Revelation called the Lamb, meek and innocent as a lamb, dumb before the shearers, before the butchers. (2.) It was to be a male of the first year (Exo 12:5), in its prime; Christ offered up himself in the midst of his days, not in infancy with the babes of Bethlehem. It denotes the strength and sufficiency of the Lord Jesus, on whom our help was laid. (3.) It was to be without blemish (Exo 12:5), denoting the purity of the Lord Jesus, a Lamb without spot, Pe1 1:19. The judge that condemned him (as if his trial were only like the scrutiny that was made concerning the sacrifices, whether they were without blemish or no) pronounced him innocent. (4.) It was to be set apart four days before (Exo 12:3, Exo 12:6), denoting the designation of the Lord Jesus to be a Saviour, both in the purpose and in the promise. It is very observable that as Christ was crucified at the passover, so he solemnly entered into Jerusalem four days before, the very day that the paschal lamb was set apart. (5.) It was to be slain, and roasted with fire (Exo 12:6-9), denoting the exquisite sufferings of the Lord Jesus, even unto death, the death of the cross. The wrath of God is as fire, and Christ was made a curse for us. (6.) It was to be killed by the whole congregation between the two evenings, that is, between three o'clock and six. Christ suffered in the end of the world (Heb 9:26), by the hand of the Jews, the whole multitude of them (Luk 23:18), and for the good of all his spiritual Israel. (7.) Not a bone of it must be broken (Exo 12:46), which is expressly said to be fulfilled in Christ (Joh 19:33, Joh 19:36), denoting the unbroken strength of the Lord Jesus.
2.The sprinkling of the blood was typical. (1.) It was not enough that the blood of the lamb was shed, but it must be sprinkled, denoting the application of the merits of Christ's death to our souls; we must receive the atonement, Rom 5:11. (2.) It was to be sprinkled with a bunch of hyssop (Exo 12:22) dipped in the basin. The everlasting covenant, like the basin, in the conservatory of this blood, the benefits and privileges purchased by it are laid up for us there; faith is the bunch of hyssop by which we apply the promises to ourselves and the benefits of the blood of Christ laid up in them. (3.) It was to be sprinkled upon the door-posts, denoting the open profession we are to make of faith in Christ, and obedience to him, as those that are not ashamed to own our dependence upon him. The mark of the beast may be received on the forehead or in the right hand, but the seal of the Lamb is always in the forehead, Rev 7:3. There is a back-way to hell, but no back-way to heaven; no, the only way to this is a high-way, Isa 35:8. (4.) It was to be sprinkled upon the lintel and the sideposts, but not upon the threshold (Exo 12:7), which cautions us to take heed of trampling under foot the blood of the covenant, Heb 10:29. It is precious blood, and must be precious to us. (5.) The blood, thus sprinkled, was a means of the preservation of the Israelites from the destroying angel, who had nothing to do where the blood was. If the blood of Christ be sprinkled upon our consciences, it will be our protection from the wrath of God, the curse of the law, and the damnation of hell, Rom 8:1.
3.The solemnly eating of the lamb was typical of our gospel-duty to Christ. (1.) The paschal lamb was killed, not to be looked upon only, but to be fed upon; so we must by faith make Christ ours, as we do that which we eat, and we must receive spiritual strength and nourishment from him, as from our food, and have delight and satisfaction in him, as we have in eating and drinking when we are hungry or thirsty: see Joh 6:53-55. (2.) It was to be all eaten; those that by faith feed upon Christ must feed upon a whole Christ; they must take Christ and his yoke, Christ and his cross, as well as Christ and his crown. Is Christ divided? Those hat gather much of Christ will have nothing over. (3.) It was to be eaten immediately, not deferred till morning, Exo 12:10. Today Christ is offered, and is to be accepted while it is called today, before we sleep the sleep of death. (4.) It was to be eaten with bitter herbs (Exo 12:8), in remembrance of the bitterness of their bondage in Egypt. We must feed upon Christ with sorrow and brokenness of heart, in remembrance of sin; this will give an admirable relish to the paschal lamb. Christ will be sweet to us if sin be bitter. (5.) It was to be eaten in a departing posture (Exo 12:11); when we feed upon Christ by faith we must absolutely forsake the rule and dominion of sin, shake off Pharaoh's yoke; and we must sit loose to the world, and every thing in it, forsake all for Christ, and reckon it no bad bargain, Heb 13:13, Heb 13:14.
4.The feast of unleavened bread was typical of the Christian life, Co1 5:7, Co1 5:8. Having received Christ Jesus the Lord, (1.) We must keep a feast in holy joy, continually delighting ourselves in Christ Jesus; no manner of work must be done (Exo 12:16), no care admitted or indulged, inconsistent with, or prejudicial to, this holy joy: if true believers have not a continual feast, it is their own fault. (2.) It must be a feast of unleavened bread, kept in charity, without the leaven of malice, and in sincerity, without the leaven of hypocrisy. The law was very strict as to the passover, and the Jews were so in their usages, that no leaven should be found in their houses, Exo 12:19. All the old leaven of sin must be put far from us, with the utmost caution and abhorrence, if we would keep the feast of a holy life to the honour of Christ. (3.) It was by an ordinance for ever (Exo 12:17); as long as we live, we must continue feeding upon Christ and rejoicing in him, always making thankful mention of the great things he has done for us.
[The father of the prodigal son] orders the shoes to be brought out, for he who is about to celebrate the Lord’s Passover, about to feast on the Lamb, ought to have his feet protected against all attacks of spiritual wild beasts and the bite of the serpent.
Therefore, the just man commends his vow with swiftness. And our fathers hastened to eat the Passover, having their loins girded, and their feet shod with shoes, and carrying burdens of the body, so that they would be ready for the passage; for the Passover of the Lord is a passage from sufferings to exercises of virtue. And therefore it is called the Passover of the Lord; because even then in that Lamb the truth of the Lord's Passion was announced, and now it is celebrated by his grace.
[The word] pascha is not, as some think, a Greek word, but a Hebrew one; yet most conveniently there occurs in this name a certain congruity between the two languages. Because in Greek [the word for] “to suffer” is paschein. For this reason “pascha” has been thought of as a passion, as though this name has been derived from [a Greek word for] “suffering.” But in its own language, that is, in Hebrew, “pascha” means “a passing over.” For this reason the people of God celebrated the pascha for the first time when, fleeing from Egypt, they “passed over” the Red Sea. So now that prophetic figure has been fulfilled in truth when Christ is led as a sheep to the slaughter. By his blood, after our doorposts have been smeared [with it], that is, by the sign of his cross, after our foreheads have been marked [with it], we are freed from the ruin of this world as though from the captivity or destruction in Egypt. And we effect a most salutary passing over when we pass over from the devil to Christ and from this tottering world to his most solidly established kingdom. And therefore we pass over to God who endures so that we may not pass over with the passing world.
And let us know that the law also of the most wise Moses is found to have commanded something of this kind to the Israelites. For a lamb was sacrificed on the fourteenth day of the first month, as a type of Christ. For our Passover, Christ is sacrificed, according to the testimony of most sacred Paul. The hiero-phant Moses, then, or rather God by his means, commanded them, when eating its flesh, saying, “Let your loins be girt, and your shoes on your feet, and your staves in your hands.” For I affirm that it is the duty of those who are partakers of Christ to beware of a barren indolence. Yet it is a further duty not to have as it were their loins ungirt and loose but to be ready cheerfully to undertake whatever labors become the saints; and to hasten besides with alacrity wherever the law of God leads them. And for this reason he very appropriately made them wear the garb of travelers [at the Passover].
Since therefore we have learned how the Passover ought to be eaten, let us now recognize by whom it ought to be eaten. It follows: "And thus shall you eat it. You shall gird your loins." What is understood by the loins except the delight of the flesh? Hence the Psalmist also asks, saying: "Burn my loins." For if he had not known that the pleasure of lust resides in the loins, he would by no means have asked that they be burned. Hence, because the power of the devil has prevailed over the human race especially through lust, it is said of him by the voice of the Lord: "His power is in his loins." Therefore he who eats the Passover ought to have his loins girded, so that he who celebrates the solemnity of resurrection and incorruption may no longer be subject to corruption through any vices, may subdue pleasures, and may restrain the flesh from lust. For he does not know what the solemnity of incorruption is who still lies subject to corruption through incontinence. These things are hard for some, but narrow is the gate that leads to life.
And we now have many examples of the continent. Hence it is also well added: "You shall have sandals on your feet." For what are our feet except our works? And what are sandals except the skins of dead animals? Now sandals protect the feet. And what are the dead animals from whose skins our feet are protected, except the ancient fathers who have gone before us to the eternal homeland? When we contemplate their examples, we protect the feet of our works. Therefore to have sandals on our feet is to contemplate the life of the dead and to guard our steps from the wound of sin.
"Holding staffs in your hands." What does the law designate by the staff except pastoral care? And it should be noted that we are first commanded to gird our loins, afterward to hold staffs, because those ought to undertake pastoral care who already know how to subdue the excesses of lust in their own bodies, so that when they preach difficult things to others, they themselves do not weakly succumb to soft desires.
And it is well added: "And you shall eat in haste." Note, dearest brothers, note what is said: "in haste." Learn the commandments of God, the mysteries of the Redeemer, the joys of the heavenly homeland with haste, and take care to fulfill the precepts of life with haste. For since we know that it is still permitted today to do good, we do not know whether it will be permitted tomorrow. Therefore eat the Passover in haste, that is, yearn for the solemnity of the heavenly homeland. Let no one grow sluggish on the journey of this life, lest he lose his place in the homeland. Let no one interweave delays in pursuing his endeavors, but let him complete what he has begun, lest he not be permitted to fulfill what he has started.
Passover means “passing over.” It derives its ancient name from the Lord’s passing over on this [day] through Egypt, striking the firstborn of the Egyptians and freeing the children of Israel, and from the children of Israel’s passing over on that night from their slavery in Egypt in order that they might come to the land which had once been promised to their heirs as a land of peace. Mystically it signifies that on this [day] our Lord would pass over from this world to his Father. Following his example, the faithful, having cast off temporal desires and having cast off their slavery to vices by their continual practice of the virtues, should pass over to their promised heavenly fatherland.
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SUMMARY
Exodus 12:11 provides precise, urgent instructions for the Israelites' inaugural Passover meal, emphasizing a posture of immediate readiness for their imminent departure from Egyptian bondage. These divine directives detail their specific attire—loins girded, shoes on feet, and staff in hand—and the command to consume the meal with great haste, underscoring that this divinely ordained event, identified as "the LORD'S passover," marked a pivotal moment of miraculous liberation and decisive judgment.
CONTEXT
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Exodus 12:11 provides precise details for the manner of eating the Passover meal, transforming a simple act of consumption into a profound statement of faith, obedience, and readiness for a divinely orchestrated departure.
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Exodus 12:11 powerfully employs Symbolic Action and Metonymy. The specific attire (girded loins, shoes on feet, staff in hand) and the hasty eating are not merely practical instructions but profound symbolic actions that embody the themes of readiness, urgency, and pilgrimage. These actions transform the ritual meal into a living parable of their impending liberation and journey. The phrase "it is the LORD'S passover" uses Metonymy, where "Passover" stands not just for the meal itself, but for the entire event of divine deliverance, judgment, and the subsequent exodus. The meal becomes a tangible representation of the greater redemptive act performed by God.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Exodus 12:11 teaches profound theological truths about God's character and humanity's required response. It reveals God as a sovereign deliverer who acts decisively in history to rescue His people from oppression, executing precise judgment that distinguishes between those under the blood and those outside of it. The command for readiness highlights the necessity of human obedience and preparedness in response to divine initiative. The Passover meal, eaten in this specific manner, becomes a perpetual memorial of God's mighty hand and a testament to His covenant faithfulness, reminding all future generations of His redemptive power and the cost of their freedom. The theme of readiness and pilgrimage connects broadly to the biblical narrative of God's people as sojourners on earth, a people always on a journey, not yet at their final destination.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
Exodus 12:11 transcends its ancient context to offer timeless principles for believers today, calling us to cultivate a posture of spiritual readiness in our daily lives. This means being prepared for God's unexpected calls, for opportunities to serve His kingdom, and for the glorious return of Jesus Christ. Just as the Israelites were poised for a sudden, dramatic shift from slavery to freedom, we are to live with an acute awareness of God's active presence and the potential for His transformative work at any moment. This readiness is not born of anxiety but of vigilant faith and proactive obedience. It encourages us to "gird our loins with truth" Ephesians 6:14 by grounding ourselves firmly in God's infallible Word, to walk in His righteous ways (symbolized by shoes on feet), and to rely on His divine guidance and strength (represented by the staff in hand) as we navigate life's challenging journey. The "haste" reminds us that our redemption is a decisive act, calling for an immediate and wholehearted response, not a leisurely consideration or procrastination.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why were these specific instructions (girded loins, shoes, staff) so important?
Answer: These instructions were crucial because they symbolized and facilitated immediate readiness for travel and departure. In ancient times, people wore long robes, which needed to be "girded" (tucked up into a belt) to allow for unhindered movement during vigorous activity or travel. Shoes were not always worn indoors, so putting them on indicated preparation for departure from a dwelling. A staff was a common and essential tool for travelers, providing support, defense, and guidance. Together, these elements transformed a ritual meal into a practical act of preparing for the sudden, divinely orchestrated Exodus from Egyptian bondage. They underscored the urgency and the tangible reality of their impending liberation, signaling that this was not merely a ceremonial meal but a call to immediate action.
Does "eating in haste" imply a lack of reverence for the Passover meal?
Answer: No, "eating in haste" did not imply a lack of reverence but rather an intense awareness of the urgency of God's deliverance and the gravity of the moment. The haste was a direct command from God, signifying that the Israelites had no time to waste; they were to be ready to leave at a moment's notice. It underscored the suddenness and power of God's intervention, making the meal a dynamic act of obedience and faith rather than a leisurely ceremony. It was a demonstration of their trust in God's immediate action and their readiness to follow His command without delay.
Is the Passover just a historical event, or does it have ongoing significance for believers today?
Answer: While the first Passover was indeed a singular historical event marking Israel's miraculous liberation from Egypt, its significance extends far beyond that single night. It was instituted as a perpetual memorial ("it is the LORD'S passover") for all generations of Israel, reminding them of God's redemptive power and covenant faithfulness. For Christians, the Passover is profoundly significant as a powerful and direct foreshadowing of Jesus Christ, who is explicitly identified as "our Passover lamb, who has been sacrificed" 1 Corinthians 5:7. It points to the ultimate deliverance from sin and death achieved through His atoning sacrifice on the cross, making it a foundational event for understanding Christian redemption and the new covenant.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
Exodus 12:11, with its emphasis on a sacrificial lamb, the protective power of its blood, and a meal of urgent deliverance, finds its ultimate fulfillment and deepest meaning in the person and redemptive work of Jesus Christ. The Passover lamb, whose innocent blood protected Israel from divine judgment, is a powerful and precise type of Jesus, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. Just as the Israelites were saved from the angel of death by the blood applied to their doorposts, believers are saved from the eternal judgment of sin by the atoning blood of Christ, shed on the cross for the remission of sins. The "haste" of the Passover meal, signifying an immediate departure from the slavery of Egypt, powerfully parallels the urgency of the new covenant salvation offered through Christ. Believers are called to respond to the gospel with immediate faith, turning from the bondage of sin and entering into the glorious freedom and new life that Christ provides. The very act of eating the Passover meal, which was a communal remembrance of God's mighty deliverance, is transformed and reinterpreted in the New Testament as the Lord's Supper, or Communion. This new covenant meal, instituted by Jesus Himself on the night before His crucifixion, commemorates His body broken and blood shed for the forgiveness of sins. Just as the Passover marked a new beginning for Israel, the Lord's Supper marks the new covenant in Christ's blood, inviting believers to live in constant readiness for His return, embodying the pilgrim spirit of those who have been delivered from darkness and are now journeying towards their eternal home in His presence. Thus, the ancient instructions for the Passover meal become a vivid prophecy of the spiritual readiness and profound redemptive reality found exclusively in Christ.