2 Corinthians3

Paul asserts that the Corinthian believers are his living letter of commendation, written by the Spirit of God on their hearts. He contrasts the Old Covenant, a ministration of death and condemnation, with the New Covenant, a ministration of the Spirit that gives life and righteousness. This new covenant far exceeds the old in glory, removing the veil that obscured understanding and granting liberty and transformation through the Spirit.
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The Corinthians: Paul's Letter of Recommendation

1
Are we beginning again to commend ourselves? or need we, as do some, epistles of commendation to you or from you? ​
2
Ye are our epistle, written in our hearts, known and read of all men;
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being made manifest that ye are an epistle of Christ, ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in tables that are hearts of flesh. ​
4
And such confidence have we through Christ to God-ward:
5
not that we are sufficient of ourselves, to account anything as from ourselves; but our sufficiency is from God; ​

The Sufficiency of the New Covenant Ministry

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who also made us sufficient as ministers of a new covenant; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. ​

The Superior Glory of the Spirit

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But if the ministration of death, written, and engraven on stones, came with glory, so that the children of Israel could not look stedfastly upon the face of Moses for the glory of his face; which glory was passing away: ​
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how shall not rather the ministration of the spirit be with glory?
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For if the ministration of condemnation hath glory, much rather doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. ​
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For verily that which hath been made glorious hath not been made glorious in this respect, by reason of the glory that surpasseth.
11
For if that which passeth away was with glory, much more that which remaineth is in glory. ​

Clarity and Transformation by the Spirit

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Having therefore such a hope, we use great boldness of speech, ​
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andarenot as Moses, whoput a veil upon his face, that the children of Israel should not look stedfastly on the end of that which was passing away: ​
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but their minds were hardened: for until this very day at the reading of the old covenant the same veil remaineth, it not being revealed to them that it is done away in Christ. ​
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But unto this day, whensoever Moses is read, a veil lieth upon their heart.
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But whensoever it shall turn to the Lord, the veil is taken away. ​
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Now the Lord is the Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. ​
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But we all, with unveiled face beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are transformed into the same image from glory to glory, even as from the Lord the Spirit. ​

Study Notes for 2 Corinthians 3

Verse 1

Paul addresses critics (likely rival teachers) who demanded formal letters of commendation to prove his apostolic authority. Paul asserts that his successful ministry in Corinth is the only proof needed.

Verse 3

Paul uses the powerful contrast between the Old Covenant (written on stone, Ex. 34:1) and the New Covenant (written by the Holy Spirit on the human heart, Jer. 31:33).

Verse 5

This verse is a crucial theological statement on ministry. Paul emphasizes that the ability (sufficiency) for their effective ministry comes entirely from God, countering any claim of human power or inherent merit.

Verse 6

Paul defines his ministry as belonging to the New Covenant (or Testament). The 'letter' refers to the Mosaic Law, which merely exposes sin and brings condemnation ('killeth'), while the 'Spirit' refers to the life-giving power of the Holy Spirit under the new agreement.

Verse 7

The 'ministration of death' refers to the Mosaic Law (the Ten Commandments written on stone). Although it was glorious—evidenced by Moses’ radiant face (Ex. 34:29)—its function was to condemn those who failed to keep it.

Verse 9

The contrast is intensified: if the Law, which condemns, was glorious, the new ministry that imputes righteousness through Christ must possess a far greater, enduring glory.

Verse 11

The Old Covenant was 'done away' (abolished) in the sense that its provisional role was fulfilled in Christ. The New Covenant 'remains' (is permanent) because it is based on eternal righteousness.

Verse 12

Because the New Covenant is permanent and superior, Paul’s ministry is characterized by 'great plainness of speech' (boldness or clarity), unlike the veiled nature of the Old Covenant.

Verse 13

Referring to Exodus 34:33-35, Moses veiled his face not only because the glory was intense but also to hide the fact that the radiance was fading, symbolizing the temporary nature of the Law.

Verse 14

The 'vail' symbolizes the spiritual blindness of Israel, preventing them from understanding the Law’s true purpose and its fulfillment in Christ. This spiritual veil is only removed through faith in Christ.

Verse 16

Paul promises that when Israel turns to Christ (the Lord), the spiritual blindness will cease, and they will fully grasp the gospel message.

Verse 17

Paul equates 'the Lord' (Jesus Christ) with 'the Spirit.' Where the Holy Spirit is active, there is liberty—freedom from the Law’s condemnation and the bondage of sin.

Verse 18

Unlike Moses, believers see God’s glory 'with open face.' This vision acts like a mirror, reflecting the glory of Christ, resulting in a progressive spiritual transformation (sanctification) into His likeness.

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