1 Chronicles 21:30

KJV

But David could not go before it to enquire of God: for he was afraid because of the sword of the angel of the LORD.

KJV (with Strong's)

But David {H1732} could {H3201} not go {H3212} before {H6440} it to enquire {H1875} of God {H430}: for he was afraid {H1204} because {H6440} of the sword {H2719} of the angel {H4397} of the LORD {H3068}.

Complete Jewish Bible

But David could not go into its presence to consult God, because the sword of the angel of ADONAI had struck him with terror.

Berean Standard Bible

but David could not go before it to inquire of God, because he was afraid of the sword of the angel of the LORD.

American Standard Version

But David could not go before it to inquire of God; for he was afraid because of the sword of the angel of Jehovah.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 21:30 serves as a profound conclusion to the narrative of King David's unauthorized census and the ensuing divine plague. This verse vividly explains David's overwhelming and reverential fear in the immediate aftermath of God's judgment, detailing why he remained at the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite rather than returning to the established tabernacle at Gibeon. His profound terror, directly caused by the visible manifestation of the "sword of the angel of the LORD," underscored the gravity of his sin and the immediate necessity of seeking and receiving divine appeasement at the precise site where God's wrath had been stayed.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse brings to a dramatic close the account of King David's sin in numbering Israel and Judah, a transgression explicitly stated to have been incited by Satan in [1 Chronicles 21:1](/1_chronicles/21-1 "1 Chronicles 21:1 - Satan Incites David"). Following this act of disobedience, God presented David with three choices of judgment, from which David wisely chose to "fall into the hand of the LORD" ([1 Chronicles 21:13](/1_chronicles/21-13 "1 Chronicles 21:13 - David's Choice of Judgment")). A devastating plague then swept through Israel, claiming seventy thousand lives. The narrative reaches its climax when the angel of the LORD, poised to destroy Jerusalem, is seen by David ([1 Chronicles 21:16](/1_chronicles/21-16 "1 Chronicles 21:16 - David Sees the Angel of the LORD")). Through the prophet Gad, David is commanded to build an altar on the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite ([1 Chronicles 21:18](/1_chronicles/21-18 "1 Chronicles 21:18 - Command to Build an Altar")). David promptly obeys, purchases the site, and offers burnt and peace offerings. When God answers by fire from heaven upon the altar ([1 Chronicles 21:26](/1_chronicles/21-26 "1 Chronicles 21:26 - God Answers by Fire")), the plague ceases. Verse 30 then provides the crucial explanation for David's subsequent inability to depart from this sacred, yet terrifying, location.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** At the time of this pivotal event, the tabernacle of Moses, with its bronze altar, was located at Gibeon ([1 Chronicles 21:29](/1_chronicles/21-29 "1 Chronicles 21:29 - The Tabernacle at Gibeon")), serving as the primary site for national worship and sacrifice in Israel. Kings, priests, and prophets would typically go there to "enquire of God" or offer sacrifices according to established Mosaic law. Threshing floors, like Ornan's, were common agricultural sites, typically elevated and open to the wind for winnowing grain. Their public and often elevated nature made them suitable for significant events, but it was highly unusual for such a place to become a site of direct divine encounter and sacrifice, especially when a designated tabernacle existed. David's fear, therefore, was not merely personal panic but a profound, culturally understood response to a direct, terrifying manifestation of divine judgment, which superseded the normal protocols of worship and compelled him to remain. The concept of divine plagues as a response to national sin was also a well-established understanding in ancient Near Eastern cultures, though the specific details of God's intervention in Israel were unique to His covenant relationship with His people.
* **Key Themes:** The narrative of [1 Chronicles 21](/1_chronicles/21 "1 Chronicles 21 - David's Census and the Plague") powerfully illustrates several core themes. Firstly, it underscores the **seriousness of sin and divine judgment**, demonstrating that even a king like David is subject to God's righteous wrath for disobedience. Secondly, it highlights **God's profound mercy and provision for atonement**, as He provides a specific means (the altar and sacrifice at Ornan's threshing floor) to halt the destruction and avert further wrath. Thirdly, the account emphasizes the **reverential fear of God**, a deep and overwhelming awe in the presence of God's holiness and power, which is a foundational aspect of true worship and wisdom, as seen in David's response to the visible angel ([Proverbs 9:10](/proverbs/9-10 "Proverbs 9:10 - The Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of Wisdom")). Finally, the narrative establishes the **significance of location**, transforming a common threshing floor into a sacred site, which would later be consecrated as the chosen place for the building of Solomon's Temple ([2 Chronicles 3:1](/2_chronicles/3-1 "2 Chronicles 3:1 - Solomon Builds the Temple")), the permanent dwelling place of God's presence.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **afraid (Hebrew, בָּעַת, _bâʻath'_):** This primitive root signifies to fear, affright, be (make) afraid, terrify, or trouble. In David's context, it describes an overwhelming, deep-seated terror and dread induced by the immediate, visible manifestation of divine wrath. This was not a casual apprehension but a profound, existential fear that compelled him to remain in the place where judgment had been stayed, recognizing the ultimate authority and terrifying holiness of God.
* **sword (Hebrew, חֶרֶב, _chereb'_):** Derived from a root meaning drought or desolation, this term refers to a cutting instrument like a knife or sword, often associated with its destructive effect. In biblical imagery, especially when wielded by an angel or by God Himself, the sword is a potent symbol of divine judgment, wrath, and the execution of God's justice. The visible "sword of the angel of the LORD" was a terrifying, tangible sign of God's active, immediate, and potentially ongoing wrath, demanding an immediate response of atonement.
* **angel of the LORD (Hebrew, מַלְאָךְ יְהוָה, _malʼâk Yᵉhôvâh'_):** This specific phrase often denotes a unique divine messenger who embodies God's presence, authority, and sometimes, even God Himself in a visible, pre-incarnate form. In this context, the angel is the direct agent of God's judgment, having carried out the plague and standing poised to destroy Jerusalem. David's fear was not merely of the angel as a created being, but of the Holy God whose presence, power, and righteous judgment the angel directly represented and executed.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"But David could not go before it to enquire of God:"**: The pronoun "it" refers to the tabernacle at Gibeon, which housed the bronze altar and the tent of meeting, serving as the established, divinely sanctioned place where one would typically go to "enquire of God" (seek divine counsel, offer sacrifices, or make supplication). David's inability to go was not a physical impediment but a profound spiritual and psychological paralysis. He was overwhelmed by the immediate, terrifying presence of God's judgment at Ornan's threshing floor, compelling him to remain precisely where God's wrath had been appeased, rather than seeking a more familiar or "proper" place of worship.
* **"for he was afraid"**: This clause provides the direct and compelling reason for David's immobility and his deviation from established worship protocol. His fear was not a casual apprehension but a profound, existential dread induced by the direct, terrifying encounter with divine holiness and judgment. This fear was appropriate and necessary, leading him to fully commit to the immediate act of atonement at the divinely appointed location rather than attempting to return to Gibeon.
* **"because of the sword of the angel of the LORD."**: This final clause specifies the terrifying visual stimulus that generated David's overwhelming fear. The visible sword, poised over Jerusalem, was a stark and undeniable manifestation of God's active judgment and the potential for continued destruction. It was a direct, tangible sign of God's power and wrath, compelling David to remain in the place where mercy had been shown and where further appeasement was possible, underscoring the gravity of his sin and the immediacy of God's response.

#### Literary Devices
The verse employs several potent **Literary Devices**. **Symbolism** is profoundly evident with the "sword of the angel of the LORD," which powerfully symbolizes divine judgment, wrath, and the execution of God's justice. The angel itself is a **Symbol** of God's immediate presence and active intervention in human affairs, serving as a terrifying embodiment of His righteous anger. There is also an element of **Foreshadowing** in this narrative, as the very location where David's fear kept him—Ornan's threshing floor—would later become the divinely chosen site of Solomon's Temple, the permanent dwelling place of God's presence and the central locus of atonement for Israel. The narrative also exhibits **Dramatic Irony** and **Contrast**: David, who presumptuously numbered the people, is now utterly humbled and consumed by a terrifying, yet ultimately redemptive, fear of the very God whose authority he had implicitly challenged. This fear, paradoxically, leads him to the very place where God's mercy is revealed and where the nation finds salvation from the plague.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
1 Chronicles 21:30 profoundly underscores the holiness and justice of God, revealing that sin carries severe consequences and elicits divine judgment. David's fear, far from mere panic, was a reverential awe in the face of God's terrifying holiness, a necessary response that led to immediate and obedient action. This narrative highlights that true atonement requires a direct encounter with God's wrath and a humble submission to His prescribed means of reconciliation. It demonstrates that even in judgment, God provides a path to mercy, transforming a place of impending destruction into a site of divine appeasement. This pivotal moment on Ornan's threshing floor, marked by David's fear and God's intervention, prefigures the ultimate and perfect sacrifice that would fully reconcile humanity to a holy God.

* [Genesis 3:24](/genesis/3-24 "Genesis 3:24 - Cherubim with Flaming Sword")
* [Hebrews 12:29](/hebrews/12-29 "Hebrews 12:29 - Our God is a Consuming Fire")
* [Psalm 111:10](/psalms/111-10 "Psalm 111:10 - The Fear of the LORD is the Beginning of Wisdom")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The profound fear experienced by David in 1 Chronicles 21:30 serves as a powerful reminder of the awesome holiness of God and the gravity of sin. In a world that often trivializes sin or reduces God to a mere benevolent figure, this passage reasserts His righteous judgment and the serious consequences of disobedience. David's response teaches us the urgency of immediate repentance and humble obedience when confronted with our sin. His fear was not paralyzing but motivating, driving him to seek God's prescribed way of atonement. For us today, while we do not face a visible angel with a drawn sword, the spiritual reality of God's holiness and the need for reconciliation remain. This passage calls us to cultivate a healthy, reverential fear of the Lord, one that fosters humility, prompts confession, and deepens our appreciation for the grace that has been extended to us through Christ. It reminds us that true worship flows from an understanding of who God is—both merciful and just—and our proper place before Him.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does David's fear in this passage challenge or affirm your understanding of the "fear of the Lord"?**
* **In what ways might we, in our modern context, trivialize sin or underestimate the holiness of God?**
* **What does David's immediate and costly obedience teach us about responding to divine conviction?**
* **How does the concept of a specific "place" of atonement in the Old Testament point us to the ultimate "place" of atonement in the New Testament?**

### FAQ

**Why couldn't David simply go to the tabernacle at Gibeon to "enquire of God," which was the established place of worship?**

Answer: David's inability to go to Gibeon was not a physical impediment but a profound spiritual and psychological one. He was overwhelmed by the terrifying presence of God's judgment manifested through the "sword of the angel of the LORD" at Ornan's threshing floor. The immediate and visible threat of divine wrath, which had just claimed 70,000 lives and was poised over Jerusalem, compelled him to remain precisely where God had halted the plague and where mercy had been revealed. His fear was so great that he dared not leave the site where God's wrath had been appeased, recognizing that this was the specific, divinely appointed location for atonement in that moment, superseding the usual protocols of worship at Gibeon.

**What is the significance of the "sword of the angel of the LORD" in this verse?**

Answer: The "sword of the angel of the LORD" is a powerful symbol of divine judgment and the execution of God's wrath. In biblical imagery, a sword often represents the instrument of divine justice, bringing about punishment and destruction. Here, it is a visible, terrifying manifestation of God's active and immediate judgment against David's sin and the sin of Israel. Its presence signifies that God's wrath was real, tangible, and ongoing, only halted by David's obedience in offering sacrifice at the specific location God commanded. It underscores the seriousness of sin and the awesome power of God's righteous anger.

**How does this event at Ornan's threshing floor relate to the future Temple in Jerusalem?**

Answer: The threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite, where David offered sacrifices and the plague ceased, became the divinely chosen site for the building of Solomon's Temple ([2 Chronicles 3:1](/2_chronicles/3-1 "2 Chronicles 3:1 - Solomon Builds the Temple")). This event thus consecrated the location, transforming an ordinary agricultural site into the most sacred place in Israel. It became the permanent dwelling place for God's presence among His people and the central locus for national atonement and worship. The fact that God's wrath was appeased and mercy was shown at this specific spot foreshadowed its future role as the place where sin would be dealt with and communion with God restored.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The terror David experienced before the "sword of the angel of the LORD" in [1 Chronicles 21:30](/1_chronicles/21-30 "1 Chronicles 21:30 - David's Fear of the Angel's Sword") powerfully foreshadows the ultimate confrontation with divine wrath, which was fully borne by Jesus Christ. David's fear kept him at the place of sacrifice, where temporary atonement was made. In Christ, we find the definitive and eternal sacrifice that truly appeases God's wrath. The "sword" of divine judgment, which stood poised over humanity due to sin, was not merely sheathed but fell upon the [Lamb of God](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God"), who took away the sin of the world. Jesus became our ultimate "place" of atonement, the true temple ([John 2:19-21](/john/2-19-21 "John 2:19-21 - Destroy This Temple")), where God's holiness and justice are fully satisfied, and His mercy is perfectly revealed. We no longer need to go to a physical tabernacle or a specific threshing floor to "enquire of God" or find atonement; rather, through faith in Christ, we have direct access to the Father ([Ephesians 2:18](/ephesians/2-18 "Ephesians 2:18 - Access to the Father Through Christ")) and are reconciled to God ([Romans 5:10-11](/romans/5-10-11 "Romans 5:10-11 - Reconciliation Through Christ")). The reverential fear that drove David to sacrifice is now transformed into a loving awe and worship of the One who, by His blood, has delivered us from the wrath to come ([1 Thessalonians 1:10](/1_thessalonians/1-10 "1 Thessalonians 1:10 - Delivered from Wrath")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Hebrews 12:28

Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear:

Hebrews 12:29

For our God [is] a consuming fire.

1 Chronicles 21:16

And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of the LORD stand between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders [of Israel, who were] clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces.

Job 13:21

Withdraw thine hand far from me: and let not thy dread make me afraid.

Deuteronomy 10:12

¶ And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul,

Jeremiah 5:22

Fear ye not me? saith the LORD: will ye not tremble at my presence, which have placed the sand [for] the bound of the sea by a perpetual decree, that it cannot pass it: and though the waves thereof toss themselves, yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet can they not pass over it?

Psalms 90:11

Who knoweth the power of thine anger? even according to thy fear, [so is] thy wrath.