TRV
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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Leviticus 27:26–34. His two-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Here is, I. A caution given that no man should make such a jest of sanctifying things to the Lord as to sanctify any firstling to him, for that was his already by the law, Lev 27:26. Though the matter of a general vow be that which we were before obliged to, as of our sacramental covenant, yet a singular vow should be of that which we were not, in such circumstances and proportions, antecedently bound to. The law concerning the firstlings of unclean beasts (Lev 27:27) is the same with that before, Lev 27:11, Lev 27:12.
II.Things or persons devoted are here distinguished from things or persons that were only sanctified.
1.Devoted things were most holy to the Lord, and could neither revert nor be alienated, Lev 27:28. They were of the same nature with those sacrifices which were called most holy, which none might touch but only the priests themselves. The difference between these and other sanctified things arose from the different expression of the vow. If a man dedicated any thing to God, binding himself with a solemn curse never to alienate it to any other purpose, then it was a thing devoted.
2.Devoted persons were to be put to death, Lev 27:29. Not that it was in the power of any parent or master thus to devote a child or a servant to death; but it must be meant of the public enemies of Israel, who, either by the appointment of God or by the sentence of the congregation, were devoted, as the seven nations with which they must make no league. The city of Jericho in particular was thus devoted, Jos 6:17. The inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead were put to death for violating the curse pronounced upon those who came not up to Mizpeh, Jdg 21:9, Jdg 21:10. Some think it was for want of being rightly informed of the true intent and meaning of this law that Jephtha sacrificed his daughter as one devoted, who might not be redeemed.
III.A law concerning tithes, which were paid for the service of God before the law, as appears by Abraham's payment of them, (Gen 14:20), and Jacob's promise of them, Gen 28:22. It is here appointed,
1.That they should pay tithe of all their increase, their corn, trees, and cattle, Lev 27:30, Lev 27:32. Whatsoever productions they had the benefit of God must be honoured with the tithe of, if it were titheable. Thus they acknowledged God to be the owner of their land, the giver of its fruits, and themselves to be his tenants, and dependents upon him. Thus they gave him thanks for the plenty they enjoyed, and supplicated his favour in the continuance of it. And we are taught in general to honour the Lord with our substance (Pro 3:9), and in particular to support and maintain his ministers, and to be ready to communicate to them, Gal 6:6; Co1 9:11. And how this may be done in a fitter and more equal proportion than that of the tenth, which God himself appointed of old, I cannot see.
2.That which was once marked for tithe should not be altered, no, not for a better (Lev 27:33), for Providence directed the rod that marked it. God would accept it though it were not the best, and they must not grudge it though it were, for it was what passed under the rod.
3.That it should not be redeemed, unless the owner would give a fifth part more for its ransom, Lev 27:31. If men had the curiosity to prefer what was marked for tithe before any other part of their increase, it was fit that they should pay for their curiosity.
IV.The last verse seems to have reference to this whole book of which it is the conclusion:
These are the commandments which the Lord commanded Moses, for the children of Israel. Many of these commandments are moral, and of perpetual obligation; others of them, which were ceremonial and peculiar to the Jewish economy, have notwithstanding a spiritual significancy, and are instructive to us who are furnished with a key to let us into the mysteries contained in them; for unto us, by those institutions, is the gospel preached as well as unto them, Heb 4:2. Upon the whole matter, we may see cause to bless God that we have not come to mount Sinai, Heb 12:18.
1.That we are not under the dark shadows of the law, but enjoy the clear light of the gospel, which shows us Christ the end of the law for righteousness, Rom 10:4. The doctrine of our reconciliation to God by a Mediator is not clouded with the smoke of burning sacrifices, but cleared by the knowledge of Christ and him crucified.
2.That we are not under the heavy yoke of the law, and the carnal ordinances of it (as the apostle calls them, Heb 9:10), imposed till the time of reformation, a yoke which neither they nor their fathers were able to bear (Act 15:10), but under the sweet and easy institutions of the gospel, which pronounces those the true worshippers that worship the Father in spirit and truth, by Christ only, and in his name, who is our priest, temple, altar, sacrifice, purification, and all. Let us not therefore think that because we are not tied to the ceremonial cleansings, feasts, and oblations, a little care, time, and expense, will serve to honour God with. No, but rather have our hearts more enlarge with free-will offerings to his praise, more inflamed with holy love and joy, and more engaged in seriousness of thought and sincerity of intention. Having boldness to enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus, let us draw near with a true heart, and full assurance of faith, worshipping God with so much the more cheerfulness and humble confidence, still saying, Blessed be God for Jesus Christ!
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Summary
Leviticus 27:32 concludes the book by establishing the law for the tithe of livestock, mandating that the tenth animal, impartially selected as it passes under the shepherd's rod, is to be consecrated as holy to the LORD. This final instruction underscores God's absolute sovereignty and ownership over all increase and provision, reinforcing a foundational principle of dedication and acknowledgment of divine claim that distinguishes this non-redeemable offering from other vows and dedications discussed in the chapter.
Context
Literary Context
Leviticus 27:32 serves as the culminating verse of the entire book of Leviticus, specifically within the final chapter dedicated to vows, dedications, and their redemption. While the preceding verses of Leviticus 27 detail various forms of dedications—of persons, animals, or property—and the conditions for their redemption or valuation, verses 30-33 specifically address the tithe, both of the land's produce and of livestock. Unlike other dedicated items that could be bought back or substituted, the tithe is explicitly declared "holy unto the LORD" and "not to be redeemed" (as seen in Leviticus 27:30-31). This crucial distinction emphasizes the inherent and unchangeable sacred status of the tithe. This final instruction reinforces the overarching theme of holiness that permeates the entire book of Leviticus, culminating in a practical, tangible demonstration of God's sovereign claim on His people's possessions and the requirement for them to live a consecrated life.
Historical & Cultural Context
The practice of tithing, or giving a tenth, was not unique to ancient Israel; similar practices existed in other ancient Near Eastern cultures, often as a form of taxation or religious tribute. However, in Israel, tithing was uniquely and fundamentally tied to the covenant relationship with Yahweh, serving as a direct acknowledgment of His divine provision and ownership. The phrase "whatsoever passeth under the rod" refers to a specific, traditional method used by shepherds to count and select the tithe from their herds and flocks. As animals exited the pen or fold through a narrow gate, the shepherd would stand at the entrance, using a rod (often dipped in ochre or dye) to mark every tenth animal. This method ensured a random and impartial selection, preventing the owner from deliberately choosing the weakest, sickest, or least valuable animals for the tithe. This practice underscored the principle of offering to God a true tenth, without human manipulation or preference, reflecting the integrity and faithfulness expected in Israel's relationship with their divine Provider. This systematic and unblemished giving was crucial for the support of the Levitical priesthood and the maintenance of the tabernacle/temple worship, as detailed in other Pentateuchal books like Numbers 18.
Key Themes
Leviticus 27:32 contributes significantly to several key themes prevalent throughout the book of Leviticus and the Pentateuch. Foremost is the theme of Holiness, as the tithed animal is explicitly declared "holy unto the LORD," signifying its complete separation for divine purposes. This reinforces the broader call for Israel to be a holy nation set apart for God, a concept introduced early in the book (e.g., Leviticus 11:44-45). Another crucial theme is Divine Ownership and Sovereignty, where the tithe serves as a tangible acknowledgment that all blessings and increase ultimately belong to God, and His people are merely stewards of His provision. This is echoed in passages like Psalm 24:1. Finally, the verse highlights the theme of Covenant Obligation and Obedience, as the tithe is a divinely mandated command, not a voluntary offering, demonstrating Israel's faithfulness to their covenant with Yahweh. This obedience was directly linked to divine blessing, as seen in later prophetic calls like Malachi 3:10.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This term (H4643) denotes a "tenth" or "tenth part," specifically referring to the divinely mandated proportion of increase that is inherently set apart for God. Its usage here signifies a fixed obligation, not merely a suggestion or a charitable donation, underscoring God's foundational claim over all the produce and increase from His creation and His people's labor.
Derived from a primitive root (H5674) meaning "to cross over," this word is used widely of any transition. In this context, it specifically describes the action of animals moving under the rod, highlighting the systematic and sequential process of counting and selection. It implies a movement through a designated point, ensuring that each animal is accounted for in the tithing process.
This term (H7626) refers to a "stick," "staff," or "scepter." In the context of a shepherd, the shêbeṭ was an essential tool for guiding, protecting, and counting the flock. Here, its specific use in "passing under the rod" highlights its function as an instrument of impartial selection and systematic counting, symbolizing divine order and the unalterable nature of the tithe's designation.
Meaning "set apart," "consecrated," or "sacred" (H6944). When something is declared qôdesh unto the LORD, it is removed from common use and dedicated exclusively to God's purposes. For the tithed animal, this meant it could not be redeemed, sold, or used for personal gain; it belonged entirely to God. This concept reinforces the absolute sovereignty of God and the sacred nature of what is offered to Him.
Verse Breakdown
"And concerning the tithe of the herd, or of the flock"
This introductory phrase specifies the subject of the law: the tithe, or a tenth part, derived from livestock. This encompasses both larger animals (herd, e.g., cattle, oxen) and smaller ones (flock, e.g., sheep and goats). This indicates that God's claim extends to all forms of agricultural and pastoral increase, which were the primary sources of wealth and sustenance in ancient Israel.
"[even] of whatsoever passeth under the rod"
This clause describes the precise, traditional method for selecting the tithed animal. As the animals would exit a gate or narrow passage, the shepherd would use his rod to count them, marking every tenth one. This ensured a random, unbiased, and impartial selection, preventing the owner from choosing inferior animals for the tithe, thereby emphasizing the integrity and objectivity required in fulfilling this divine command.
"the tenth shall be holy unto the LORD"
This is the declarative statement of the law's outcome and purpose. The animal designated as the tenth, regardless of its individual quality or perceived value, is declared "holy" (set apart, consecrated) and belongs exclusively to Yahweh. This declaration establishes the sacred, non-redeemable nature of the livestock tithe, reinforcing God's ultimate ownership and the people's obligation to acknowledge His provision through consecrated giving.
Literary Devices
Leviticus 27:32 employs several literary devices to convey its profound theological and practical meaning. Metonymy is evident in the phrase "passeth under the rod," where the "rod" stands for the entire, divinely ordained system of tithing livestock. This emphasizes the systematic and intentional nature of this act of worship, ensuring impartiality. Symbolism is prominent, with the "rod" serving as a powerful symbol of divine authority, impartiality, and systematic order in the selection process, ensuring that the tithe is beyond human manipulation. The "tenth" itself is a symbol of completeness and divine claim, representing God's inherent right to a portion of all increase. Furthermore, the declaration that "the tenth shall be holy unto the LORD" is an act of consecration, using language that sets apart the designated animal for sacred purposes, highlighting the intrinsic holiness of what is offered to God and the absolute nature of His claim.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Leviticus 27:32 profoundly articulates the foundational biblical truth of God's absolute sovereignty and ownership over all creation. The tithe, particularly of livestock, serves as a tangible acknowledgment that all blessings, resources, and increase ultimately flow from His gracious hand. It is not merely a tax or a charitable act, but a non-negotiable act of worship, demonstrating trust in God's ongoing provision and obedience to His covenant commands. This principle of consecrated giving undergirds the entire Old Testament economy, supporting the priesthood and the tabernacle/temple service, thereby facilitating the spiritual life and communal worship of the nation. It establishes a pattern of giving that acknowledges God as the source of all prosperity and the rightful recipient of a dedicated portion.
Reflection and Application
While the specific method of tithing livestock "under the rod" is no longer practiced, the timeless principles embedded in Leviticus 27:32 remain profoundly relevant for believers today. This verse calls us to a posture of radical generosity and unwavering trust, reminding us that all we possess is a gift from God, and a portion is rightfully His. It challenges us to move beyond sporadic or convenience-based giving to embrace a systematic, intentional, and cheerful offering of our "firstfruits" and a true "tenth" of our resources, whether financial, time, or talent. This act of giving is not about meeting a legalistic requirement but about cultivating a heart that acknowledges God's ultimate ownership, expresses gratitude for His provision, and participates in His ongoing work in the world. It fosters discipline, counters materialism, and deepens our reliance on Him, knowing that He is faithful to provide for those who honor Him with their substance. Our giving becomes an act of worship, a declaration of trust, and a means by which God's kingdom is advanced.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
What is the significance of the "rod" in Leviticus 27:32?
The "rod" (Hebrew: shebet) in Leviticus 27:32 refers to a shepherd's staff used as a counting tool. As animals exited a pen one by one, the shepherd would stand at the gate and touch every tenth animal with the rod, marking it as the tithe. This method ensured a random and impartial selection, preventing the owner from deliberately choosing the weakest or least valuable animals. It symbolized the integrity and objectivity required in presenting the tithe to the Lord, emphasizing that the designated animal was chosen by divine ordinance, not human preference. This practice ensured that the tithe was a true and unblemished tenth, reflecting the honor due to God as the ultimate provider.
Is the tithing of livestock still relevant for believers today?
While the literal practice of tithing livestock "under the rod" is no longer applicable, the underlying principles of Leviticus 27:32 remain highly relevant for believers today. The verse teaches us about God's ultimate ownership of all things, the importance of systematic and proportional giving, and the concept of consecrating a portion of our increase to the Lord. Under the New Covenant, believers are called to generous and cheerful giving, not out of legalistic obligation, but as an act of worship and gratitude for God's boundless grace (as seen in 2 Corinthians 9:7). The New Testament does not prescribe a legalistic "tenth" but encourages giving proportionally as one has prospered (as instructed in 1 Corinthians 16:2), reflecting the heart's devotion and trust in God's provision. The principle of supporting God's work and those who minister the Gospel (e.g., 1 Timothy 5:18) is a direct continuation of the spirit behind the Old Testament tithe.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Leviticus 27:32, with its emphasis on a "tenth" being "holy unto the LORD" through an impartial selection, finds its ultimate fulfillment and transformation in Jesus Christ. While the Old Covenant tithe pointed to God's ownership and the need for Israel to consecrate a portion of their increase, Christ himself is the ultimate "holy" offering, the perfect Lamb of God who was "chosen" not by a shepherd's rod, but by divine decree from before the foundation of the world (as described in 1 Peter 1:19-20). He is the unblemished sacrifice, the "firstfruits" of resurrection (as proclaimed in 1 Corinthians 15:20), who fully consecrated Himself to God's will (as seen in Hebrews 10:5-7). In Christ, the principle of giving is transformed from a legal obligation to a joyful response to grace. Our "tithe" in the New Covenant is not merely a portion of our material wealth, but the offering of our entire lives, our very selves, as a "living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God" (as exhorted in Romans 12:1). Just as the tithed animal was set apart for God's exclusive use, believers are now "set apart" in Christ, consecrated by His blood (as taught in Hebrews 13:12), becoming a "holy priesthood" (as declared in 1 Peter 2:9) called to offer spiritual sacrifices. Our giving, therefore, becomes an overflow of our union with Christ, who gave His all, making us holy and enabling us to participate in His redemptive mission through Spirit-empowered generosity (as exemplified in 2 Corinthians 8:9).