Joshua 22:28

KJV

Therefore said we, that it shall be, when they should [so] say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we may say [again], Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made, not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices; but it [is] a witness between us and you.

KJV (with Strong's)

Therefore said {H559} we, that it shall be, when they should so say {H559} to us or to our generations {H1755} in time to come {H4279}, that we may say {H559} again, Behold {H7200} the pattern {H8403} of the altar {H4196} of the LORD {H3068}, which our fathers {H1} made {H6213}, not for burnt offerings {H5930}, nor for sacrifices {H2077}; but it is a witness {H5707} between us and you.

Complete Jewish Bible

For this reason we said, 'When they accuse us or future generations in this way, we will say, "Look! Here is a replica of the altar of ADONAI which our ancestors made, not for burnt offerings or sacrifices, but as a witness between us and you."'

Berean Standard Bible

Therefore we said, ‘If they ever say this to us or to our descendants, we will answer: Look at the replica of the altar of the LORD that our fathers made, not for burnt offerings or sacrifices, but as a witness between us and you.’

American Standard Version

Therefore said we, It shall be, when they so say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we shall say, Behold the pattern of the altar of Jehovah, which our fathers made, not for burnt-offering, nor for sacrifice; but it is a witness between us and you.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Joshua 22:28 presents the earnest defense of the Transjordanian tribes—Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh—to their western brethren concerning the large altar they constructed by the Jordan River. This pivotal verse articulates their sincere and forward-looking intention: the altar was not erected for illicit sacrifices or as an act of apostasy, but rather as a strategic, tangible memorial. Its purpose was to serve as an enduring witness, ensuring the future inclusion of their descendants in the covenant worship of the Lord and perpetually affirming their shared identity and unity within the singular nation of Israel.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Joshua 22 marks a critical juncture in the post-conquest period, as the Transjordanian tribes, having faithfully fulfilled their commitment to assist in the conquest of Canaan, are honorably dismissed by Joshua to return to their allotted inheritance east of the Jordan River ([Joshua 22:1-9](/joshua/22-1-9 "Joshua Blesses the Eastern Tribes")). Upon their return, their construction of a prominent altar near the Jordan immediately triggers alarm and misinterpretation among the western tribes. This act is perceived as a direct rebellion against the Lord and a grave violation of the Deuteronomic command for centralized worship at the Tabernacle ([Deuteronomy 12:5-7](/deuteronomy/12-5-7 "The Central Place of Worship")). The misunderstanding escalates rapidly, leading the western tribes to mobilize for war against their brethren ([Joshua 22:12](/joshua/22-12 "Israel Prepares for War")). A delegation, led by the high priest Phinehas, confronts the eastern tribes ([Joshua 22:13-20](/joshua/22-13-20 "Phinehas Confronts the Eastern Tribes")), prompting the detailed and impassioned defense recorded in [Joshua 22:21-29](/joshua/22-21-29 "The Eastern Tribes' Defense"). Joshua 22:28 stands as the crucial articulation of their pure intentions, ultimately averting civil war and restoring national unity ([Joshua 22:30-34](/joshua/22-30-34 "Resolution and Naming of the Altar")).
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The period immediately following the conquest of Canaan was foundational for solidifying Israel's national and religious identity. A cornerstone of their covenant with Yahweh was the strict command for centralized worship at the Tabernacle (and later the Temple), a divine injunction designed to prevent idolatry, syncretism, and to maintain the theological purity and national cohesion of the twelve tribes ([Deuteronomy 12](/deuteronomy/12 "Deuteronomy 12 - The Central Place of Worship")). The Jordan River, while a geographical boundary, also carried significant symbolic weight, potentially isolating the eastern tribes and raising concerns about their full integration into the covenant community. Their profound concern for future exclusion stemmed from the practical challenges of regular travel to the central sanctuary and the legitimate fear that their descendants might be perceived as separate or illegitimate members of the covenant. In the ancient Near East, the erection of "witnesses" or "memorials"—often in the form of altars, pillars, or heaps of stones—was a common practice to commemorate significant events, covenants, or boundaries, serving as tangible, enduring reminders for future generations.
* **Key Themes:** This passage profoundly contributes to several overarching themes within the book of Joshua and the broader Old Testament narrative. It powerfully underscores the **unity of God's people**, emphasizing the imperative of maintaining spiritual cohesion and shared identity despite geographical or tribal distinctions. The near-civil war vividly highlights the fragility of this unity and the vital role of **clear communication and understanding** in resolving conflict and preventing catastrophic misunderstanding, contrasting with the destructive consequences of miscommunication seen elsewhere. Furthermore, the eastern tribes' deep concern for their descendants reveals the crucial theme of **intergenerational covenant fidelity**—their earnest desire to ensure that future generations would remain connected to the Lord and His worship, upholding the covenant established with their forefathers. The altar itself embodies the theme of a **memorial and witness**, serving not as a functional cultic site but as a tangible sign of shared identity and allegiance to the one true God, echoing other significant memorials in Israel's history, such as the stones taken from the Jordan in [Joshua 4](/joshua/4 "Joshua 4 - The Memorial Stones") or Jacob's pillar in [Genesis 31:48](/genesis/31-48 "Genesis 31:48 - Laban and Jacob's Covenant").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Say (Hebrew, _ʼâmar'_):** The Hebrew verb אָמַר (_ʼâmar_) is a primitive root meaning "to say," used with broad latitude to encompass answering, appointing, declaring, commanding, thinking, and uttering. In Joshua 22:28, its repeated use ("said we," "should so say," "may say again") emphasizes the communicative intent behind the altar. It highlights the eastern tribes' proactive foresight, anticipating future inquiries from western tribes and preparing a verbal defense, demonstrating their deep concern for intergenerational dialogue and the preservation of truth.
* **Pattern (Hebrew, _tabnîyth'_):** The Hebrew word תַּבְנִית (_tabnîyth_) denotes a "structure," "model," "likeness," or "resemblance," specifically implying something built according to a pre-existing design or blueprint. This term is crucial to the eastern tribes' defense, as it signifies that their altar was not an independent or rival cultic site, but a deliberate replica or representation of the legitimate altar at the central sanctuary in Shiloh. This choice of word immediately communicates their intention was not to create a new place of worship, but to visually affirm their connection to the established, divinely ordained system, thereby refuting any accusation of apostasy.
* **Witness (Hebrew, _ʻêḏ'_):** The Hebrew word עֵד (_ʻêḏ_) is derived from a root meaning "to return" or "to repeat," and concretely refers to a "witness" or "testimony," and abstractly, "evidence." It is a legal and covenantal term, often referring to something that stands as a perpetual reminder or confirmation of an event, agreement, or truth. The altar was intended to be a silent, enduring declaration, testifying to the shared identity and covenantal rights of the eastern tribes and their descendants, ensuring they would not be disinherited from the worship of Yahweh by their western brethren. Its very existence would "speak" to future generations about their rightful place within the covenant community.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Therefore said we, that it shall be, when they should [so] say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we may say [again],"**: This opening clause reveals the proactive and deeply concerned motivation of the Transjordanian tribes. Their decision to build the altar was not for immediate sacrificial use, but a strategic, forward-thinking measure designed to address a potential future crisis. They anticipated a scenario where their descendants might be challenged or excluded from the central worship of Israel dueating to their geographical separation. This phrase underscores their profound commitment to preemptively safeguard the spiritual inheritance and full inclusion of their future generations within the covenant community, demonstrating a remarkable foresight and intergenerational responsibility.
* **"Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made, not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices;"**: This is the core of their defense, explaining the altar's true nature and function. By explicitly calling it a "pattern" (תַּבְנִית, _tabnîyth_), they declare it a replica, a visual echo of the true altar at Shiloh, not a rival. The explicit denial—"not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices"—is paramount. It directly refutes the western tribes' fear of illicit worship and demonstrates their unwavering adherence to the Deuteronomic command for centralized worship. This clarifies that the altar's purpose was purely symbolic, not functional for sacrifice, distinguishing it sharply from the legitimate altar of the Tabernacle.
* **"but it [is] a witness between us and you."**: This concluding declaration succinctly states the altar's ultimate and singular purpose. It was built as a perpetual "witness" (עֵד, _ʻêḏ_), a tangible sign and reminder of the shared covenant, identity, and right of worship between the Transjordanian tribes and their western counterparts. It served as a visible bond, affirming that despite the Jordan River acting as a physical barrier, they were one people, united in their devotion to the Lord. This witness would stand for all generations, affirming their spiritual unity and preventing future schism or disenfranchisement from the covenant community.

#### Literary Devices
The passage masterfully employs several literary devices to convey its message with clarity and impact. **Antithesis** is prominently featured in the declaration "not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices; but it [is] a witness," which sharply contrasts the altar's symbolic purpose with its potential misinterpretation as a functional sacrificial site. This opposition highlights the eastern tribes' precise intent. **Repetition** of the concept of "generations" (H1755, _dôwr_) and the act of "saying" (H559, _ʼâmar'_) ("when they should [so] say to us or to our generations... that we may say [again]") underscores the profound intergenerational concern and the communicative intent behind the altar, emphasizing its role in future dialogue. Furthermore, **Symbolism** is central, as the altar itself transcends its physical form to become a powerful symbol of unity, identity, and covenant fidelity. It functions as a **memorial**, a tangible reminder of a shared past and a declaration of future commitment, akin to other significant markers in Israel's history. The subsequent naming of the altar "Ed" (Witness) in [Joshua 22:34](/joshua/22-34 "Joshua 22:34 - The Altar Named Ed") further solidifies its symbolic function and the resolution of the conflict.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Joshua 22:28 profoundly articulates the eastern tribes' unwavering commitment to maintaining their covenantal relationship with the Lord and their unity with the rest of Israel. Their acute fear of future exclusion from worship highlights the profound theological importance of the central sanctuary as the divinely appointed locus of God's presence, the means of atonement, and the unifying center of Israel's faith. The altar, therefore, becomes a powerful theological statement: a visible affirmation that despite geographical separation, they shared the same God, the same covenant, and the same right to approach Him. This incident underscores that true unity among God's people is not merely geographical proximity but a shared spiritual identity and allegiance to the one Lord, expressed through faithful adherence to His commands and a deep concern for the spiritual well-being of all members, especially future generations. It teaches the value of proactive measures to preserve faith and identity across time and distance, demonstrating that theological clarity and communication are paramount for communal flourishing.

* [Deuteronomy 12:5](/deuteronomy/12-5 "Deuteronomy 12:5 - The Place the Lord Will Choose")
* [Ephesians 4:3](/ephesians/4-3 "Ephesians 4:3 - Unity in the Spirit")
* [Hebrews 10:25](/hebrews/10-25 "Hebrews 10:25 - Not Forsaking Assembly")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The narrative of the altar by the Jordan River offers timeless and profound lessons for contemporary believers and the church. It champions the critical importance of clear, honest, and empathetic communication within any community, especially the body of Christ. Misunderstandings, left unaddressed or fueled by assumptions, can escalate into significant conflict and division, as nearly happened with the tribes of Israel. This passage calls us to cultivate a posture of seeking to understand before being understood, to ask clarifying questions with grace, and to assume the best intentions of our brethren, rather than quickly attributing malice. Furthermore, it reminds us of our sacred responsibility to future generations, prompting us to consider how we are preserving and faithfully passing on our spiritual heritage. What "memorials"—whether intentional traditions, personal testimonies, dedicated discipleship efforts, or clear doctrinal statements—are we establishing to ensure that those who come after us know their place in God's covenant and their right to approach Him? Ultimately, it challenges us to prioritize and actively pursue unity within the body of Christ, recognizing that our shared faith in the one Lord transcends superficial differences, geographical divides, and even initial misunderstandings.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How often do misunderstandings, rather than malicious intent, cause conflict in my relationships or community, and how can I address them proactively?**
* **What "memorials" or intentional practices am I establishing in my life, family, or church to faithfully pass on the Christian faith to future generations?**
* **In what ways can I proactively seek to understand others' perspectives before forming judgments, especially within the Christian community, to foster greater unity?**
* **How does my commitment to Christ manifest in my efforts to foster and preserve unity within the church, even amidst theological or practical diversity?**

### FAQ
**Why did the western tribes initially react with such hostility to the altar?**

Answer: The western tribes reacted with intense hostility because they perceived the construction of a large altar by the Transjordanian tribes as a direct and egregious violation of God's command for centralized worship, as explicitly stipulated in [Deuteronomy 12:5-7](/deuteronomy/12-5-7 "The Central Place of Worship"). This divine mandate required all sacrifices and offerings to be made at the single, divinely chosen sanctuary (then the Tabernacle in Shiloh) to prevent idolatry, syncretism, and to maintain the spiritual purity and national unity of Israel. Building another prominent altar appeared to them as an act of rebellion against the Lord, a breach of the covenant, and a potential reintroduction of pagan practices, which they feared would provoke divine wrath upon the entire nation, similar to the devastating consequences seen in the incident of Achan in [Joshua 7](/joshua/7 "Joshua 7 - Achan's Sin"). Their fear was rooted in a genuine theological concern for the integrity of Israel's covenant relationship with Yahweh and the purity of their worship, leading them to prepare for immediate military action.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The narrative of the altar of witness in Joshua 22:28 finds its ultimate fulfillment and resolution in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The Jordan River, which served as a physical boundary separating the tribes, foreshadows the profound spiritual chasm of sin that separated humanity from God and from one another. Just as the altar was a "pattern" and a "witness" to unity, Jesus is the ultimate and perfect "pattern" of God's character and the supreme "witness" to God's truth, embodying the very nature of God ([Colossians 1:15](/colossians/1-15 "Colossians 1:15 - The Image of the Invisible God")). He is not merely a symbol but the divine reality to which all Old Testament altars and sacrifices pointed. Through His singular, perfect sacrifice on the cross, Jesus became the true and final [Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God"), rendering all other altars and sacrificial systems obsolete. He is our [one mediator between God and men](/1_timothy/2-5 "1 Timothy 2:5 - One Mediator"), effectively breaking down every dividing wall of hostility—whether geographical, ethnic, or spiritual—between people groups, uniting all believers into one new humanity ([Ephesians 2:14-16](/ephesians/2-14-16 "Christ Our Peace")). The deep concern of the eastern tribes for future generations to have access to God's presence is fully realized in Christ, who grants all who believe in Him direct and perpetual access to the Father through the Holy Spirit ([Ephesians 2:18](/ephesians/2-18 "Access to the Father")). He is the enduring witness, the living memorial, guaranteeing our perpetual inclusion in God's family and our right to worship Him, not based on a physical structure, but on His finished work of reconciliation and redemption.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Exodus 25:40

And look that thou make [them] after their pattern, which was shewed thee in the mount.

Ezekiel 43:10

Thou son of man, shew the house to the house of Israel, that they may be ashamed of their iniquities: and let them measure the pattern.

Ezekiel 43:11

And if they be ashamed of all that they have done, shew them the form of the house, and the fashion thereof, and the goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the laws thereof: and write [it] in their sight, that they may keep the whole form thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and do them.

Hebrews 8:5

Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, [that] thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount.

2 Kings 16:10

¶ And king Ahaz went to Damascus to meet Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, and saw an altar that [was] at Damascus: and king Ahaz sent to Urijah the priest the fashion of the altar, and the pattern of it, according to all the workmanship thereof.