John Chrysostom — Commentary on Scripture

Genesis 24:10

And the servant took ten camels of the camels of his master, and departed; for all the goods of his master were in his hand: and he arose, and went to Mesopotamia, unto the city of Nahor.

Do you see how from the outset the servant showed his regard for his master? See him now showing the benefit of the patriarch’s instruction by imitating the good man’s godliness. “The servant took ten camels,” the text relates, “and a selection of all his master’s goods; he set out and traveled into Mesopotamia to the city of Nahor, where he rested the camels outside the city at the well toward evening when the women come out to draw water. He said, ‘Lord, the God of my master Abraham.’ ” See the servant’s dutifulness: he names the Lord of the world after the patriarch, saying, “Lord, the God of my master Abraham,” who has given evidence of so many kindnesses to him. Why are you surprised if the servant calls him the God of Abraham in this way? The God of all shows how he sets great store by the virtue of good people and says, “I am the God of Jacob, the God of Isaac and the God of Abraham.”

Genesis 24:12 · 2 passages

And he said, O LORD God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day, and shew kindness unto my master Abraham.

“Lord,” he says, “the God of my master Abraham, be my guide today, and have compassion on my master Abraham,” as if to say, “Bring his wishes to effect, and conduct everything according to his intention.” “Have compassion on my master Abraham”: what does “have compassion” mean? Fulfill his desire. Then he said, “Lo, I am standing at the spring, and the daughters of the inhabitants of the city are coming out to draw water. Whichever maiden to whom I say, ‘Lower your water jar that I may drink,’ and she says, ‘Drink and I shall water your camels till they all stop drinking’—let her be the one you have prepared for your servant Isaac, and in this I shall know that you have had compassion on my master Abraham.” Note the servant’s sagacity. He was aware of the patriarch’s hospitality and the fact that the maiden destined to be brought there should have similar qualities to those of the good man. So, far from looking for any other indication, he was anxious to distinguish the maiden’s hospitality from her attitude. He said, “If, in response to my request to her for water, she lowers her wa…

“Lord,” he says, “the God of my master Abraham, be my guide today, and have compassion on my master Abraham,” as if to say, “Bring his wishes to effect, and conduct everything according to his intention.” “Have compassion on my master Abraham”: what does “have compassion” mean? Fulfill his desire. Then he said, “Lo, I am standing at the spring, and the daughters of the inhabitants of the city are coming out to draw water. Whichever maiden to whom I say, ‘Lower your water jar that I may drink,’ and she says, ‘Drink and I shall water your camels till they all stop drinking’—let her be the one you have prepared for your servant Isaac, and in this I shall know that you have had compassion on my master Abraham.” Note the servant’s sagacity. He was aware of the patriarch’s hospitality and the fact that the maiden destined to be brought there should have similar qualities to those of the good man. So, far from looking for any other indication, he was anxious to distinguish the maiden’s hospitality from her attitude. He said, “If, in response to my request to her for water, she lowers her water jar and not only heeds my request but also gives evidence of the generosity of her own attitude by saying, ‘I will water your camels as well,’ she will have given me sufficient demonstration of the mildness of her manners by the offer of water.”

Consider, in fact, I ask you, dearly beloved, how important it was that a tender maiden while drawing water not only did not decline the request but also took down the water jar from her shoulders and gave the petitioner his fill, stranger though he was and quite unknown to her. She gave water not only to him but also to all the camels, thus betraying by her behavior indications of her nobility of soul. Did she not realize that many, men included, often decline such requests? Why do I refer to the gift of water? Sometimes, when people holding torches are asked by those approaching them to wait a while so as to allow a lamp to be lit, they refuse even to do this, despite the fire’s suffering no diminution even should those intending to light their torch be beyond count. In this case, on the contrary, a woman, a maiden, carrying a water jar on her shoulders, not only did not object to the request but even was more generous than the request in supplying the drink, hurrying of her own volition to water the camels as well.

Genesis 24:20

And she hasted, and emptied her pitcher into the trough, and ran again unto the well to draw water, and drew for all his camels.

The loving God, you see, granted the patriarch’s prayers, sent his angel on ahead and saw to the outcome of all these events; everything turned out as the servant requested. Then when he saw the power of the patriarch’s prayers in the event and chanced upon the maiden as he desired, he also saw her surpassing hospitality. “She hastened” the text goes on, remember, “to empty the water jar into the trough, and ran to draw more at the well, and watered all the camels.” See her heightened enthusiasm. The verse “She hastened to empty the water jar into the trough and ran to the well” shows the maiden’s indescribable enthusiasm in neither snubbing him as a stranger nor declining his request on the pretext of prudence but rather saying with great restraint, “Drink, sir.” I ask you to consider how very proper, despite her tender years, was her modesty, her surpassing humility and the extremity of her hospitality. What riches, at any rate, do these qualities not far surpass? Are there treasures you would value more highly than these qualities? This is the greatest gift; this constitutes count…

The loving God, you see, granted the patriarch’s prayers, sent his angel on ahead and saw to the outcome of all these events; everything turned out as the servant requested. Then when he saw the power of the patriarch’s prayers in the event and chanced upon the maiden as he desired, he also saw her surpassing hospitality. “She hastened” the text goes on, remember, “to empty the water jar into the trough, and ran to draw more at the well, and watered all the camels.” See her heightened enthusiasm. The verse “She hastened to empty the water jar into the trough and ran to the well” shows the maiden’s indescribable enthusiasm in neither snubbing him as a stranger nor declining his request on the pretext of prudence but rather saying with great restraint, “Drink, sir.” I ask you to consider how very proper, despite her tender years, was her modesty, her surpassing humility and the extremity of her hospitality. What riches, at any rate, do these qualities not far surpass? Are there treasures you would value more highly than these qualities? This is the greatest gift; this constitutes countless blessings, a treasure never expended.

Genesis 24:21

And the man wondering at her held his peace, to wit whether the LORD had made his journey prosperous or not.

The dutiful servant therefore now saw God’s providence distinctly. “He kept observing her closely,” the text goes on, “and remained silent so as to know if the Lord had made his journey successful or not.” What is the meaning of “kept observing her closely”? He kept studying the maiden’s very words, her gaze, her walk, her appearance, everything else about her, and waited to see “if the Lord had successfully conducted his journey or not.” You see, what had happened so far, the text is saying, showed the maiden’s great virtue that exceeded ordinary limits. Hence, to reward her for her response and the offer of water, the text goes on, he pressed upon her “golden earrings and two bracelets.” He carefully made enquiries about her, asking, “Whose daughter are you?” and “Is there room in your father’s house for us to rest?”

Genesis 24:25

She said moreover unto him, We have both straw and provender enough, and room to lodge in.

Consider here too the maiden’s response. As with the water, she not only provided what was asked but also watered the camels after giving him something to drink, so here too, when the servant inquired if there was merely room and whose daughter she was, the maiden replied, “I am daughter of Bethuel, son of Milcah, whom she bore to Nahor himself.” She mentioned her father and grandfather so that this knowledge would further arouse the servant’s interest. Observe the child’s candor: asked about her father, she not only tells the truth about him but also about her father’s father. And to the inquiry as to whether there was simply a place to rest she replied, “not only a place” but “also much straw and feed at our place.” On hearing this, the servant was amazed at the girl for her lavish hospitality and learned as well that he had come not to some strangers but to the house of Nahor, who was the patriarch’s brother; so, the text tells us, “the man bowed low in gratitude to the Lord.” Overjoyed at what he had learned, at the words spoken by the girl, “he bowed low to the Lord,” offering t…

Consider here too the maiden’s response. As with the water, she not only provided what was asked but also watered the camels after giving him something to drink, so here too, when the servant inquired if there was merely room and whose daughter she was, the maiden replied, “I am daughter of Bethuel, son of Milcah, whom she bore to Nahor himself.” She mentioned her father and grandfather so that this knowledge would further arouse the servant’s interest. Observe the child’s candor: asked about her father, she not only tells the truth about him but also about her father’s father. And to the inquiry as to whether there was simply a place to rest she replied, “not only a place” but “also much straw and feed at our place.” On hearing this, the servant was amazed at the girl for her lavish hospitality and learned as well that he had come not to some strangers but to the house of Nahor, who was the patriarch’s brother; so, the text tells us, “the man bowed low in gratitude to the Lord.” Overjoyed at what he had learned, at the words spoken by the girl, “he bowed low to the Lord,” offering thanks to the Lord for giving evidence of such favor to the patriarch and care for him and for bringing all his endeavors to a successful conclusion with ease. He said, “Blessed be the Lord, the God of my master Abraham, who has not withheld his steadfast goodness from my master.”

Genesis 24:28

And the damsel ran, and told them of her mother's house these things.

When he saw the child’s candor and learned everything from her clearly, then he in turn made known to her who he was. Through his thanksgiving to God, he made clear to her the fact that he had not come from some alien house but that the man who had sent him was brother to Nahor. On learning this “the girl ran off,” the text says, with great joy. See how in everything done by her she shows her enthusiasm for hospitality—by running, by her words, by her restraint. Note that the text says, “She ran and reported these words in her mother’s house.” She made known to her parents everything she had heard from the servant. “Laban ran to the one outside at the spring,” the text continues. Notice also this man showing his interest by running; seeing the person standing at the spring with the camels, “he said to him, ‘Come inside—blessed by the Lord—why stay outside? I have made ready the house and a place for the camels.’ ” Observe this man also blessing the Lord at the arrival of the stranger and making earnest supplication before putting hospitality into practice. “Come inside,” he says; “I…

When he saw the child’s candor and learned everything from her clearly, then he in turn made known to her who he was. Through his thanksgiving to God, he made clear to her the fact that he had not come from some alien house but that the man who had sent him was brother to Nahor. On learning this “the girl ran off,” the text says, with great joy. See how in everything done by her she shows her enthusiasm for hospitality—by running, by her words, by her restraint. Note that the text says, “She ran and reported these words in her mother’s house.” She made known to her parents everything she had heard from the servant. “Laban ran to the one outside at the spring,” the text continues. Notice also this man showing his interest by running; seeing the person standing at the spring with the camels, “he said to him, ‘Come inside—blessed by the Lord—why stay outside? I have made ready the house and a place for the camels.’ ” Observe this man also blessing the Lord at the arrival of the stranger and making earnest supplication before putting hospitality into practice. “Come inside,” he says; “I have taken the precaution of ‘making ready the house and a place for the camels.’ ”

Genesis 24:34-38 · 2 passages

And he said, I am Abraham's servant.

See how the servant narrates everything to them with precision: “I am servant of that man Abraham,” he says, “whom you know; so, learn that he enjoyed such blessing from the Lord of all as to arrive at great wealth.” Then, to teach them the abundance of his wealth, he said, “Sheep and cattle, silver and gold, male and female servants, camels and asses” came his way. Take heed, you people of wealth, you who acquire such and such acres of land day in and day out, building baths and walkways and splendid buildings—see in what lay the good man’s riches: no property, no buildings, no empty display of luxury, but rather sheep and cattle, camels and asses, servants male and female. The text added in another place that they were all born in the household, so that you could learn how Abraham gained so many servants. “So this master of mine came into such great wealth and enjoyed great favor from on high; when he had reached old age Sarah bore him a son, and, having this only child, he has already made him heir of everything. He has given him everything he owned.”

Consider … in this instance, I ask you, the servant’s great prudence. What in fact did he say? “I will not eat until I have said my piece.”“Whereas you have made a show of your resources,” he says, “I, for my part, will not attach any importance to resting until I inform you of the reason why I was sent on this mission, why I arrived here from Canaan, and how I was guided to your house. Thus, by learning everything, you will give evidence of your own good dispositions toward my master.”

Genesis 24:48

And I bowed down my head, and worshipped the LORD, and blessed the LORD God of my master Abraham, which had led me in the right way to take my master's brother's daughter unto his son.

“Seeing now God’s providence so manifestly in action, I asked whose daughter she was. Learning from what she said that she belonged not to alien people but to the household of Nahor, my master’s brother, I was bold enough to ‘put earrings and bracelets on her. In my satisfaction I prayed to the Lord and praised the God of my master Abraham for bringing my journey to a successful conclusion so as to take the daughter of my master’s brother.’ God’s hand in this has been so manifestly active; as you can see, the prayers offered by my master have been granted. Now you, for your part, if you are to give evidence of your dispositions, ‘show steadfast kindness toward my master; if not, let me know it.’3 Tell me the truth now, I ask you, so that I may be in a position to know what I must do. But if the answer is no, tell me so that I may travel in another direction, ‘going left or right.’ ”

Genesis 24:50

Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, The thing proceedeth from the LORD: we cannot speak unto thee bad or good.

Then, since God was conducting everything in the wake of the patriarch’s prayers, the maiden’s father and brother said to him, “This thing has come from the Lord; we cannot deny you, for good or ill.” Your account shows the whole thing has happened by God’s arrangement. So don’t think we oppose the decisions of God; after all, it is beyond our powers to do it. Here, the maid is in your hands; “take her, and be on your way, and she will be wife to your master’s son, as the Lord has said.”

Genesis 24:52

And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's servant heard their words, he worshipped the LORD, bowing himself to the earth.

Do you see how much care they took in ancient times to obtain wives for their sons? How they looked for nobility ahead of money? None of the agreements, none of the contracts or the other ridiculous things that happen these days, nor those terms committed to writing: If someone dies childless, one says, if this or that happens. Instead, among people of those times things were not like this. Rather, the maid’s behavior alone was the most secure contract—no pomp and circumstance. You will realize this when you see the maid led to her nuptials. “Hearing this from the father and the brother … the servant prostrated himself in worship to God.” Note how in everything that happened he gave thanks to the Lord of all. You see, it was God who prepared everything in advance and in response to the patriarch’s prayer sent his angel ahead of him—he it was who conducted the whole business for him.

Genesis 24:53 · 2 passages

And the servant brought forth jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment, and gave them to Rebekah: he gave also to her brother and to her mother precious things.

Why do you hesitate and delay, he is saying, if God makes everything so easy for me?… Observe how even these men in their ignorance suggest to the maid what is going to happen, with God directing their minds to it. You see, they foretell to her both facts, that she would become countless thousands and that her offspring would take possession of the cities of their enemies. Do you see God’s providence emerging clearly in every situation, and how the Lord of all arranges for the future to be foretold even by nonbelievers?

Learning now that he had the desired end in view, “he brought out presents of silver and gold and clothing and gave them to Rebekah.” Then he waited on her with confidence, as though she were already betrothed in word to Isaac. He presented her brother and mother with gifts, and, when he saw the matter had worked out in accord with his master’s command, only then was his own refreshment seen to. “They ate and drank,” the text says, remember, “he and the men who were with him, and he slept there the night. Rising the next morning he said, ‘Allow me to go that I may return to my master.’ ” Since everything has worked out well in this way from my point of view, he is saying, and, instead of anything being now left undone, since it also appeared satisfactory to you, “allow me to go that I may return to my master.”

Genesis 25:21 · 2 passages

And Isaac intreated the LORD for his wife, because she was barren: and the LORD was intreated of him, and Rebekah his wife conceived.

One question is worth raising initially: If she and her husband were conspicuous for their good life and both concerned for chaste living, why was she barren? We cannot find fault with their life or say barrenness was the result of sin. To grasp the full extent of this remarkable circumstance, remember that it was not only herself who was barren but also the good man’s mother, Sarah; and not only his mother but also his daughter-in-law—I mean Jacob’s wife Rachel.What is the meaning of this gallery of sterile people? All were good people, all virtuous, all given testimony by God; of them he said, “I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.” And blessed Paul says, “Hence God is not ashamed to be called their God.” There is great commendation of them in the New Testament; great praise of them in the Old. In each case they were distinguished and remarkable men, yet all had barren wives. They spent a long period in a childless condition. So whenever you see a man and wife of virtuous life experiencing childlessness, whenever you see pious people devoted to religion ye…

One question is worth raising initially: If she and her husband were conspicuous for their good life and both concerned for chaste living, why was she barren? We cannot find fault with their life or say barrenness was the result of sin. To grasp the full extent of this remarkable circumstance, remember that it was not only herself who was barren but also the good man’s mother, Sarah; and not only his mother but also his daughter-in-law—I mean Jacob’s wife Rachel.What is the meaning of this gallery of sterile people? All were good people, all virtuous, all given testimony by God; of them he said, “I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.” And blessed Paul says, “Hence God is not ashamed to be called their God.” There is great commendation of them in the New Testament; great praise of them in the Old. In each case they were distinguished and remarkable men, yet all had barren wives. They spent a long period in a childless condition. So whenever you see a man and wife of virtuous life experiencing childlessness, whenever you see pious people devoted to religion yet childless, don’t think it is the result of sin. After all, many reasons for God’s designs are beyond our understanding, and we ought to thank God for everything and brand as wicked only those living in sin, not those without children. It frequently happens, in fact, that God works things for our good without our realizing the reason for what happens. Hence in every case we should marvel at his wisdom and praise his ineffable love.

These things are told for our benefit so that we may give evidence of much goodwill and not pry into God’s plans. Yet we need to explain the reason why these women were barren. What, then, is the reason? So that when you see the Virgin giving birth to our common Lord you may not be incredulous. Exercise your mind, it is saying, on the womb of these sterile women, so that when you see an infertile and sealed womb opened for childbearing by God’s grace, you may not be surprised to hear that a maiden gave birth. Or rather, feel surprise and amazement but don’t refuse faith in the marvel. So when the Jew says, “How did the Virgin give birth?” say to him, “How did the sterile old woman give birth?” In that case, you see, there were two impediments, her advanced age and the imperfect condition of nature, whereas with the Virgin there was one impediment, her not having experienced marriage. Consequently the barren woman prepares the way for the virgin.

Genesis 25:34

Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentiles; and he did eat and drink, and rose up, and went his way: thus Esau despised his birthright.

Listening to this, however, let us learn the lesson never to neglect the gifts from God or forfeit important things for worthless trifles. I mean, why, tell me, should we be obsessed with a desire for money when the kingdom of heaven and those ineffable blessings are within our grasp, and why prefer blessings that endure forever and ever to those that are passing and scarcely last until evening? What could be worse than the folly of being deprived of the former through lust after the latter and never being able to enjoy them in a pure fashion? What good, after all, tell me, is such wealth? Are you not aware that acquisition of great wealth brings us nothing else than an increase in worry, anxiety and sleeplessness? Do you not see that these people (in particular those possessing great wealth) are, so to say, everyone’s slaves, and day in and day out are in fear even of shadows? This, you see, is the source of plotting, envy, deep hatred and countless other evils. Often you would see the person with ten thousand talents of gold hidden away calling blessed the one behind the shop count…

Listening to this, however, let us learn the lesson never to neglect the gifts from God or forfeit important things for worthless trifles. I mean, why, tell me, should we be obsessed with a desire for money when the kingdom of heaven and those ineffable blessings are within our grasp, and why prefer blessings that endure forever and ever to those that are passing and scarcely last until evening? What could be worse than the folly of being deprived of the former through lust after the latter and never being able to enjoy them in a pure fashion? What good, after all, tell me, is such wealth? Are you not aware that acquisition of great wealth brings us nothing else than an increase in worry, anxiety and sleeplessness? Do you not see that these people (in particular those possessing great wealth) are, so to say, everyone’s slaves, and day in and day out are in fear even of shadows? This, you see, is the source of plotting, envy, deep hatred and countless other evils. Often you would see the person with ten thousand talents of gold hidden away calling blessed the one behind the shop counter who prepares his own meals by hand.

Genesis 26:1

And there was a famine in the land, beside the first famine that was in the days of Abraham. And Isaac went unto Abimelech king of the Philistines unto Gerar.

In case you might think he was talking about that previous famine, accordingly he added, “besides the famine in the patriarch’s time,” that is to say, another similar famine beset the land in Isaac’s time as in his father’s time. The scarcity of the necessities of life threw everyone into great apprehension, compelled them to leave their own home and travel to those places where it was possible to find an abundance of resources.Hence this good man too, on seeing the famine, “took the journey,” the text says, “to visit Abimelech in Gerar.” This was where Abraham came too, you remember, after his return from Egypt.

Genesis 26:2

And the LORD appeared unto him, and said, Go not down into Egypt; dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of:

Now it is likely that Isaac also made for there on account of his intention to continue on from there into Egypt; for proof of this, listen to what Scripture says: “God appeared to him and said, ‘Don’t go down into Egypt.’ ” I do not want you to make that long journey, he is saying, but to stay here. Instead of allowing you to experience that hardship, I am going to put into effect the promise made to your father; the promises to him will be fulfilled in you, and you will experience the pledges to him. “Don’t go down into Egypt but dwell in the land that I show you, and be a sojourner in that land.”

Genesis 26:3

Sojourn in this land, and I will be with thee, and will bless thee; for unto thee, and unto thy seed, I will give all these countries, and I will perform the oath which I sware unto Abraham thy father;

Lest the good man think it was out of a wish for him to experience the hardship of famine that God gave this direction not allowing him to go into Egypt, God said, Don’t be distressed; don’t be concerned—stay here: “I will be with you.” You have the supplier of all good things, so entertain no concern. After all, I the Lord of all will be with you—and not only that, but “I will bless you.” That is to say, I will make you prosperous and provide you with blessing from myself. What could be more blessed than this good man in receiving such a wonderful promise from God, “I will be with you and bless you?” … But how will I bless you? “To you and your descendants I will give this land.” You think you are visiting these parts as a stranger and nomad; know that to you and your descendants all this land will be given. That you may have confidence, realize that “the oath I swore to your father Abraham” I will fulfill in you.Observe God’s considerateness; he did not simply say, “The covenant I made with your father, nor the promises I made”; instead, what? “The oath I swore.” “I assured him wit…

Lest the good man think it was out of a wish for him to experience the hardship of famine that God gave this direction not allowing him to go into Egypt, God said, Don’t be distressed; don’t be concerned—stay here: “I will be with you.” You have the supplier of all good things, so entertain no concern. After all, I the Lord of all will be with you—and not only that, but “I will bless you.” That is to say, I will make you prosperous and provide you with blessing from myself. What could be more blessed than this good man in receiving such a wonderful promise from God, “I will be with you and bless you?” … But how will I bless you? “To you and your descendants I will give this land.” You think you are visiting these parts as a stranger and nomad; know that to you and your descendants all this land will be given. That you may have confidence, realize that “the oath I swore to your father Abraham” I will fulfill in you.Observe God’s considerateness; he did not simply say, “The covenant I made with your father, nor the promises I made”; instead, what? “The oath I swore.” “I assured him with an oath,” he is saying, “and I must put my oath into effect and bring it to fulfillment.” Do you see God’s loving kindness? His words are uttered not with a view to his own dignity but out of considerateness of our limitations.