Deuteronomy 19:2

KJV

Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.

KJV (with Strong's)

Thou shalt separate {H914} three {H7969} cities {H5892} for thee in the midst {H8432} of thy land {H776}, which the LORD {H3068} thy God {H430} giveth {H5414} thee to possess {H3423} it.

Complete Jewish Bible

you are to set aside three cities for yourselves in your land that ADONAI your God is giving you to possess.

Berean Standard Bible

then you are to set apart for yourselves three cities within the land that the LORD your God is giving you to possess.

American Standard Version

thou shalt set apart three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which Jehovah thy God giveth thee to possess it.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Deuteronomy 19:2 introduces a pivotal legal provision within the Mosaic Law, commanding the Israelite nation to designate three Cities of Refuge within the territory they were about to inherit. This divine instruction underscores God's meticulous foresight in establishing a just and merciful society, providing a sanctuary for those who had unintentionally caused the death of another, thereby distinguishing between accidental homicide and premeditated murder and preventing the unchecked cycle of blood vengeance.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** Deuteronomy 19:2 is situated within a significant legal section of Deuteronomy, specifically chapters 19-25, which detail various civil and criminal laws intended to govern the nascent Israelite nation upon their entry into Canaan. This particular verse initiates the legislation concerning the Cities of Refuge, a unique institution designed to address the complex issue of manslaughter. It immediately follows a reiteration of the command to destroy idolatry and false worship, transitioning into laws that ensure justice and the sanctity of life within the covenant community. The broader context of Deuteronomy emphasizes the covenant relationship between Yahweh and Israel, continually calling the people to obedience as a demonstration of their love for God and their commitment to His righteous standards. The laws presented here, including the Cities of Refuge, are not merely arbitrary rules but expressions of God's character and His desire for a just and orderly society, establishing the foundational principles for a nation under divine rule.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** In the ancient Near East, the concept of "blood vengeance" (known as *go'el haddam*, the "avenger of blood") was a deeply ingrained social custom. If a person was murdered, the nearest male relative had the right, and often the sacred duty, to avenge the death by killing the perpetrator. While this system provided a form of justice, it lacked the crucial distinction between intentional murder and accidental homicide. Without a clear legal framework, an unintentional killer would be vulnerable to immediate, often fatal, retaliation without any opportunity for a fair hearing. God's law, as revealed through Moses, provided a revolutionary alternative. The Cities of Refuge offered a designated sanctuary where an individual who had accidentally caused a death could flee for protection from the avenger of blood. This system ensured due process, allowing the accused to present their case before the elders at the city gate, distinguishing God's justice from the often-brutal customs of surrounding cultures and demonstrating a profound respect for human life and due process.
* **Key Themes:** The establishment of the Cities of Refuge in Deuteronomy 19 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book. Firstly, it powerfully illustrates the theme of **Divine Justice and Mercy**. God's law meticulously distinguishes between premeditated murder, which demanded capital punishment (as seen in [the strict guidelines for murder](/numbers/35-31 "Numbers 35:31 - No Ransom for Murderer")), and unintentional homicide, for which a provision for refuge was made. This demonstrates God's character as both perfectly just in demanding accountability for life and profoundly merciful in providing a pathway for the innocent to find safety. Secondly, the concept highlights **Protection for the Innocent**. The cities were a tangible expression of God's care for those who, through no malice, found themselves in a perilous situation, ensuring they were protected from impulsive, unlawful retaliation. Lastly, the command to establish these cities "in the midst of thy land" and the subsequent instruction to prepare roads (as detailed in [the detailed instructions for accessibility](/deuteronomy/19-3 "Deuteronomy 19:3 - Prepare the Way to Cities of Refuge")) underscore the themes of **Accessibility and Order**. God desired an orderly society where justice and refuge were readily available to all His people, preventing chaos and ensuring that the vulnerable had a clear path to safety and a fair hearing. This divine provision reflects God's desire for a well-ordered community governed by His righteous statutes.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **Separate (Hebrew, _bâdal'_):** From H914, this verb means "to divide," "to distinguish," or "to set apart." In this context, it signifies a deliberate and formal act of designation. The cities were not merely to be chosen but were to be consecrated for a specific, holy purpose—to uphold a divine standard of justice, preserve life, and provide sanctuary. This act of separation implies a unique status for these cities, distinct from all others, dedicated to a function that reflects God's own character of order and righteousness.
* **Midst (Hebrew, _tâvek'_):** From H8432, this noun refers to "a bisection" or "the center." The phrase "in the midst of thy land" (בְּתוֹךְ אַרְצְךָ) emphasizes the geographical centrality and accessibility of these cities. The intent was to ensure that anyone needing refuge could reach a city quickly, highlighting God's practical concern for the safety and well-being of His people and the efficient administration of justice. Symbolically, their central placement signifies that justice and mercy should be at the very heart of the nation's life and governance.
* **Possess (Hebrew, _yârash'_):** From H3423, this verb means "to occupy (by driving out previous tenants, and possessing in their place)," or "to inherit." Here, it refers to the Israelites' impending inheritance and occupation of the Promised Land, a central theme in Deuteronomy. The establishment of the Cities of Refuge is presented as a necessary institution *within* the land that "the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it." This links the legal framework directly to the fulfillment of God's covenant promises, indicating that a just society is integral to the blessings of the inheritance and the proper stewardship of God's gift.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Thou shalt separate three cities for thee":** This opening command is a direct imperative from God to the Israelites, mediated through Moses. The instruction to "separate" (bâdal) emphasizes the deliberate and sacred act of setting these cities apart. The number "three" indicates the initial establishment of these cities on the west side of the Jordan River, complementing the three already designated on the east side (as detailed in [Moses' prior instruction](/deuteronomy/4-41-43 "Deuteronomy 4:41-43 - Cities of Refuge East of Jordan")). This specific number ensures a sufficient and accessible network for refuge across the entire territory.
* **"in the midst of thy land":** This phrase specifies the geographical placement of these cities. "In the midst" (tâvek) implies a central, easily reachable location from any point within the tribal territories. This practical consideration underscores God's concern for the swift and efficient administration of justice and the protection of those in need, ensuring that no one would have an excessively long or perilous journey to find sanctuary. It speaks to God's desire for justice to be readily available to all.
* **"which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it":** This final clause grounds the entire command in God's sovereign provision and covenant faithfulness. The land is not conquered by Israel's might but is a gracious gift from "the LORD thy God." The establishment of these cities is therefore an act of obedience within the context of receiving and stewarding this divine inheritance. It signifies that the just and merciful administration of the land is a prerequisite for its rightful possession and a reflection of the Giver's righteous and compassionate character.

#### Literary Devices
Deuteronomy 19:2 employs several key literary devices that amplify its meaning and authority. The most prominent is the **Divine Command** or **Imperative**, signaled by the direct address "Thou shalt separate," which conveys the absolute authority and non-negotiable nature of God's law. This direct address emphasizes the covenant relationship between Yahweh and Israel and the expectation of immediate and faithful obedience. There is also clear **Foreshadowing**, as this initial command sets the stage for the detailed legislation regarding the Cities of Refuge found later in the Pentateuch and their actual implementation in the Book of Joshua. The phrase "in the midst of thy land" functions as **Symbolism**, representing not just geographical centrality but also the profound idea that justice and mercy should be at the very heart and core of the nation's identity, governance, and communal life. Furthermore, the entire concept of the Cities of Refuge can be seen as **Typology**, pointing forward to a greater, ultimate refuge found in Christ, as discussed in the Christ-Centered Fulfillment section.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Deuteronomy 19:2 profoundly reveals the character of God as both perfectly just and limitlessly merciful. This divine legislation, meticulously distinguishing between intentional murder and accidental homicide, was revolutionary in its time, elevating the standard of justice far beyond the prevailing "eye for an eye" mentality when applied indiscriminately. It demonstrates God's meticulous care for human life and His desire for an orderly society where due process is paramount. The Cities of Refuge exemplify God's provision for the vulnerable and His commitment to ensuring that justice is tempered with compassion, preventing impulsive vengeance and allowing for fair judgment. This system was a tangible expression of God's covenant faithfulness, providing a structured means for His people to live righteously within the land He was giving them, reflecting His own righteous and compassionate nature.

* [Numbers 35:9-34](/numbers/35-9-34 "Numbers 35:9-34 - Detailed Laws for Cities of Refuge")
* [Joshua 20:1-9](/joshua/20-1-9 "Joshua 20:1-9 - Establishment of Cities of Refuge in Canaan")
* [Exodus 21:12-14](/exodus/21-12-14 "Exodus 21:12-14 - Laws Concerning Homicide")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
While the literal Cities of Refuge no longer exist, the enduring principles embedded in Deuteronomy 19:2 remain profoundly relevant for believers and society today. This passage calls us to reflect on the nature of justice and mercy, reminding us that true righteousness involves careful discernment, distinguishing between intent and accident, and ensuring due process for all. It challenges us to cultivate societies that prioritize fairness, protect the vulnerable, and provide avenues for reconciliation and restoration rather than immediate, unchecked retribution. For the church, this passage serves as a powerful reminder of our call to be a place of refuge—a sanctuary where the broken, the accused, and the distressed can find compassion, support, and a pathway to healing and truth. It encourages us to embody God's character by extending grace, advocating for justice, and creating environments where all are treated with dignity and given the opportunity for a fair hearing, reflecting the heart of a God who meticulously cares for His people and desires their flourishing.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **How does God's provision of Cities of Refuge challenge our modern understanding of justice and punishment, particularly regarding intent versus outcome?**
* **In what ways can the church today function as a "city of refuge" for those who are hurting, marginalized, or unjustly accused?**
* **What practical steps can we take in our communities to ensure that mercy and due process are extended, even to those who have caused harm unintentionally?**
* **How does the concept of God's meticulous care for His people, as seen in this law, deepen your trust in His providence in your own life?**

### FAQ

**Why did God command only "three cities" initially, when more were eventually established?**

Answer: Deuteronomy 19:2 commands the separation of three cities specifically for the land west of the Jordan River, which was the primary area the Israelites were about to possess. This was a practical instruction for the immediate future. Earlier, in [Moses' initial command](/deuteronomy/4-41-43 "Deuteronomy 4:41-43 - Cities of Refuge East of Jordan"), three cities had already been set apart on the east side of the Jordan (Bezer, Ramoth, and Golan). Therefore, the total number of Cities of Refuge was six—three on each side of the Jordan—ensuring accessibility from all parts of the entire Promised Land. The command in Deuteronomy 19:2 focuses on the *additional* three needed for the western territory, making the system complete and geographically comprehensive for the entire inheritance.

**What was the specific legal process for someone seeking refuge in these cities?**

Answer: Upon reaching a City of Refuge, the person who had committed unintentional homicide would present their case to the elders at the city gate. They would explain the circumstances of the death, demonstrating that it was accidental and without malice (e.g., [as described in Numbers](/numbers/35-22-23 "Numbers 35:22-23 - Examples of Unintentional Homicide")). If the elders found them innocent of intentional murder, they would be granted protection within the city walls from the "avenger of blood" (the victim's nearest male relative). They were required to remain within the city until the death of the current High Priest. If they left the city limits before the High Priest's death, they forfeited their protection and could be lawfully killed by the avenger of blood (as outlined in [the detailed regulations](/numbers/35-26-28 "Numbers 35:26-28 - Consequence of Leaving City of Refuge")). After the High Priest's death, they were free to return to their home and property without fear of retribution, signifying a form of atonement and release.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The Cities of Refuge, established in the Old Testament, serve as a profound type and shadow pointing to the ultimate refuge found in Jesus Christ. Just as the ancient cities provided a safe haven for those who had unintentionally caused death, protecting them from the avenger, so Christ offers a perfect and eternal sanctuary for all who flee to Him for salvation. We, in our fallen state, are often guilty of spiritual "manslaughter" through our sins, which, though perhaps not always intentionally malicious in their full consequence, lead to death ([the wages of sin is death](/romans/6-23 "Romans 6:23 - The Wages of Sin")). Yet, in Christ, we find refuge from the righteous judgment and condemnation that our sins deserve ([there is no condemnation for those in Christ Jesus](/romans/8-1 "Romans 8:1 - No Condemnation in Christ Jesus")). He is our High Priest, not one whose death merely allows for our return home, but one whose eternal life and finished work on the cross provide a permanent, unassailable refuge ([a sure and steadfast anchor for our souls](/hebrews/6-18-20 "Hebrews 6:18-20 - Hope as an Anchor for the Soul")). Through His sacrifice, the "avenger of blood"—the just wrath against sin—is satisfied, and we are granted not just temporary safety but eternal life and reconciliation with God. He is the [Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God"), our [advocate with the Father](/1_john/2-1 "1 John 2:1 - Christ Our Advocate"), and the secure dwelling place for all who believe, offering grace, truth, and everlasting peace.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Exodus 21:13

And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver [him] into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.

Joshua 20:2

Speak to the children of Israel, saying, Appoint out for you cities of refuge, whereof I spake unto you by the hand of Moses:

Joshua 20:7

¶ And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjatharba, which [is] Hebron, in the mountain of Judah.

Numbers 35:10

Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come over Jordan into the land of Canaan;

Numbers 35:15

These six cities shall be a refuge, [both] for the children of Israel, and for the stranger, and for the sojourner among them: that every one that killeth any person unawares may flee thither.

Deuteronomy 4:41

¶ Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;

Deuteronomy 4:43

[Namely], Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.