1 Chronicles 11:39

KJV

Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah,

KJV (with Strong's)

Zelek {H6768} the Ammonite {H5984}, Naharai {H5171} the Berothite {H1307}, the armourbearer {H5375}{H3627} of Joab {H3097} the son {H1121} of Zeruiah {H6870},

Complete Jewish Bible

Tzelek the 'Amoni, Nachrai the Be'eroti, armor-bearer of Yo'av the son of Tz'ruyah,

Berean Standard Bible

Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Beerothite, the armor-bearer of Joab son of Zeruiah,

American Standard Version

Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armorbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah,

Commentary

### SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 11:39 introduces two more members of David's elite fighting force: Zelek the Ammonite and Naharai the Berothite, with the latter specifically identified as the armourbearer of Joab, David's formidable chief general. This verse, part of the extensive list of David's mighty men, subtly highlights the diverse origins of those who served the king with unwavering loyalty, underscoring the vital role of support personnel in the kingdom's success and hinting at a broader, more inclusive vision for God's purposes.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse is situated within a crucial section of 1 Chronicles (chapters 10-12) that details David's ascension to the throne, the capture of Jerusalem, and the gathering of his key supporters and mighty warriors. Specifically, [1 Chronicles 11:10-47](/1_chronicles/11 "1 Chronicles 11:10-47 - David's Mighty Men") provides an extensive and detailed roster of David's most valiant fighters, a list that largely parallels the account found in [2 Samuel 23:8-39](/2_samuel/23 "2 Samuel 23:8-39 - David's Mighty Men"). The Chronicler's inclusion of such a comprehensive list serves to emphasize the divine favor on David, the strength and legitimacy of his kingdom, and the loyalty he inspired. By naming each individual, even those in supporting roles, the text underscores the importance of every person's contribution to God's unfolding plan through David's reign.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The period of David's reign was one of significant military expansion and consolidation for Israel. The "mighty men" were not merely soldiers but an elite corps, often veterans from David's time as a fugitive, who formed the backbone of his army and administration. The position of an "armourbearer" (Hebrew: *nose' kelim*) was far more than a mere servant; it was a highly trusted and intimate role, requiring immense loyalty, physical prowess, and readiness to protect the commander at all costs. An armourbearer would carry the general's weapons, stand by him in battle, and often fight alongside him, sometimes even finishing off opponents. This close proximity and shared danger meant the armourbearer was privy to strategic decisions and personal vulnerabilities, making Naharai's appointment as Joab's armourbearer a testament to his exceptional reliability and skill. The mention of "Zelek the Ammonite" is particularly striking given the historical animosity between Israel and Ammon, exemplified by conflicts such as the one described in [1 Samuel 11](/1_samuel/11 "1 Samuel 11 - Saul Defeats the Ammonites"). His presence among David's loyal elite demonstrates David's unique ability to transcend traditional tribal and national enmities, attracting devotion from diverse backgrounds.
* **Key Themes:** The inclusion of Zelek and Naharai within this esteemed list contributes to several overarching themes in 1 Chronicles. Firstly, it highlights the theme of **Loyalty and Devotion** to David, emphasizing the personal allegiance that bound these warriors to their king, often forged through shared hardship. Secondly, the specific mention of Naharai as an "armourbearer" underscores the **Strategic Importance of Supporting Roles**. It illustrates that success in God's kingdom is not solely dependent on prominent leaders but also on the faithful, often unseen, service of those in crucial support capacities. This resonates with the New Testament concept of the body of Christ, where every member, regardless of perceived prominence, is vital, as discussed in [1 Corinthians 12](/1_corinthians/12 "1 Corinthians 12 - Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ"). Finally, Zelek's Ammonite origin introduces the theme of **God's Inclusive Kingdom**. Despite the historical enmity, God's purposes, as mediated through David, could incorporate individuals from outside the traditional Israelite covenant community, foreshadowing the broader scope of God's redemptive plan for all nations, a theme also evident in the lineage of David and ultimately Christ, which includes figures like Rahab and Ruth, as seen in [Matthew 1:5](/matthew/1-5 "Matthew 1:5 - Rahab and Ruth in Jesus' Genealogy").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Zelek (Hebrew, _Tseleq'_):** While the name itself is not extensively detailed in meaning, its significance lies in the accompanying descriptor "the Ammonite." The Ammonites were a Semitic people, descendants of Ben-Ammi, son of Lot (Genesis 19:38), and perpetual adversaries of Israel, often engaging in fierce battles and acts of cruelty (e.g., [Amos 1:13](/amos/1-13 "Amos 1:13 - Ammon's Cruelty")). Zelek's inclusion among David's loyal warriors is therefore remarkable, signifying either a profound personal loyalty to David that transcended ethnic conflict or a broader policy of integration within David's kingdom, perhaps even reflecting a divine hand at work in uniting diverse peoples under a righteous king.
* **Naharai (Hebrew, _Naharay'_):** The name Naharai means "my snorter" or "my anger," possibly indicating a fierce or spirited temperament. He is identified as "the Berothite," linking him to Beeroth, one of the Gibeonite cities (Joshua 9:17). Like Zelek, his non-Israelite or at least non-purely Israelite tribal origin (Gibeonites were a distinct group initially deceived by Israel) further emphasizes the diverse composition of David's loyalists. His primary significance, however, is derived from his role as Joab's armourbearer.
* **Armourbearer (Hebrew, _nose' kelim'_):** This term literally translates to "carrier of implements" or "carrier of vessels." In a military context, it refers to the individual responsible for carrying the weapons and shield of a commanding officer. This was a position of immense trust, requiring the armourbearer to be constantly vigilant, ready to hand over weapons, protect the commander, and even fight in his stead or alongside him. It implies a deep personal bond and a high level of skill and reliability, as the commander's life often depended on the armourbearer's faithfulness and quick action.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Zelek the Ammonite":** This phrase identifies Zelek by his ethnicity, immediately drawing attention to his non-Israelite background. His presence among David's elite warriors is a testament to David's charismatic leadership and ability to inspire loyalty beyond traditional ethnic or national boundaries. It also subtly hints at the universal scope of God's kingdom, which can incorporate individuals from all peoples.
* **"Naharai the Berothite":** Naharai is identified by his place of origin, Beeroth, a Gibeonite city. This, like Zelek's identification, points to the diverse origins of David's mighty men, suggesting that loyalty and skill, rather than strict Israelite lineage, were paramount for inclusion in this elite group.
* **"the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah":** This final clause specifies Naharai's crucial role. Joab, son of Zeruiah (David's sister), was David's chief general, a formidable and often ruthless commander. For Naharai to be his armourbearer signifies his exceptional trustworthiness, close relationship with Joab, and vital contribution to the military efforts of David's kingdom. It highlights the indispensable nature of supporting roles in achieving significant goals.

#### Literary Devices
The Chronicler employs several literary devices in this verse and the broader list of mighty men. **Listing/Genealogy** is the primary device, as the entire chapter is essentially a detailed roster. This meticulous listing serves to legitimize David's reign by showcasing the breadth and depth of his support, emphasizing the divine blessing on his kingdom through the quality of his loyalists. The specific identification of individuals by their ethnicity or origin (e.g., "the Ammonite," "the Berothite") functions as a form of **Characterization through Association**, subtly revealing aspects of David's inclusive leadership and the diverse nature of his kingdom. Furthermore, the inclusion of non-Israelites like Zelek can be seen as an instance of **Inclusivity as a Narrative Device**, foreshadowing the broader, universal scope of God's redemptive plan that extends beyond the chosen nation of Israel, a theme particularly resonant in the Chronicler's post-exilic context, where the identity of God's people was being redefined.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
The seemingly simple listing of Zelek and Naharai in 1 Chronicles 11:39 carries profound theological weight. It demonstrates God's capacity to use individuals from all backgrounds—even those from historically antagonistic nations—for His divine purposes. David's kingdom, in this sense, becomes a microcosm of God's ultimate kingdom, where loyalty and service transcend ethnic and national boundaries. Furthermore, Naharai's role as an armourbearer underscores the biblical principle that every position of service, no matter how seemingly secondary, is vital and honored by God. The success of the "mighty men" and David's reign was not solely due to the generals but to the faithful service of those who supported them, illustrating the interconnectedness and mutual dependence within God's people. This verse reminds us that God values faithfulness and skill in every calling, and that His kingdom is built by the collective, diverse contributions of all its members.

* [Ruth 1:16](/ruth/1-16 "Ruth 1:16 - Ruth's Loyalty to Naomi")
* [1 Corinthians 12:21-22](/1_corinthians/12-21 "1 Corinthians 12:21-22 - No Part is Unnecessary")
* [Galatians 3:28](/galatians/3-28 "Galatians 3:28 - Unity in Christ")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
1 Chronicles 11:39, though a brief mention in a long list, offers rich insights for contemporary believers. It challenges us to recognize and value every role within the body of Christ, no matter how seemingly small or "behind the scenes." Just as Naharai's faithful service enabled Joab to lead effectively, countless vital ministries in our churches and communities depend on the dedicated, often unseen, work of individuals. This verse encourages us to embrace our own roles with diligence and humility, understanding that our faithfulness contributes to the greater work of God's kingdom. Moreover, Zelek the Ammonite's presence serves as a powerful reminder of God's radical inclusivity. It calls us to look beyond superficial differences—whether ethnic, social, or historical—and to embrace and empower all who demonstrate loyalty and a desire to serve God. It should inspire us to welcome diverse gifts and backgrounds within our Christian communities, reflecting God's heart for all peoples. Our service, like that of David's mighty men, should be marked by unwavering loyalty to our King and a willingness to contribute wherever we are placed.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **What "armourbearer" roles exist in my life, church, or community, and how can I better recognize and appreciate those who serve in them?**
* **In what ways might I be limiting God's work by unconsciously excluding or devaluing individuals based on their background or perceived differences?**
* **How can I cultivate the kind of unwavering loyalty and faithfulness to God and His purposes that characterized David's mighty men, even in seemingly ordinary tasks?**
* **What specific, often overlooked, contributions are essential for the functioning of my church or ministry, and how can I actively support them?**

### FAQ
**Why is an Ammonite listed among David's mighty men, given their historical enmity with Israel?**

Answer: Zelek the Ammonite's inclusion is highly significant and highlights several points. Historically, the Ammonites were indeed adversaries of Israel, often engaging in fierce conflicts (e.g., [1 Samuel 11:1-11](/1_samuel/11-1 "1 Samuel 11:1-11 - Nahash the Ammonite Threatens Jabesh-Gilead")). His presence among David's elite warriors demonstrates David's unique ability to inspire loyalty and devotion even from those outside traditional Israelite circles. It suggests that David's kingdom, by God's design, was capable of transcending ethnic boundaries, embracing skilled and loyal individuals regardless of their origin. Theologically, it foreshadows the broader, inclusive nature of God's redemptive plan, which ultimately extends to all nations and peoples, as seen in the New Testament (e.g., [Ephesians 2:11-22](/ephesians/2-11 "Ephesians 2:11-22 - Gentiles and Jews United in Christ")). It underscores that God looks at the heart and loyalty, not just lineage.

**What exactly was the role of an "armourbearer" in ancient warfare?**

Answer: The "armourbearer" (Hebrew: *nose' kelim*) was a highly trusted and vital position in ancient armies. This individual was responsible for carrying the commander's weapons (sword, spear, shield), ensuring they were readily accessible. More than just a carrier, the armourbearer often fought alongside the commander, protecting him, assisting him in battle, and sometimes even finishing off wounded opponents. This role required immense physical strength, courage, and unwavering loyalty, as the commander's life often depended on the armourbearer's vigilance and quick action. Examples include Jonathan's armourbearer in [1 Samuel 14:6-14](/1_samuel/14-6 "1 Samuel 14:6-14 - Jonathan and his Armourbearer Attack the Philistines") and Goliath's armourbearer in [1 Samuel 17:7](/1_samuel/17-7 "1 Samuel 17:7 - Goliath's Armourbearer"). Naharai's position as Joab's armourbearer speaks volumes about his reliability and close relationship with David's chief general.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The diverse loyalty and indispensable supporting roles highlighted in 1 Chronicles 11:39 find their ultimate fulfillment and expansion in Jesus Christ and the New Covenant. David's ability to draw an Ammonite like Zelek into loyal service, transcending historical enmity, foreshadows Christ's radical inclusivity, who breaks down "the dividing wall of hostility" between Jew and Gentile, creating "one new humanity" in Himself ([Ephesians 2:14-15](/ephesians/2-14 "Ephesians 2:14-15 - Christ Breaks Down Barriers")). In Christ, there is "neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus" ([Galatians 3:28](/galatians/3-28 "Galatians 3:28 - Unity in Christ")). Furthermore, Naharai's crucial, though supporting, role as Joab's armourbearer beautifully illustrates the New Testament emphasis on the body of Christ, where every member, regardless of perceived prominence, is indispensable and gifted for service. Jesus Himself taught that the greatest among us is the one who serves ([Matthew 20:26-28](/matthew/20-26-28 "Matthew 20:26-28 - Jesus Teaches About Service")), and He modeled this by taking on the form of a servant ([Philippians 2:7](/philippians/2-7 "Philippians 2:7 - Christ's Humility")). The loyalty these mighty men showed David ultimately points to the supreme loyalty due to Christ, our true King, who calls all people to Himself, empowering them with diverse gifts to build His eternal kingdom, where every act of faithful service, no matter how small, is seen and valued by God ([Colossians 3:23-24](/colossians/3-23 "Colossians 3:23-24 - Work Heartily for the Lord")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.