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Commentary on 1 Chronicles 11 verses 10–47
10 ¶ These also are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who strengthened themselves with him in his kingdom, and with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of the LORD concerning Israel.
11 And this is the number of the mighty men whom David had; Jashobeam, an Hachmonite, the chief of the captains: he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain by him at one time.
12 And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighties.
13 He was with David at Pasdammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where was a parcel of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines.
14 And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and delivered it, and slew the Philistines; and the LORD saved them by a great deliverance.
15 Now three of the thirty captains went down to the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and the host of the Philistines encamped in the valley of Rephaim.
16 And David was then in the hold, and the Philistines' garrison was then at Bethlehem.
17 And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem, that is at the gate!
18 And the three brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it out to the LORD,
19 And said, My God forbid it me, that I should do this thing: shall I drink the blood of these men that have put their lives in jeopardy? for with the jeopardy of their lives they brought it. Therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mightiest.
20 And Abishai the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three: for lifting up his spear against three hundred, he slew them, and had a name among the three.
21 Of the three, he was more honourable than the two; for he was their captain: howbeit he attained not to the first three.
22 Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done many acts; he slew two lionlike men of Moab: also he went down and slew a lion in a pit in a snowy day.
23 And he slew an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits high; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam; and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear.
24 These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name among the three mighties.
25 Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to the first three: and David set him over his guard.
26 Also the valiant men of the armies were, Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem,
27 Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite,
28 Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abiezer the Antothite,
29 Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite,
30 Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite,
31 Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, that pertained to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite,
32 Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite,
33 Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite,
34 The sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shage the Hararite,
35 Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur,
36 Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite,
37 Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai,
38 Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Haggeri,
39 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah,
40 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite,
41 Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai,
42 Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a captain of the Reubenites, and thirty with him,
43 Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite,
44 Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel the sons of Hothan the Aroerite,
45 Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite,
46 Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite,
47 Eliel, and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite.
We have here an account of David's worthies, the great men of his time that served him and were preferred by him. The first edition of this catalogue we had, Sa2 23:8, etc. This is much the same, only that those named here from Ch1 11:41 to the end are added. Observe,
I. The connexion of this catalogue with that which is said concerning David, Ch1 11:9. 1. David waxed greater and greater, and these were his mighty men. Much of the strength and honour of great men is borrowed from their servants and depends upon them, which cannot but somewhat diminish pomp and power in the opinion of those that are wise. David is great because he has great men about him; take these away, and he is where he was. 2. The Lord of hosts was with him, and these were the mighty men which he had. God was with him and wrought for him, but by men and means and the use of second causes. By this it appeared that God was with him, that he inclined the hearts of those to come over to him that were able to serve his interest. As, if God be for us none can be against us, so, if God be for us, all shall be for us that we have occasion for. Yet David ascribed his success and increase, not to the hosts he had, but to the Lord of hosts, not to the mighty men that were with him, but to the mighty God whose presence with us is all in all.
II. The title of this catalogue (Ch1 11:10): These are the men who strengthened themselves with him. In strengthening him they strengthened themselves and their own interest; for his advancement was theirs. What we do in our places for the support of the kingdom of the Son of David we shall be gainers by. In strengthening it we strengthen ourselves. It may be read, They held strongly with him and with all Israel. Note, When God has work to do he will not want fit instruments to do it with. If it be work that requires mighty men, mighty men shall either be found or made to effect it, according to the word of the Lord.
III. That which made all these men honourable was the good service that they did to their king and country; they helped to make David king (Ch1 11:10) - a good work. They slew the Philistines, and other public enemies, and were instrumental to save Israel. Note, The way to be great is to do good. Nor did they gain this honour without labour and the hazard of their lives. The honours of Christ's kingdom are prepared for those that fight the good fight of faith, that labour and suffer, and are willing to venture all, even life itself, for Christ and a good conscience. It is by a patient continuance in well-doing that we must seek for glory, and honour, and immortality; and those that are faithful to the Son of David shall find their names registered and enrolled much more to their honour than these are in the records of fame.
IV. Among all the great exploits of David's mighty men, here is nothing great mentioned concerning David himself but his pouring out water before the Lord which he had longed for, Ch1 11:18, Ch1 11:19. Four very honourable dispositions of David appeared in that action, which, for aught I know, made it as great as any of the achievements of those worthies. 1. Repentance for his own weakness. It is really an honour to a man, when he is made sensible that he has said or done any thing unadvisedly, to unsay it and undo it again by repentance, as it is a shame to a man when he has said or done amiss to stand to it. 2. Denial of his own appetite. He longed for the water of the well of Bethlehem; but, when he had it, he would not drink it, because he would not so far humour himself and gratify a foolish fancy. He that has such a rule as this over his own spirit is better than the mighty. It is an honour to a man to have the command of himself; but he that will command himself must sometimes cross himself. 3. Devotion towards God. That water which he thought too good, too precious, for his own drinking, he poured out to the Lord for a drink offering. If we have any thing better than another, let God be honoured with it, who is the best, and should have the best. 4. Tenderness of his servants. It put him into the greatest confusion imaginable to think that three brave men should hazard their lives to fetch water for him. In his account it turns the water into blood. It is the honour of great men not to be prodigal of the blood of those they employ, but, in all the commands they give them, to put their own souls into their souls' stead.
V. In the wonderful achievements of these heroes the power of God must be acknowledged. How could one slay 300 and another the same number (Ch1 11:11, Ch1 11:20), another two lion-like men (Ch1 11:22), and another an Egyptian giant (Ch1 11:23), if they had not had the extraordinary presence of God with them, according to that promise, Jos 23:10, One man of you shall chase a thousand, for the Lord your God fighteth for you?
VI. One of these worthies is said to be an Ammonite (Ch1 11:39), another a Moabite (Ch1 11:46), and yet the law was that an Ammonite and a Moabite should not enter into the congregation of the Lord, Deu 23:3. These, it is likely, had approved themselves so hearty for the interest of Israel that in their case it was thought fit to dispense with that law, and the rather because it was an indication that the Son of David would have worthies among the Gentiles: with him there is neither Greek nor Jew.
Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 10–47. Public domain.
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SUMMARY
1 Chronicles 11:40 meticulously continues the enumeration of King David's elite warriors, known as his "mighty men," specifically identifying Ira the Ithrite and Gareb the Ithrite. This concise verse serves as a vital record within the Chronicler's broader narrative, underscoring the profound value placed on individual loyalty, valor, and faithful service in the divine establishment and security of God's chosen king and his burgeoning kingdom.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: This verse is deeply embedded within 1 Chronicles 11, a pivotal chapter that recounts David's anointing as king over all Israel in Hebron, his strategic capture of Jerusalem to establish it as the capital, and the subsequent detailing of his elite military unit. From 1 Chronicles 11:10 onward, the text is dedicated to listing these "mighty men" (gibborim in Hebrew), whose extraordinary valor and unwavering loyalty were indispensable to David's military triumphs and the consolidation of his reign. This comprehensive roster largely parallels the account found in 2 Samuel 23:8-39, though the Chronicler includes unique additions and variations, reflecting his particular theological emphasis. The inclusion of such a detailed catalog highlights the human instruments through whom God worked to establish the Davidic kingdom, underscoring the importance of faithful service and the meticulous divine and human record of those who contributed to God's unfolding purposes. The repetition of names and origins, such as "the Ithrite" for both Ira and Gareb, reinforces the thoroughness and authenticity of this historical documentation.
Historical & Cultural Context: In the ancient Near East, the stability and strength of a monarch's reign were directly contingent upon the loyalty and prowess of his elite military forces. David's "mighty men" were far more than ordinary soldiers; they constituted a personal guard, a specialized unit, and key commanders who had consistently demonstrated exceptional courage and devotion, many having stood with David during his years as a fugitive. Their formal inclusion in this sacred record signifies their exalted status and the profound honor bestowed upon them by both king and Chronicler. The designation "Ithrite" points to Jattir (or Yattir), a significant Levitical city located in the hill country of Judah, as referenced in Joshua 15:48 and Joshua 21:14. This geographical and occupational origin is noteworthy because it indicates that these "mighty men" did not exclusively hail from traditional warrior tribes but from diverse backgrounds, including a city associated with priestly duties. This diversity powerfully illustrates the broad appeal of David's leadership and the willingness of individuals from various walks of life to commit themselves to his God-ordained cause.
Key Themes: The meticulous listing of individuals like Ira and Gareb within David's elite corps contributes significantly to several overarching themes within 1 Chronicles and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it profoundly underscores the theme of Loyalty and Devotion, showcasing men who unreservedly committed their lives to David and, by extension, to God's chosen king and his divinely established kingdom. Their service transcended mere professional duty, embodying a deep, personal allegiance. Secondly, it highlights the Recognition of Individual Contribution. While the biblical narrative often centers on prominent figures like kings and prophets, the Chronicler deliberately names and honors even those who might appear to be minor figures, emphasizing that every individual's faithful service is seen, valued, and remembered by God. This aligns with the broader biblical principle that God observes and rewards all acts of faithfulness, as powerfully articulated in Matthew 10:42. Finally, the collective enumeration of these warriors vividly illustrates the Strength of a Unified Force operating under God's appointed leader. David's kingdom was built not solely on his charismatic leadership but on the combined strength, skill, and unwavering dedication of a diverse group of men, demonstrating that God frequently accomplishes His purposes through the collective, united efforts of His people, a principle beautifully exemplified by the unity of believers in the early church as described in Acts 4:32.
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
The primary literary device prominently featured in 1 Chronicles 11:40, and indeed throughout the entire catalog of David's mighty men, is Enumeration or Cataloging. This systematic listing of names serves to provide a comprehensive, authoritative, and historically verifiable account, emphasizing the thoroughness of the biblical record and the profound importance of each individual's contribution to David's reign. The repetition of "the Ithrite" for both Ira and Gareb functions as a form of Repetition or Anaphora (though in a very compressed form), which powerfully highlights their shared origin and reinforces their specific identity within the larger group of warriors. Furthermore, the very act of naming, known as Nominalism, confers profound significance, honor, and remembrance upon these individuals. By meticulously recording their names, the Chronicler ensures that these valiant men are not forgotten, signifying their lasting impact on David's kingdom and their integral role in God's overarching redemptive plan. This detailed naming underscores the immense value God places on every person and their faithful service.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
The inclusion of Ira and Gareb, the Ithrites, within the esteemed roster of David's mighty men carries profound theological weight, extending beyond mere historical record. It powerfully demonstrates God's meticulous attention to detail, even in the lives of seemingly minor figures, and His sovereign use of diverse individuals from varied backgrounds to accomplish His grand redemptive purposes. Just as David's earthly kingdom was established and secured through the combined strength, skill, and unwavering loyalty of these varied men, God's eternal kingdom today is built and advanced by the faithful service of all believers, regardless of their background, social status, or perceived significance. This serves as a powerful and enduring reminder that every act of obedience, dedication, and service, no matter how small or hidden, is seen, valued, and remembered by God, contributing directly to His eternal plan. The Chronicler's emphasis on these individuals underscores the crucial principle that human agency, when consecrated and aligned with divine will, plays an indispensable role in the unfolding of salvation history.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The brief yet significant mention of Ira and Gareb, the Ithrites, within David's honor roll of mighty men, offers a compelling spiritual lesson and a profound call to reflection for believers today. It serves as a powerful reminder that God meticulously records and values every act of faithful service, even those that might appear insignificant or hidden in the grand scheme of His kingdom. Just as these men dedicated their strength, courage, and unwavering loyalty to an earthly king, we are called to serve our Heavenly King, Jesus Christ, with equally unwavering devotion, courage, and perseverance. Our contributions, whether in prominent public ministry or quiet acts of kindness and faithfulness within our homes and communities, are never overlooked by our omniscient God. This verse profoundly encourages us to embrace our unique roles and gifts within the body of Christ, knowing that our diverse backgrounds, talents, and callings are all part of God's strategic and beautiful design for building His eternal kingdom. It challenges us to live lives marked by steadfast loyalty, unyielding perseverance, and a willing spirit to be used by God in whatever capacity He calls us, confident that our efforts are not only recognized but contribute to a divine purpose far greater and more enduring than ourselves.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why are these specific names listed in the Bible?
Answer: The listing of specific names like Ira and Gareb serves several important purposes within the biblical narrative. Firstly, it provides a precise historical record of the individuals who were instrumental in establishing and securing King David's reign, highlighting the human instruments through whom God worked to fulfill His covenant promises. Secondly, it underscores the profound value the Chronicler placed on individual loyalty, valor, and dedicated service, emphasizing that every contribution to God's kingdom, no matter how seemingly minor, is recognized and esteemed in the divine economy. This meticulous record-keeping reflects God's own attention to detail and His eternal remembrance of those who serve Him faithfully. Furthermore, it authenticates David's reign by showcasing the caliber and breadth of his support, demonstrating that his kingdom was built upon a foundation of devoted and courageous individuals.
Is "Ithrite" a tribal designation or a geographical one?
Answer: "Ithrite" is primarily a geographical designation, indicating a person from Jattir (also spelled Yattir). Jattir was a significant city located in the hill country of Judah, as explicitly mentioned in Joshua 15:48. What makes this designation particularly interesting and theologically rich is that Jattir was also designated as a Levitical city, as seen in Joshua 21:14. This suggests that Ira and Gareb, though originating from a city associated with priestly and religious duties, were formidable warriors who wholeheartedly committed themselves to David's cause. Their unique origin highlights the diverse backgrounds from which David drew his support, powerfully demonstrating that loyalty, skill, and prowess were not confined to specific tribes or regions but could be found among all who were devoted to God's chosen king.
Are these the same individuals mentioned elsewhere in the Bible?
Answer: Ira the Ithrite and Gareb the Ithrite are specifically mentioned in both 1 Chronicles 11:40 and its parallel account in 2 Samuel 23:38. These two passages consistently identify them as "the Ithrite," confirming their specific identities within David's elite force. While there is another prominent individual named Ira mentioned in the Bible, Ira the Jairite, who served as one of David's chief ministers (2 Samuel 20:26), he is explicitly identified as a Jairite, not an Ithrite. Therefore, it is generally understood that Ira the Ithrite and Ira the Jairite are distinct individuals. Gareb is less frequently mentioned outside of these two comprehensive lists of David's mighty men, further solidifying his unique identification as "the Ithrite" in these key historical records.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The meticulous roster of David's mighty men, including Ira and Gareb the Ithrites, serves as a profound Old Testament shadow pointing to the ultimate King, Jesus Christ, and His own divinely chosen "mighty men and women." Just as David gathered a diverse group of loyal and valiant warriors who risked their very lives to establish and secure his earthly kingdom, Christ, the King of Kings, calls and empowers believers from every tribe, tongue, and nation to be an integral part of His spiritual, eternal, and ever-expanding kingdom. These New Testament "mighty ones" are not called to wield physical swords but to engage in spiritual warfare, equipped not with carnal weapons but with the full "armor of God" (Ephesians 6:10-18). Their unwavering loyalty is not pledged to a temporal earthly monarch but to the ascended King of Kings, who possesses "all authority in heaven and on earth" (Matthew 28:18). Christ personally chooses, appoints, and empowers His followers (John 15:16), transforming ordinary people into a "royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's special possession" (1 Peter 2:9). The meticulous recording of David's warriors powerfully foreshadows God's intimate knowledge and eternal remembrance of every believer who faithfully serves Christ, whose names are eternally "written in the Lamb's Book of Life" (Revelation 21:27), ensuring their glorious and eternal inheritance in His everlasting kingdom.