Numbers 31:17

KJV

Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.

KJV (with Strong's)

Now therefore kill {H2026} every male {H2145} among the little ones {H2945}, and kill {H2026} every woman {H802} that hath known {H3045} man {H376} by lying {H4904} with him {H2145}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Now kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman who has ever slept with a man.

Berean Standard Bible

So now, kill all the boys, as well as every woman who has had relations with a man,

American Standard Version

Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Numbers 31:17 presents a profoundly challenging divine command issued by Moses to the Israelite forces following their decisive victory over the Midianites. This verse mandates the execution of all male children and all women who had engaged in sexual relations, a severe measure rooted in God's judgment against Midian for their role in corrupting Israel at Peor and aimed at preventing future spiritual contamination of the covenant community.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This command is situated within a narrative of divine retribution and purification. The preceding verses in [Numbers 31](/numbers/31 "Numbers 31 - Vengeance on Midian") detail God's explicit instruction to Moses to "avenge the children of Israel of the Midianites" ([Numbers 31:2](/numbers/31-2 "Numbers 31:2 - God's Command to Avenge Midian")). The immediate catalyst for this vengeance was the incident at Baal-Peor, recorded in [Numbers 25](/numbers/25 "Numbers 25 - The Sin at Baal-Peor"), where Midianite and Moabite women enticed Israelite men into idolatry and sexual immorality, leading to a devastating plague that killed 24,000. After the initial battle, the Israelite soldiers spared the Midianite women and children ([Numbers 31:9-11](/numbers/31-9 "Numbers 31:9-11 - Israel Takes Captives")), but Moses, upon seeing this, was enraged. He explicitly linked the spared women to the Peor apostasy in [Numbers 31:16](/numbers/31-16 "Numbers 31:16 - Moses' Rebuke Regarding Peor"), underscoring that the command in verse 17 was a direct response to this past spiritual betrayal and a preventative measure against future contamination.

* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The command must be understood within the ancient Near Eastern context of "holy war" or divine judgment, where the concept of *herem* (devotion to destruction) was sometimes applied to enemies of God's people, though not explicitly named here. Midian was a nomadic people, often hostile to Israel, whose spiritual practices, particularly their fertility cults and idolatry, directly threatened Israel's monotheistic covenant with Yahweh. The incident at Peor demonstrated the potent danger of syncretism and religious apostasy. For Israel, maintaining ritual and spiritual purity was paramount to their identity as God's chosen nation, set apart to bear His name and witness. The command reflects a drastic measure to eradicate a profound spiritual threat and to execute divine justice upon a people who had actively sought to undermine God's covenant with Israel.

* **Key Themes:** The passage powerfully underscores several critical themes. First, **Divine Judgment and Holiness** are central, demonstrating God's absolute intolerance for sin, especially idolatry and spiritual apostasy, and His sovereign right to execute judgment upon nations for their wickedness. This was a direct act of judgment against a people who had become utterly corrupt and a clear spiritual threat to Israel's covenant fidelity. Second, the **Consequences of Sin** are starkly highlighted; the drastic nature of the command illustrates the extreme severity of rebellion against God and the destructive impact of leading others into sin, as the Midianites had done at Peor. Finally, the command emphasizes the **Protection of Israel's Purity and Covenant Fidelity**. Moses's instruction aimed to safeguard the spiritual and moral integrity of the Israelite community, preventing further idolatry and immorality that could jeopardize their unique relationship with God, as seen in the broader narrative of their wilderness wanderings and preparation for entering the Promised Land, where similar commands against corrupting influences would be given (e.g., [Deuteronomy 7:1-6](/deuteronomy/7-1 "Deuteronomy 7:1-6 - Commands Against Nations")).

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

#### Key Word Analysis
* **"little ones" (Hebrew, _ṭaf_):** This term (טַף) specifically refers to young children, including infants and toddlers, regardless of gender, who are typically considered innocent and dependent. In this context, its inclusion in the command for execution is particularly jarring and highlights the comprehensive nature of the judgment against the Midianite culture and lineage. The command targets not just the active perpetrators of sin but also those who, by their very existence, would perpetuate the Midianite identity and potentially pose a future spiritual threat to Israel.
* **"known man by lying with him" (Hebrew, _yoda'at 'ish l'mishkav zakar_):** This phrase (יֹדַעַת אִישׁ לְמִשְׁכַּב זָכָר) is a common biblical euphemism for a woman who has had sexual intercourse with a man, indicating an adult woman. The distinction is crucial: it targets those capable of perpetuating the Midianite culture, religion, and lineage, and specifically those adult women who had participated in or were capable of participating in the previous enticement of Israel at Peor. The young girls who had not "known man" (virgins) were spared, likely with the intent of assimilating them into Israelite society, perhaps through marriage, under strict adherence to Israelite law and the prohibition of idolatry.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"Now therefore":** This transitional phrase connects the current command directly to the preceding narrative, particularly Moses's anger and his explicit linking of the Midianite women to the sin at Peor ([Numbers 31:16](/numbers/31-16 "Numbers 31:16 - Moses' Rebuke Regarding Peor")). It signifies that the following instruction is a logical and necessary consequence of the Midianites' actions and the Israelite soldiers' initial failure to fully execute God's judgment.
* **"kill every male among the little ones":** This part of the command targets all male children, from infants upwards. The rationale is often understood as preventing the future resurgence of the Midianite male line, which would perpetuate their culture, religion, and potential for hostility towards Israel. In ancient warfare, the eradication of male lineage was a common, albeit brutal, method of ensuring the complete subjugation or elimination of a rival nation.
* **"and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him":** This clause specifies the execution of all adult Midianite women. As discussed in the key word analysis, these were the women capable of bearing children and, more critically, those who had previously enticed the Israelite men into idolatry and immorality at Baal-Peor. Their elimination was deemed necessary to prevent further spiritual contamination and to fully execute divine judgment against the source of Israel's past apostasy.

#### Literary Devices
The passage employs **Didacticism**, serving as a stark lesson on the severity of God's judgment against sin and the absolute necessity of spiritual purity for His covenant people. The directness of the command, while shocking to modern sensibilities, functions as a powerful **Hyperbole** of divine wrath against profound wickedness, emphasizing that no compromise with idolatry or spiritual corruption would be tolerated. Furthermore, the phrase "known man by lying with him" is a clear **Euphemism**, a common literary device in biblical Hebrew, used to refer to sexual intercourse in a less explicit manner, yet its meaning is unequivocally understood within the cultural context. The passage's stark language also contributes to its **Dramatic Irony**, as the Israelites, who had themselves just been judged for their sin at Peor, are now commanded to be the instruments of God's judgment against those who led them astray.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Numbers 31:17 is one of the most challenging passages in the Old Testament, confronting readers with the profound severity of God's judgment. Theologically, it underscores God's absolute holiness and His unyielding opposition to sin, particularly idolatry and spiritual apostasy that directly threatened His covenant people. This command is not a universal mandate for all times or societies but a specific, localized act of divine judgment within the unique context of Israel's holy war, aimed at eradicating a deeply corrupt culture that posed an existential spiritual threat. It reveals that God's justice demands a response to deep-seated wickedness and that the consequences of leading others into sin can be devastating. While difficult, it affirms God's sovereignty over life and death and His right to execute judgment upon nations for their unrepentant evil.

* [Genesis 15:16](/genesis/15-16 "Genesis 15:16 - The Iniquity of the Amorites")
* [Deuteronomy 20:16-18](/deuteronomy/20-16 "Deuteronomy 20:16-18 - Destroying Inhabitants of Canaanite Cities")
* [Joshua 6:17-21](/joshua/6-17 "Joshua 6:17-21 - The Destruction of Jericho")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
While the literal application of Numbers 31:17 is confined to its unique historical and theological context of divine judgment upon a specific nation, its underlying principles offer profound spiritual lessons for believers today. The passage serves as a stark reminder of the extreme seriousness of sin in God's eyes, particularly spiritual idolatry and the corruption of His people. It calls us to reflect on the absolute necessity of spiritual purity and the vigilance required to guard against influences that would lead us away from God. For us, the "Midianites" are not literal people but the spiritual forces and sinful desires that seek to corrupt our hearts and minds, drawing us away from our covenant relationship with Christ. We are called to wage a "holy war" against sin within ourselves and our communities, ruthlessly putting to death anything that hinders our walk with God, striving for holiness as He is holy. This passage compels us to examine what "little ones" (vulnerable areas) and "women who have known man" (entrenched sinful patterns) we might be harboring that need to be decisively dealt with for the sake of our spiritual purity and fidelity to God.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **What "Midianite" influences (spiritual compromises, idols, or corrupting habits) might I be tolerating in my life or community that need to be decisively dealt with?**
* **How does the severity of God's judgment in this passage deepen my understanding of His holiness and the gravity of sin?**
* **In what ways am I called to "put to death" (spiritually speaking) the old self and its sinful desires, in light of God's call to purity?**

### FAQ

**Why did God command such a harsh judgment, including the killing of children?**

Answer: This is one of the most challenging commands in the Old Testament. Theologically, it is understood within the unique context of divine judgment upon a deeply corrupt nation that had actively sought to undermine God's covenant people and their unique relationship with Him. The Midianites had led Israel into idolatry and sexual immorality at Baal-Peor, resulting in a plague that killed 24,000 Israelites ([Numbers 25:1-9](/numbers/25-1 "Numbers 25:1-9 - The Sin at Baal-Peor")). The command was a comprehensive act of "holy war" or *herem*, aimed at eradicating a profound spiritual threat and preventing future contamination of Israel's purity. In ancient Near Eastern warfare, the elimination of male lineage and the most influential women was a common, albeit brutal, method of ensuring the complete subjugation and eradication of a rival culture. From a divine perspective, it underscores God's absolute holiness, His hatred of sin, and His sovereign right to execute judgment upon nations for their unrepentant wickedness, ensuring the survival and purity of His chosen people through whom His redemptive plan would unfold.

**Does this command apply to Christians today, or does it endorse violence against non-believers?**

Answer: No, this command does not apply to Christians today, nor does it endorse violence against non-believers. Numbers 31:17 is a specific command given to ancient Israel within a unique historical and theological context of divine judgment upon a particular nation that posed an existential spiritual threat to God's covenant people. The Old Testament reveals God's justice and judgment, but the New Testament reveals the fullness of His love and mercy through Christ. Believers today are called to a spiritual battle against sin and evil, not a literal physical one against people ([Ephesians 6:12](/ephesians/6-12 "Ephesians 6:12 - Our Struggle Is Not Against Flesh and Blood")). The principles of God's holiness, hatred of sin, and the need for spiritual purity remain constant, but their application for Christians is transformed through the lens of Christ's finished work and the new covenant. We are to "put to death" the deeds of the flesh ([Colossians 3:5](/colossians/3-5 "Colossians 3:5 - Put to Death the Earthly Nature")), not literal people.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
While Numbers 31:17 stands as a stark testament to God's uncompromising judgment against sin and the necessity of spiritual purity, its ultimate fulfillment and transformation are found in Jesus Christ. The demand for the eradication of those who corrupted Israel foreshadows the radical measures God takes to deal with sin itself, not through human warfare, but through the cross. Christ, the ultimate [Lamb of God](/john/1-29 "John 1:29 - Jesus, the Lamb of God"), bore the full wrath and judgment for humanity's sin, including the spiritual idolatry and immorality that the Midianites represented. He became the object of divine judgment, so that those who believe in Him might be spared. Furthermore, the command to eliminate sources of spiritual contamination points to Christ's work of sanctification, where He purifies His people from within. Through His Spirit, believers are empowered to "put to death" the old self and its sinful desires ([Romans 6:6](/romans/6-6 "Romans 6:6 - Our Old Self Crucified") and [Colossians 3:5](/colossians/3-5 "Colossians 3:5 - Put to Death the Earthly Nature")), just as Israel was commanded to eradicate the Midianite threat. The spiritual battle we wage today is against the "flesh" and the "world," not against people, and our victory is found in the one who conquered sin and death, establishing a new covenant of grace and a kingdom not of this world ([John 18:36](/john/18-36 "John 18:36 - Jesus' Kingdom Is Not of This World")).

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

Deuteronomy 20:16

But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee [for] an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:

Deuteronomy 20:18

That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God.

Judges 21:11

And this [is] the thing that ye shall do, Ye shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that hath lain by man.

Judges 21:12

And they found among the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead four hundred young virgins, that had known no man by lying with any male: and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which [is] in the land of Canaan.

Deuteronomy 7:2

And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, [and] utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them: