TRV
Study This Verse
Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Deuteronomy 25:13–19. His three-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
Here is, I. A law against deceitful weights and measures: they must not only not use them, but they must not have them, not have them in the bag, not have them in the house (Deu 25:13, Deu 25:14); for, if they had them, they would be strongly tempted to use them. They must not have a great weight and measure to buy by and a small one to sell by, for that was to cheat both ways, when either was bad enough; as we read of those that made the ephah small, in which they measured the corn they sold, and the shekel great, by which they weighed the money they received for it, Amo 8:5. But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, v. 15. That which is the rule of justice must itself be just; if that be otherwise, it is a constant cheat. This had been taken care of before, Lev 19:35, Lev 19:36. This law is enforced with two very good reasons: - 1. That justice and equity will bring down upon us the blessing of God. The way to have our days lengthened, and to prosper, is to be just and fair in all our dealings Honesty is the best policy. 2. That fraud and injustice will expose us to the curse of God, Deu 25:16. Not only unrighteousness itself, but all that do unrighteously, are an abomination to the Lord. And miserable is that man who is abhorred by his Maker. How hateful, particularly, all the arts of deceit are to God, Solomon several times observes, Pro 11:1; Pro 20:10, Pro 20:23; and the apostle tells us that the Lord is the avenger of all such as overreach and defraud in any matter, Th1 4:6.
II.A law for the rooting out of Amalek.
Here is a just weight and a just measure, that, as Amalek had measured to Israel, so it should be measure to Amalek again.
1.The mischief Amalek did to Israel must be here remembered, Deu 25:17, Deu 25:18. When it was first done it was ordered to be recorded (Exo 17:14-16), and here the remembrance of it is ordered to be preserved, not in personal revenge (for that generation which suffered by the Amalekites was gone, so that those who now lived, and their posterity, could not have any personal resentment of the injury), but in a zeal for the glory of God (which was insulted by the Amalekites), that throne of the Lord against which the hand of Amalek was stretched out. The carriage of the Amalekites towards Israel is here represented,
(1.)As very base and disingenuous. They had no occasion at all to quarrel with Israel, nor did they give them any notice, by a manifesto or declaration of war; but took them at an advantage, when they had just come out of the house of bondage, and, for aught that appeared to them, were only going to sacrifice to God in the wilderness.
(2.)As very barbarous and cruel; for they smote those that were more feeble, whom they should have succoured. The greatest cowards are commonly the most cruel; while those that have the courage of a man will have the compassion of a man.
(3.)As very impious and profane: they feared not God. If they had had any reverence for the majesty of the God of Israel, which they saw a token of in the cloud, or any dread of his wrath, which they lately heard of the power of over Pharaoh, they durst not have made this assault upon Israel. Well, here was the ground of the quarrel: and it shows how God takes what is done against his people as done against himself, and that he will particularly reckon with those that discourage and hinder young beginners in religion, that (as Satan's agents) set upon the weak and feeble, either to divert them or to disquiet them, and offend his little ones.
2.This mischief must in due time be revenged, Deu 25:19. When their wars were finished, by which they were to settle their kingdom and enlarge their coast, then they must make war upon Amalek (Deu 25:19), not merely to chase them, but to consume them, to blot out the remembrance of Amalek. It was an instance of God's patience that he deferred the vengeance so long, which should have led the Amalekites to repentance; yet an instance of fearful retribution that the posterity of Amalek, so long after, were destroyed for the mischief done by their ancestors to the Israel of God, that all the world might see, and say, that he who toucheth them toucheth the apple of his eye. It was nearly 400 years after this that Saul was ordered to put this sentence in execution (1 Sa. 15), and was rejected of God because he did not do it effectually, but spared some of that devoted nation, in contempt, not only of the particular orders he received from Samuel, but of this general command here given by Moses, which he could not be ignorant of. David afterwards made some destruction of them; and the Simeonites, in Hezekiah's time, smote the rest that remained (Ch1 4:43); for when God judges he will overcome.
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Summary
Deuteronomy 25:16 serves as a climactic and uncompromising declaration of God's absolute detestation for all forms of dishonesty and injustice, particularly those manifested through commercial deception. This verse unequivocally asserts that such actions are not minor infractions but are morally repugnant and deeply offensive to the holy character of the Lord, thereby demanding strict adherence to divine standards of fairness and integrity within the covenant community as a fundamental expression of their relationship with God.
Context
Literary Context
Deuteronomy 25:16 concludes a specific legal section (Deuteronomy 25:13-16) that immediately precedes it, focusing intently on economic integrity. Verses 13-15 explicitly command the use of "a perfect and just weight" and "a perfect and just measure," strictly forbidding the practice of having "divers weights" or "divers measures"—meaning separate, dishonest sets of weights and measures designed for cheating buyers or sellers. Therefore, "all that do such things" in verse 16 directly refers to those who engage in these fraudulent trade practices. The subsequent phrase, "all that do unrighteously," broadens the condemnation, extending it to any act of injustice or dishonesty beyond the specific commercial examples. This serves as a concluding theological principle that undergirds the preceding specific statutes, positioning the entire section as part of the larger legal code within Deuteronomy that emphasizes the practical outworking of Israel's covenant relationship with Yahweh in daily life.
Historical & Cultural Context
In ancient Israel, where standardized currency was not yet prevalent, commercial transactions heavily relied on accurate weights and measures. Merchants would use scales, with weights placed on one side and goods on the other. The temptation to use heavier weights when buying and lighter weights when selling was a common form of deceit. This practice directly undermined trust, disrupted social order, and exploited the vulnerable, particularly the poor and marginalized. The command for just weights and measures was not merely an economic regulation but a fundamental aspect of covenant faithfulness, reflecting God's own righteous character. Furthermore, the nomadic and agrarian nature of early Israelite society meant that community cohesion and fair dealings were paramount for survival and prosperity, making such ethical mandates crucial for the well-being of the entire nation. The geographical setting of the plains of Moab, where Moses delivered these laws, underscored the imminent entry into a settled land where these principles would be tested in daily commerce.
Key Themes
Deuteronomy 25:16 powerfully contributes to several overarching themes within the book of Deuteronomy and the broader Pentateuch. Firstly, it underscores the Divine Demand for Justice, revealing that God's character is inherently just and righteous, and He expects His people to embody this in every sphere of life, especially economic interactions. This aligns with the call to be holy as God is holy, as seen in Leviticus 19:2. Secondly, it emphasizes Integrity in Commerce, highlighting that even seemingly mundane business practices are under divine scrutiny. Deceitful actions, no matter how small, are not overlooked but are deemed serious offenses against God's moral order. This principle is echoed throughout the wisdom literature, such as in Proverbs 11:1. Thirdly, the use of the term "abomination" signifies God's Abhorrence of Unrighteousness, indicating His utter detestation for actions that contradict His holy and just nature. This strong theological term marks commercial dishonesty not as a minor ethical lapse but as something morally repulsive to God. Finally, while not explicitly stated in this verse, the broader Deuteronomic context consistently links Consequences of Disobedience to divine judgment and blessings to obedience, thereby underscoring the gravity of commands like this one, as seen in the blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy 28.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
This primitive root (H6213) is a broad verb meaning "to do or make" in the widest sense and application. In Deuteronomy 25:16, "all that do such things" directly references the specific actions of commercial dishonesty outlined in the preceding verses (Deuteronomy 25:13-15). Its use here grounds the theological condemnation in concrete, tangible behaviors, making the divine command immediately applicable and clear to the Israelite community, emphasizing that God's concern extends to the practical outworking of one's character.
This term (H5766) denotes moral evil, iniquity, perverseness, or unrighteousness. It refers to actions that deviate from what is right, straight, or fair according to God's standards. In this context, it broadens the scope beyond just the specific "divers weights and measures" to encompass any act that is fundamentally unjust, crooked, or morally wrong in God's sight. It highlights that God's concern extends to the underlying principle of integrity, not just the specific legal breaches, revealing a comprehensive standard of ethical conduct.
This powerful Hebrew term (H8441) describes something disgusting (morally), an abhorrence, or something utterly detestable to God. It is frequently used in the Old Testament to describe practices, objects, or behaviors that are morally repugnant, often referring to idolatry (e.g., Deuteronomy 7:25), sexual immorality (e.g., Leviticus 18:22), or severe ethical transgressions. Its application here to commercial dishonesty elevates such actions from mere social infractions to grave offenses against God's holy character and His covenant with Israel, indicating something that deeply offends the divine standard of holiness and justice.
Verse Breakdown
"For all that do such things"
This clause directly references the specific acts of commercial dishonesty described in the preceding verses (Deuteronomy 25:13-15), namely, the use of "divers weights" and "divers measures." It emphasizes that God's condemnation is aimed at those who actively engage in these deceitful practices, highlighting that the divine law is concerned with practical, actionable integrity in the marketplace.
"and all that do unrighteously"
This phrase broadens the scope of the condemnation beyond the specific examples of commercial fraud. It encompasses any action or behavior that is unjust, unfair, or morally perverse in God's eyes. This expansion indicates that the principle of integrity is not limited to business transactions but applies to all aspects of life where one might act dishonestly or unjustly, revealing the comprehensive nature of God's moral demands.
"are an abomination unto the LORD thy God"
This is the climactic declaration, stating the severe divine judgment on such actions. The term "abomination" (Hebrew: tôwʻêbah) signifies God's utter detestation and moral revulsion. It communicates that these acts are not merely illegal or unethical, but they are deeply offensive to the very character and holiness of Yahweh (H3068), the covenant God (H430) of Israel. This phrase underscores the theological gravity of dishonesty, positioning it as an affront to the divine nature itself.
Literary Devices
Deuteronomy 25:16 employs several potent literary devices to convey its message with force and clarity. The use of Repetition in "all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously" serves to emphasize the comprehensive nature of God's condemnation, ensuring no form of injustice is overlooked. This dual phrasing creates a sense of totality, encompassing both specific acts of fraud and the broader principle of unrighteousness. The central and most impactful device is Intensification through the term "abomination" (tôwʻêbah). This word is not used lightly in the Old Testament; its application here elevates commercial dishonesty to the same severe moral category as idolatry or sexual perversion, underscoring God's profound moral revulsion. This strong theological language functions as a Legal Formula or a definitive pronouncement of divine judgment, leaving no ambiguity about the severity of the offense. Finally, the phrase "unto the LORD thy God" is a form of Anthropomorphism, attributing to God a strong emotional response (abhorrence) that humans can understand, thereby making the divine standard relatable and the consequences of transgression deeply personal within the covenant relationship.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Deuteronomy 25:16 is a profound statement on God's character and His expectation for His people. It reveals that the Lord is not only concerned with ritual purity and spiritual devotion but also with the practical outworking of righteousness in daily life, especially in economic dealings. God's demand for justice and integrity in commerce is rooted in His own perfect justice and holiness. Dishonesty, therefore, is not merely a breach of human trust but a direct affront to God's nature, an act of unrighteousness that He finds utterly detestable. This verse establishes a foundational principle that true worship involves ethical conduct and that the marketplace is as much a sphere for demonstrating covenant faithfulness as the tabernacle. It underscores that the well-being of the community and the honor of God are inextricably linked to the integrity of its members, reflecting the holistic nature of biblical ethics.
Reflection and Application
Deuteronomy 25:16 transcends its ancient context to deliver a timeless message about integrity that resonates deeply today. It challenges believers to cultivate a radical honesty in every facet of life, recognizing that God's scrutiny extends beyond our spiritual practices to our most mundane transactions. This verse calls us to examine our consciences regarding hidden dishonesties—whether in our financial dealings, professional responsibilities, academic pursuits, or even the subtle ways we present ourselves to others. It reminds us that our ethical conduct is a direct reflection of our reverence for God and our understanding of His character. Living righteously in the marketplace, at work, or in our relationships is not merely a matter of good ethics but an act of worship, demonstrating that we truly believe God is just and that His standards are paramount. Our commitment to fairness and truth becomes a powerful testimony to a world often characterized by deceit, embodying the very justice of God and inviting others to witness His transformative power.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why does God consider commercial dishonesty an "abomination," a term often reserved for severe religious or moral offenses?
God considers commercial dishonesty an "abomination" (Hebrew: tôwʻêbah) because it strikes at the heart of His character and the covenant relationship He established with Israel. While the term is indeed used for idolatry and sexual perversion, its application here underscores that ethical and economic integrity are not secondary but fundamental aspects of holiness. Dishonesty in commerce, such as using false weights and measures (as prohibited in Deuteronomy 25:13-15), is an act of injustice that exploits the vulnerable, undermines trust within the community, and distorts the divine order. It reflects a heart that prioritizes selfish gain over righteousness and love for one's neighbor, thereby directly contradicting God's command to "love your neighbor as yourself" found in Leviticus 19:18. Such actions are morally repulsive to God because they violate His justice, holiness, and concern for the well-being of all people, making them an affront to His very nature.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
Deuteronomy 25:16, with its condemnation of unrighteousness and demand for perfect justice, finds its ultimate fulfillment and profound significance in Jesus Christ. While the Old Testament law exposed humanity's inability to perfectly uphold God's righteous standards, including those of commercial integrity, Christ perfectly embodied and fulfilled every aspect of God's law, declaring that He came not to abolish the Law but to fulfill it (Matthew 5:17). He is the perfectly "just weight" and "just measure" by which all human righteousness is judged. More profoundly, Christ's atoning sacrifice on the cross addresses the "unrighteousness" that is an "abomination" to God. He became sin for us, bearing the full weight of our injustice and moral failures, so that in Him we might become the righteousness of God (2 Corinthians 5:21). Through faith in Him, believers are not only forgiven for their past unrighteousness but are also empowered by the Holy Spirit to live lives that increasingly reflect God's justice and integrity, no longer engaging in the "works of darkness" but walking as "children of light" (Ephesians 5:8-11). Thus, the call for righteousness in Deuteronomy 25:16 is not merely a legalistic demand but a spiritual transformation made possible by Christ, enabling His followers to genuinely abhor what is evil and cling to what is good (Romans 12:9).