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Commentary on Judges 9 verses 22–49
Three years Abimelech reigned, after a sort, without any disturbance; it is not said, He judged Israel, or did any service at all to his country, but so long he enjoyed the title and dignity of a king; and not only the Shechemites, but many other places, paid him respect. They must have been fond of a king that could please themselves with such a one as this. But the triumphing of the wicked is short. Within three years, as the years of a hireling, all this glory shall be contemned, and laid in the dust, Isa 16:14. The ruin of these confederates in wickedness was from the righteous hand of the God to whom vengeance belongs. He sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the Shechemites (Jdg 9:23), that is, they grew jealous one of another and ill-affected one to another. He slighted those that set him up, and perhaps countenanced other cities which now began to come into his interests more than he did theirs; and then they grew uneasy at his government, blamed his conduct, and quarrelled at his impositions. This was from God. He permitted the devil, that great mischief-maker, to sow discord between them, and he is an evil spirit, whom God not only keeps under his check, but sometimes serves his own purposes by. Their own lusts were evil spirits; they are devils in men's own hearts; from them come wars and fightings. These God gave them up to, and so might be said to send the evil spirits between them. When men's sin is made their punishment, though God is not the author of the sin, yet the punishment is from him. The quarrel God had with Abimelech and the Shechemites was for the murder of the sons of Gideon (Jdg 9:24): That the cruelty done to them might come and their blood be laid as a burden upon Abimelech that slew them, and the men of Shechem that helped him. Note, 1. Sooner or later God will make inquisition for blood, innocent blood, and will return it on the heads of those that shed it, who shall have blood given them to drink, for they are worthy. 2. Accessaries shall be reckoned with, as well as principals, in that and other sins. The Shechemites that countenanced Abimelech's pretensions, aided and abetted him in his bloody project, and avowed the fact by making him king after he had done it, must fall with him, fall by him, and fall first. 3. Those that combine together to do wickedly are justly dashed in pieces one against another. Blood cannot be a lasting cement to any interest.
I. The Shechemites began to affront Abimelech, perhaps they scarcely knew why or wherefore, but they were given to change. 1. They dealt treacherously with him, Jdg 9:23. It is not said, They repented of their sin in owning him. Had they done so, it would have been laudable to disown him; but they did it only upon some particular pique conceived against him by their pride or envy. Those that set him up were the first that deserted him and endeavoured to dethrone him. It is not strange that those who were ungrateful to Gideon were unfaithful to Abimelech; for what will hold those that will not be held by the obligation of such merits as Gideon's? Note, It is just with God that those who tempt others to be cone perfidious should afterwards be themselves betrayed by those whom they have taught to be perfidious. 2. They aimed to seize him when he was at Arumah (Jdg 9:41), his country-seat. Expecting him to come to town, they set liers in wait for him (Jdg 9:25), who should make him their prisoner whom they had lately made their prince. Those who were thus posted, he not coming, took the opportunity of robbing travellers, which would help to make the people more and more uneasy under Abimelech, when they saw he could not or would not protect them from highway-men. 3. They entertained one Gaal, and set him up as their head in opposition to Abimelech, Jdg 9:26. This Gaal is said to be the son of Ebed, which signifies a servant, perhaps denoting the meanness of his extraction. As Abimelech was by the mother's side, so he by the father's, the son of a servant. Here was one bramble contesting with another. We have reason to suspect that this Gaal was a native Canaanite, because he courts the Shechemites into subjection to the men of Hamor, who was the ancient lord of this city in Jacob's time. He was a bold ambitious man, served their purpose admirably well when they were disposed to quarrel with Abimelech, and they also served his purpose; so he went over to them to blow the coals, and they put their confidence in him. 4. They did all the despite they could to Abimelech's name, Jdg 9:27. They made themselves very merry in his absence, as those who were glad he was out of the way, and who, now that they had another to head them, were in hopes to get clear of him; nay, they went into the house of their god, to solemnize their feast of in-gathering, and there they did eat, and drink, and cursed Abimelech, not only said all the ill they could of him in their table-talk and the song of their drunkards, but wished all the ill they could to him over their sacrifices, praying to their idol to destroy him. They drank healths to his confusion, and with as loud huzzas as ever they had drunk them to his prosperity. That very temple whence they had fetched money to set him up with did they now meet in to curse him and contrive his ruin. Had they deserted their idol-god with their image-king, they might have hoped to prosper; but, while they still cleave to the former, the latter shall cleave to them to their ruin. How should Satan cast out Satan? 5. They pleased themselves with Gaal's vaunted defiance of Abimelech, Jdg 9:28, Jdg 9:29. They loved to hear that impudent upstart speak scornfully, (1.) Of Abimelech, though calling him in disdain Shechem, or a Shechemite, he reflected upon their own city. (2.) Of his good father likewise, Gideon: Is not he the son of Jerubbaal? So he calls him, perhaps in an impious indignation at his name and memory for throwing down the altar of Baal, turning that to his reproach which was his praise. (3.) Of his prime minister of state, Zebul his officer, and ruler of the city. "We may well be ashamed to serve them, and need not be afraid to oppose them." Men of turbulent ambitious spirits thus despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities. Gaal aimed not to recover Shechem's liberty, only to change their tyrant: "O that this people were under my hand! What I would do! I would challenge Abimelech to try titles for the crown;" and it should seem he desired his friends to send him word that he was ready to dispute it with him whenever he pleased: "Increase thy army, and come out. Do thy worst; let the point be determined by the sword." This pleased the Shechemites, who were now as sick of Abimelech as ever they had been fond of him. Men of no conscience will be men of no constancy.
II. Abimelech turned all his force upon them, and, in a little time, quite ruined them. Observe the steps of their overthrow.
1.The Shechemites' counsels were betrayed to Abimelech by Zebul his confidant, the ruler of the city, who continued hearty for him. His anger was kindled (Jdg 9:30), and the more because Gaal had spoken slightly of him (Jdg 9:28), for perhaps, if he had complimented and caressed him now that things were in this ferment, he might have gained him to his interest; but he, being disobliged, sends notice to Abimelech of all that was said and done in Shechem against him, Jdg 9:31. Betrayers are often betrayed by some among themselves, and the cursing of the king is sometimes strangely carried by a bird of the air. He prudently advises him to come against the city immediately, and lose no time, Jdg 9:32, Jdg 9:33. He thinks it best that he should march his forces by night into the neighbourhood, surprise the city in the morning, and then make the best of his advantages. How could the Shechemites hope to speed in their attempt when the ruler of their city was in the interests of their enemy? They knew it, and yet took no care to secure him.
2.Gaal, that headed their faction, having been betrayed by Zebul, Abimelech's confidant, was most wretchedly bantered by him. Abimelech, according to Zebul's advice, drew all his forces down upon Shechem by night, Jdg 9:34. Gaal, in the morning, went out to the gate (Jdg 9:35) to see what posture things were in, and to enquire, What news? Zebul, as a ruler of the city, met him there as a friend. Abimelech and his forces beginning to move towards the city, Gaal discovers them (Jdg 9:36), takes notice of their approach to Zebul that was standing with him, little thinking that he had sent for them and was now expecting them. "Look," says he, "do not I see a body of men coming down from the mountain towards us? Yonder they are," pointing to the place. "No, no," says Zebul; "thy eye-sight deceives thee; it is but the shadow of the mountains which thou takest to be an army." By this he intended, (1.) To ridicule him, as a man of no sense or spirit, and therefore very unfit for what he pretended to, as a man that might easily be imposed upon and made to believe any thing, and that was so silly and so cowardly that he apprehended danger where there was none, and was ready to fight with a shadow. (2.) To detain him, and hold him in talk, while the forces of Abimelech were coming up, that thereby they might gain advantage. But when Gaal, being content to believe those he now saw to be but the shadow of the mountains (perhaps the mountains of Ebal and Gerizim, which lay close by the city), was undeceived by the discovery of two other companies that marched apace towards the city, then Zebul took another way to banter him, upbraiding him with what he had said but a day or two before, in contempt of Abimelech (Jdg 9:38): Where is now thy mouth, that foul mouth of thine, wherewith thou saidst, Who is Abimelech? Note, Proud and haughty people are often made in a little time to change their note, and to dread those whom they had most despised. Gaal had, in a bravado, challenged Abimelech to increase his army and come out; but now Zebul, in Abimelech's name, challenges him: Go out, and fight with them, if thou darest. Justly are the insolent thus insulted over.
3.Abimelech routed Gaal's forces that sallied out of the town, Jdg 9:39, Jdg 9:40. Gaal, disheartened no doubt by Zebul's hectoring him, and perceiving his interest weaker than he thought it was, though he marched out against Abimelech with what little force he had, was soon put to the worst, and obliged to retire into the city with great precipitation. In this action the Shechemites' loss was considerable: Many were overthrown and wounded, the common effect of popular tumults, in which the inconsiderate multitude are often drawn into fatal snare by those that promise them glorious success.
4.Zebul that night expelled Gaal, and the party he had brought with him into Shechem, out of the city (Jdg 9:41), sending him to the place whence he came. For though the generality of the city continued still averse to Abimelech, as appears by the sequel of the story, yet they were willing to part with Gaal, and did not oppose his expulsion, because, though he had talked big, both his skill and courage had failed him when there was occasion for them. Most people judge of men's fitness for business by their success, and he that does not speed well is concluded not to do well. Well, Gaal's interest in Shechem is soon at an end, and he that had talked of removing Abimelech is himself removed, nor do we ever hear of him any more. Exit Gaal - Gaal retires.
5.Abimelech, the next day, set upon the city, and quite destroyed it, for their treacherous dealings with him. Perhaps Abimelech had notice of their expelling Gaal, who had headed the faction, with which they thought he would have been satisfied, but the crime was too keep to be thus atoned for, and his resentments were too keen to be pacified by so small an instance of submission, besides that it was more Zebul's act than theirs; by it their hands were weakened, and therefore he resolved to follow his blow, and effectually to chastise their treachery. (1.) He had intelligence brought him that the people of Shechem had come out into the field, Jdg 9:42. Some think into the field of business to plough and sow (having lately gathered in their harvest), or to perfect their harvest, for it was only their vintage that they had made an end of (Jdg 9:27), and then it intimates that they were secure. And because Abimelech had retired (Jdg 9:41) they thought themselves in no danger from him, and then the issue of it is an instance of sudden destruction coming upon those that cry, Peace and safety. Others think they went out into the field of battle; though Gaal was driven out, they would not lay down their arms, but put themselves into a posture for another engagement with Abimelech, in which they hoped to retrieve what they had lost the day before, (2.) He himself, with a strong detachment, cut off the communication between them and the city, stood in the entering of the gate (Jdg 9:44), that they might neither make their retreat into the city nor receive any succours from the city, and then sent two companies of his men, who were too strong for them, and they put them all to the sword, ran upon those that were in the fields and slew them. When we go out about our business we are not sure that we shall come home again; there are deaths both in the city and in the field. (3.) He then fell upon the city itself, and, with a rage reaching up to heaven, though it was the place of his nativity, laid it in ruins, slew all the people, beat down all the buildings, and, in token of his desire that it might be a perpetual desolation, sowed it with salt, that it might remain a lasting monument of the punishment of perfidiousness. Yet Abimelech prevailed not to make its desolations perpetual; for it was afterwards rebuilt, and became so considerable a place that all Israel came thither to make Rehoboam king, Kg1 12:1. And the place proved an ill omen. Abimelech intended hereby to punish the Shechemites for their serving him formerly in the murder of Gideon's sons. Thus, when God makes use of men as instruments in his hand to do his work, he means one thing and they another, Isa 10:6, Isa 10:7. They design to maintain their honour, but God to maintain his.
6.Those that retired into a strong-hold of their idol-temple were all destroyed there. These are called the men of the tower of Shechem (Jdg 9:46, Jdg 9:47), some castle that belonged to the city, but lay at some distance from it. They, hearing of the destruction of the city, withdrew into a hold of the temple, trusting, it is likely, not so much to its strength as to its sanctity; they put themselves under the protection of their idol: for thus all people will walk in the name of their god, and shall not we then choose to dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of our life? For in the time of trouble he shall hide us in his pavilion, Psa 27:5. The name of the Lord is a strong tower, Pro 18:10. But that which they hoped would be for their welfare proved to them a snare and a trap, as those will certainly find that run to idols for shelter; it will prove a refuge of lies. When Abimelech had them altogether penned up in that hold he desired no more. That barbarous project immediately came into his head of setting fire to the strong-hold, and, so to speak, burning all the birds together in the nest. He kept the design to himself, but set all his men on work to expedite the execution of it, Jdg 9:48, Jdg 9:49. He ordered them all to follow him, and do as he did: as his father had said to his men (Jdg 7:17), Look on me, and do likewise; so saith he to his, as becomes a general that will not be wanting to give both the plainest direction and the highest encouragement that can be to his soldiers: What you have seen me do make haste to do, as I have done. Not Ite illuc - Go thither; but Venite huc - Come hither. The officers in Christ's army should thus teach by their example, Phi 4:9. He and they fetched each of them a bough from a wood not far off, laid all their boughs together under the wall of this tower, which it is probable was of wood, set fire to their boughs, and so burnt down their hold and all that were in it, who were either burnt or stifled with the smoke. What inventions men have to destroy one another! Whence come these cruel wars and fightings but from their lusts? Some think that the men of the tower of Shechem were the same with the house of Millo, and then Jotham's just imprecation was answered in the letter: Let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour not only in general the men of Shechem, but in particular the house of Millo, Jdg 9:20. About 1000 men and women perished in these flames, many of whom, it is probable, were no way concerned in the quarrel between Abimelech and the Shechemites, nor meddled with either side, yet, in this civil war, they came to this miserable end; for men of factious turbulent spirits perish not alone in their iniquity, but involve many more, that follow them in their simplicity, in the same calamity with them.
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SUMMARY
Judges 9:35 captures the pivotal moment when Gaal, son of Ebed, confidently steps into the public square at the city gate of Shechem, unaware that he is walking directly into a meticulously planned ambush. This verse dramatically reveals Abimelech's strategic cunning and the sudden, decisive nature of his counter-attack, setting the stage for the violent confrontation that will determine the fate of Gaal and the rebellious city. It is a snapshot of the brutal power struggles and deceptive military tactics characteristic of the tumultuous period of the Judges.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: Judges 9:35 is situated at a critical juncture in the tragic narrative of Abimelech, the ambitious and ruthless son of Gideon by a concubine. The chapter opens with Abimelech's violent seizure of power, marked by the brutal murder of his seventy half-brothers at Ophrah, leaving only Jotham, the youngest, to escape, as recorded in Judges 9:5. Jotham then delivers his powerful "Fable of the Trees" from Mount Gerizim, prophesying mutual destruction for Abimelech and the people of Shechem who supported his illegitimate rule, a prophecy found in Judges 9:7-21. After three years, God sends an evil spirit between Abimelech and the Shechemites, leading to their betrayal of him, as detailed in Judges 9:23. Into this volatile situation steps Gaal, son of Ebed, who incites the Shechemites to open rebellion against Abimelech, as seen in Judges 9:26-29. Zebul, Abimelech's officer in Shechem, secretly informs Abimelech of Gaal's boastful defiance, as recorded in Judges 9:30-33. In response, Abimelech immediately mobilizes his forces, dividing them into four companies and strategically setting an ambush outside the city during the night, as described in Judges 9:34. Verse 35 depicts the precise moment the trap is sprung, with Gaal unknowingly walking into the pre-arranged confrontation.
Historical & Cultural Context: The period of the Judges (roughly 12th-11th century BCE) was characterized by political decentralization, tribal conflicts, and a lack of central authority, famously summarized by the phrase "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" in Judges 21:25. Shechem was a city of immense historical and religious significance, serving as a place of covenant renewal for Israel, as recounted in Joshua 24, and a major tribal center. Its strategic location in a valley between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal made its control vital. City gates in ancient Near Eastern cities were not merely points of entry and exit; they were bustling centers of public life, commerce, legal proceedings, and military defense. To "stand in the entering of the gate" was to be in a prominent, public, and often vulnerable position. Abimelech's use of an ambush ("lying in wait") was a common military tactic of the era, relying on surprise and deception to gain a decisive advantage over an unsuspecting foe, reflecting the often brutal and cunning nature of warfare in this turbulent period.
Key Themes: The narrative of Judges 9, culminating in events like verse 35, powerfully illustrates several key themes. One prominent theme is the consequences of unrighteous ambition and tyrannical rule. Abimelech's reign, founded on fratricide and usurpation, is inherently unstable and marked by violence, ultimately leading to his own ignominious death, as seen in Judges 9:53. This serves as a stark cautionary tale against leadership gained through unjust means. Another theme is divine retribution and justice. Jotham's curse, delivered earlier in the chapter, explicitly prophesies the mutual destruction of Abimelech and the Shechemites, a prophecy that begins to unfold with the events of this verse and is fully realized by the chapter's end. God's sovereignty is evident even amidst human depravity, as He uses the evil spirit to bring about judgment, as stated in Judges 9:23. Finally, the chapter highlights the cycle of sin and judgment that pervades the book of Judges, demonstrating Israel's repeated failure to adhere to God's covenant and the resulting chaos and suffering.
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
Judges 9:35 effectively employs several literary devices to heighten the drama and underscore its thematic significance. Dramatic Irony is central, as the reader is fully aware of Abimelech's hidden ambush, while Gaal remains oblivious, confidently standing at the city gate. This contrast between Gaal's perception and the reality of his imminent danger creates palpable tension. The verse also utilizes Foreshadowing, as the springing of the ambush signals the beginning of the violent confrontation that will lead to Gaal's defeat and the eventual destruction of Shechem, fulfilling Jotham's earlier prophecy. Furthermore, there is a powerful Contrast between Gaal's public, exposed position at the gate and Abimelech's concealed, deceptive approach, highlighting the different natures of their leadership and tactics. The suddenness of Abimelech's "rising up" creates a sense of Climax for the immediate narrative, marking the turning point in the conflict between the two rivals.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Judges 9:35, while detailing a specific military maneuver, reverberates with profound theological and thematic implications. It vividly illustrates the pervasive human propensity for ambition, deception, and violence, particularly when unchecked by divine law or moral restraint. Abimelech's calculated ambush is a testament to the depths of human depravity and the destructive consequences of leadership founded on self-interest rather than righteous principles. The narrative implicitly highlights God's sovereign hand, even in the midst of such chaos and human sin, as Jotham's curse, delivered earlier, begins to unfold with precision. This verse serves as a grim reminder that actions have consequences, and that those who sow seeds of treachery and violence often reap a harvest of destruction, aligning with biblical principles of justice and retribution.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The scene at the gate of Shechem, where Gaal unknowingly walks into Abimelech's trap, offers timeless lessons for spiritual vigilance and discernment. Just as Gaal was blind to the hidden danger, we too can be susceptible to unseen threats, whether from spiritual adversaries, deceptive influences, or the subtle workings of our own unchecked desires. This narrative calls us to cultivate a posture of watchfulness, relying on wisdom and discernment to navigate life's complexities. Furthermore, Abimelech's story serves as a stark reminder of the destructive nature of unchecked ambition and the pursuit of power through unrighteous means. It prompts us to examine our own motivations and to seek integrity and justice in all our endeavors, understanding that true leadership is characterized by service and righteousness, not manipulation and violence. Ultimately, while this verse depicts human treachery, the broader narrative of Judges 9 assures us that divine justice prevails, reminding us to trust in God's ultimate sovereignty and His perfect timing for bringing all things to account.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why was "the gate of the city" such a significant location in ancient times?
Answer: The city gate in ancient Near Eastern societies was far more than a simple entrance or exit. It was the primary hub of civic life. All major roads converged there, making it the center for commerce and trade. Legal proceedings, including trials and judgments, were conducted at the gate, often by elders or judges, making it a place of justice and authority. Public announcements, news, and decrees were also proclaimed there. Militarily, it was the most vulnerable point of a city's defenses, yet also a strategic place for observation and defense. Thus, Gaal "standing in the entering of the gate" in Judges 9:35 signified a public, prominent presence, making him an ideal target for Abimelech's ambush.
What does Abimelech "lying in wait" reveal about his character and the nature of warfare in the Judges period?
Answer: Abimelech "lying in wait" (Hebrew: maʼărâb) signifies a deliberate, premeditated ambush, a tactic of deception and surprise. This reveals Abimelech's ruthless and cunning character, consistent with his earlier act of murdering his seventy half-brothers to seize power, as recounted in Judges 9:5. He preferred strategic, hidden maneuvers over open, honorable combat, reflecting a pragmatic and often brutal approach to warfare common in the tumultuous Judges period. The era was marked by tribal conflicts and a lack of centralized authority, where survival often depended on such decisive and often deceptive military tactics, highlighting the moral decline and chaos of the time.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The chaotic and violent narrative of Judges 9, particularly the deceptive ambush in verse 35, powerfully underscores humanity's desperate need for a righteous and true King. Abimelech, a self-appointed and murderous "king," represents the antithesis of godly leadership. His reign, built on bloodshed and sustained by treachery, ultimately leads to his own destruction and the devastation of those who followed him, demonstrating the futility of human attempts to establish lasting peace or justice apart from God. This stands in stark contrast to Jesus Christ, the true King, whose kingdom is "not of this world," as He declared in John 18:36, founded not on violence or deception but on truth, righteousness, and self-sacrifice. While Abimelech lay in wait to destroy his enemies, Christ, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world, came not to ambush but to be ambushed, willingly offering Himself as a sacrifice for humanity's sin. He is the one who triumphs over the true enemy, not through hidden tactics but through open victory on the cross, disarming the powers and authorities, as described in Colossians 2:15. Ultimately, the failed kingship of Abimelech points forward to the perfect, eternal reign of Christ, who will return not from "lying in wait" but in glorious power to establish His kingdom of justice and peace, bringing true order where human ambition once wrought only chaos, as prophesied in Revelation 19:11-16.