Jeremiah 51:13

Translation
King James Version
O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures, thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness.
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KJV (with Strong's)
O thou that dwellest H7931 H7931 upon many H7227 waters H4325, abundant H7227 in treasures H214, thine end H7093 is come H935, and the measure H520 of thy covetousness H1215.
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Complete Jewish Bible
You who live near plenty of water, so rich in treasure - your end has come, your time for being cut off!
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Berean Standard Bible
You who dwell by many waters, rich in treasures, your end has come; the thread of your life is cut.
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American Standard Version
O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures, thine end is come, the measure of thy covetousness.
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World English Bible Messianic
You who dwell on many waters, abundant in treasures, your end has come, the measure of your covetousness.
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Geneva Bible (1599)
O thou that dwellest vpon many waters, abundant in treasures, thine ende is come, euen the ende of thy couetousnes.
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Young's Literal Translation
O dweller on many waters, abundant in treasures, Come in hath thine end, the measure of thy dishonest gain.
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See also
Revelation 17:1Isaiah 45:3Revelation 17:15Jeremiah 51:36Genesis 6:132 Peter 2:31 Peter 4:7
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Prophecy Against Babylon
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In the KJVVerse 20,226 of 31,102

Study This Verse

SUMMARY

Jeremiah 51:13 delivers a powerful prophetic indictment against Babylon, portraying its immense material wealth and strategic geographical advantage as ultimately powerless before divine judgment. The verse declares that Babylon's self-assured prosperity, rooted in its extensive waterways and accumulated riches, has reached its divinely appointed end, directly attributing its downfall to the full measure of its insatiable greed and unjust acquisition. It profoundly underscores God's absolute sovereignty over even the most formidable empires, demonstrating that no earthly power can escape accountability for its wickedness and covetousness.

CONTEXT

  • Literary Context: Jeremiah 51:13 is deeply embedded within a comprehensive and detailed oracle against Babylon, spanning chapters 50 and 51 of the book of Jeremiah. This extensive prophecy serves as a crucial theological counterpoint to the earlier pronouncements of judgment against Judah and the surrounding nations. While Judah endured the harsh reality of exile under Babylonian dominion, these chapters provide divine assurance to God's people that their oppressor will not go unpunished. The oracle systematically dismantles Babylon's perceived invincibility, vividly detailing its future destruction by a northern foe (implicitly the Medes and Persians, though not explicitly named in this immediate context) and emphasizing that this impending judgment is a direct, righteous act of Yahweh. Verse 13 specifically contributes to the vivid imagery of Babylon's immense wealth and formidable strategic position, setting the stage for the dramatic declaration of its imminent "end," thereby making its eventual fall all the more striking and indicative of divine justice.
  • Historical & Cultural Context: At the time this prophecy was delivered, Babylon stood as the preeminent superpower of the ancient Near East, having decisively defeated the Assyrian and Egyptian empires and subsequently conquered Judah, initiating the Babylonian exile (beginning in 605 BC). Its capital city, Babylon, was legendary for its immense wealth, monumental architecture (including the famed Hanging Gardens and the Etemenanki ziggurat, believed to be the Tower of Babel), and formidable defensive fortifications. The evocative phrase "upon many waters" directly references Babylon's unique geography: the city was built directly on the Euphrates River and crisscrossed by an intricate network of canals, which served as both formidable defensive moats and a vital system for irrigation, extensive trade, and transportation. This strategic and economic advantage allowed the city to accumulate "abundant in treasures" through aggressive conquest, tribute exacted from numerous vassal states, and extensive mercantile activities that leveraged its unparalleled position. This wealth and perceived impregnability fostered a deep-seated spirit of pride, self-sufficiency, and hubris within Babylon, which the prophet Jeremiah directly challenges and condemns.
  • Key Themes: This verse powerfully encapsulates several overarching themes prevalent within Jeremiah's prophecy and the broader biblical narrative. Firstly, it highlights the theme of Divine Sovereignty and Judgment, unequivocally demonstrating that God is not merely the God of Israel but the supreme sovereign Lord over all nations and empires, possessing the power and authority to raise up and cast down earthly kingdoms according to His righteous will. Babylon's meteoric rise and inevitable fall are presented as integral parts of His overarching divine plan, a truth powerfully echoed in the prophetic visions of Daniel (e.g., Daniel 2). Secondly, the explicit mention of "the measure of thy covetousness" introduces the profound theme of Moral Accountability and the Peril of Greed. Babylon's downfall is directly linked not merely to its military might but to its unjust acquisition of wealth and its rapacious, insatiable spirit. This serves as a timeless and universal warning against unchecked avarice and exploitation, a theme extensively explored in other prophetic books like Isaiah 14 and Habakkuk 2. Finally, the verse underscores the Fleeting Nature of Earthly Power and Wealth. Despite Babylon's immense resources and strategic advantages, its "end is come," illustrating with stark clarity that material abundance and human might offer no ultimate protection against divine reckoning, a concept frequently articulated in wisdom literature such as Proverbs 11:4.

EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS

Key Word Analysis

  • dwellest (Hebrew, shâkan', H7931): Meaning "to reside or permanently stay (literally or figuratively); abide, continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-er), have habitation, inhabit, lay, place, (cause to) remain, rest, set (up)." This word emphasizes Babylon's established, seemingly unassailable presence and perceived security. It conveys a sense of fixed, enduring habitation upon its watery foundations, highlighting the empire's self-assured permanence. The divine declaration of its "end" directly contradicts this false sense of security and stability.
  • waters (Hebrew, mayim', H4325): Meaning "water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen; [phrase] piss, wasting, water(-ing, (-course, -flood, -spring))." In this specific context, "many waters" (Hebrew: mayim rabbim) refers literally to the Euphrates River and its extensive, intricate canal system that both fortified and enriched the city of Babylon. Figuratively, as is common in biblical prophecy, "many waters" can also symbolize the vast multitude of peoples, nations, and languages over whom Babylon held sway, representing its extensive dominion and global influence.
  • covetousness (Hebrew, betsaʻ', H1215): Meaning "plunder; by extension, gain (usually unjust); covetousness, (dishonest) gain, lucre, profit." This term is profoundly crucial to understanding the verse's indictment, as it defines the inherent nature of Babylon's accumulated wealth. It signifies that Babylon's abundance was not merely vast but was acquired through unjust means—through rapacious conquest, exploitation, and dishonest practices. The "measure" of this ill-gotten gain has been filled, signifying that God's patience has been exhausted and divine judgment is now irrevocably due.

Verse Breakdown

  • "O thou that dwellest upon many waters": This opening clause directly addresses Babylon, employing a vivid and descriptive epithet. It refers to the city's literal geographical placement on the mighty Euphrates River and its intricate network of canals, which provided both formidable defense and unparalleled prosperity. Beyond the literal, "many waters" also metaphorically represents the vast array of nations, peoples, and tributaries under Babylon's dominion, symbolizing its extensive reach, overwhelming influence, and perceived invincibility.
  • "abundant in treasures": This phrase further characterizes Babylon, highlighting its immense material wealth and accumulated riches. This abundance was amassed through aggressive conquest, the collection of tribute from conquered lands, and extensive, strategic trade, establishing Babylon as the quintessential symbol of earthly prosperity, power, and opulence. It underscores the perceived strength and self-sufficiency that Babylon proudly enjoyed and relied upon.
  • "thine end is come": This is the stark, unequivocal declaration of divine judgment. Despite Babylon's formidable defenses, vast resources, and global influence, God unequivocally declares that its divinely appointed time of dominance and wickedness has reached its culmination. This "end" signifies not merely a cessation of power but a divinely orchestrated, decisive destruction and comprehensive downfall, demonstrating God's ultimate control over history.
  • "and the measure of thy covetousness": This final, pivotal clause provides the explicit and profound reason for Babylon's demise. The "measure" (Hebrew: ʼammâh, a unit of measure, often a cubit) implies that Babylon's unjust gain and insatiable greed (Hebrew: betsaʻ) have filled a divine quota or reached a predetermined limit. Its rapaciousness, exploitation, and dishonest acquisition of wealth have reached a point where divine justice can no longer be withheld, thereby sealing its irreversible fate and underscoring the moral basis of God's judgment.

Literary Devices

Jeremiah 51:13 employs several powerful literary devices to convey its message of impending and inescapable judgment. Apostrophe is prominently featured as the prophet directly addresses Babylon ("O thou"), personifying the empire and making the declaration of judgment intensely immediate and personal. Symbolism is richly employed, particularly in the phrase "many waters," which literally refers to Babylon's unique geography but also profoundly symbolizes the vastness of its empire, the multitude of peoples it controlled, and, paradoxically, the overwhelming nature of the judgment that is about to engulf it. The "treasures" symbolize Babylon's immense material wealth and the hubris and false security derived from it. The concept of "the measure of thy covetousness" functions as a powerful metaphor, likening Babylon's accumulated unjust gain to a container or vessel that has been filled to its absolute capacity, signaling that its wickedness has reached its divine limit and now overflows into inevitable divine retribution. This also carries a profound element of irony, as the very sources of Babylon's perceived strength—its strategic waterways and its vast treasures—are implicitly linked to the "covetousness" that will ultimately lead to its catastrophic downfall.

THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS

Jeremiah 51:13 stands as a profound theological statement on God's absolute sovereignty over human history and His unwavering commitment to justice. It asserts with undeniable clarity that no nation, however powerful, wealthy, or strategically positioned, is beyond the reach of divine accountability. Babylon, the very epitome of worldly might and material abundance, is brought low not merely by geopolitical forces but by the direct, righteous decree of God, whose patience with its systemic injustice, oppression, and insatiable greed has finally run its course. This verse serves as a powerful and timeless reminder that true security, lasting prosperity, and genuine peace are not found in accumulated riches, military strength, or strategic advantage, but solely in righteousness, justice, and faithful obedience to God. It highlights the inherently destructive nature of avarice, demonstrating that unchecked covetousness, especially when it leads to the oppression and plunder of others, inevitably invites severe divine judgment.

REFLECTION AND APPLICATION

Jeremiah 51:13 offers timeless and profound lessons for individuals and societies alike, urging a critical and honest examination of our ultimate priorities and the true sources of our security. It powerfully challenges the pervasive human tendency to place ultimate trust and confidence in material wealth, strategic advantage, or political power. The swift and decisive end of Babylon, despite its apparent invincibility and overwhelming resources, serves as a stark and sobering reminder that all earthly empires, personal fortunes, and human achievements are transient, ephemeral, and ultimately accountable to a higher, divine authority. For believers, this verse calls for a radical reorientation of values, away from the insatiable pursuit of "treasures" and toward a life marked by contentment, justice, generosity, and a deep reliance on God. It compels us to consider the source and the ethical use of our resources, warning that wealth acquired or used unjustly will inevitably lead to spiritual and often temporal ruin. Furthermore, this passage provides immense comfort and hope to those who suffer under oppressive systems or individual injustice, assuring them with unwavering certainty that God sees, God judges, and God will ultimately bring about His perfect justice, even when it seems delayed or impossible from a human perspective.

Questions for Reflection

  • In what specific ways might I, or my society, be placing undue trust in "many waters" (worldly influence, systems) or "abundant treasures" (material wealth, possessions) rather than in God alone?
  • How does the concept of "the measure of thy covetousness" challenge my own desires, financial practices, and the ways I acquire and use resources? Am I pursuing gain justly and with integrity?
  • What comfort or challenge does Babylon's ultimate downfall offer me in the face of seemingly overwhelming injustices, corrupt systems, or powerful oppressors in the world today?
  • How can I actively cultivate a heart that seeks eternal treasures and spiritual riches over fleeting earthly wealth and temporary power, as profoundly encouraged by this passage?

FAQ

What is the significance of "many waters" in this verse?

Answer: The phrase "many waters" in Jeremiah 51:13 holds both a literal and a profound symbolic significance. Literally, it refers to Babylon's unique geographical location on the mighty Euphrates River and its extensive, intricate network of canals. These waterways served as both a formidable defensive barrier, making the city seem impregnable, and a vital artery for trade, agriculture, and transportation, contributing immensely to its prosperity and power. Symbolically, especially within prophetic literature, "many waters" often represents the vast multitudes of peoples, nations, and languages over whom an empire holds sway, as vividly illustrated in Revelation 17:15. Thus, the phrase powerfully underscores Babylon's widespread influence and the diverse populations it controlled, all of whom would ultimately witness its dramatic and divinely ordained downfall.

How does Babylon's "covetousness" relate to its downfall?

Answer: Babylon's "covetousness" (Hebrew: betsaʻ, meaning unjust gain, plunder, or dishonest profit) is presented as the direct, fundamental cause and ultimate justification for its catastrophic destruction. The phrase "the measure of thy covetousness" implies that Babylon's accumulation of immense wealth was not merely abundant but was acquired through rapacious conquest, ruthless exploitation, and inherently dishonest means. God, as the righteous and just judge of all the earth, has allowed this systemic injustice and insatiable greed to reach a full "measure" or predetermined limit, at which point His divine judgment is unleashed with decisive force. This highlights a fundamental biblical principle: unchecked greed and the unjust acquisition of wealth, particularly when they lead to the oppression and suffering of others, inevitably invite severe divine retribution. It serves as a powerful moral indictment against a nation whose prosperity and power were built upon the suffering of others, including God's own people, Judah.

CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT

Jeremiah 51:13, though a specific prophecy against ancient Babylon, finds profound Christ-centered fulfillment in the ultimate triumph of God's eternal kingdom over all earthly powers and the decisive judgment of sin. Babylon, with its "many waters" and "abundant treasures," serves as a potent archetype and symbol of the fallen world system—proud, self-sufficient, and fundamentally built on the foundation of covetousness, injustice, and rebellion against God (as articulated in 1 John 2:16). Just as ancient Babylon's "end is come" due to its "measure of covetousness," so too will all systems, empires, and individuals that oppose God and are characterized by greed, oppression, and moral corruption face ultimate and decisive judgment. Jesus Christ, however, offers an alternative and eternal kingdom, one "not of this world" (John 18:36), where true treasures are stored in heaven, beyond the reach of decay and theft (Matthew 6:19-21), and where righteousness, justice, and selfless love, not covetousness, reign supreme. He is the Lamb of God who sacrificially takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29), offering redemption and liberation from the very "covetousness" that condemned Babylon and continues to plague humanity. Ultimately, the book of Revelation portrays a "Babylon the Great" (Revelation 17:5) that faces a final, cataclysmic judgment, mirroring Jeremiah's ancient prophecy and culminating in the glorious establishment of Christ's eternal kingdom, where there will be no more unrighteous gain, oppressive power, or any form of injustice (Revelation 21:1-4).

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Commentary on Jeremiah 51 verses 1–58

The particulars of this copious prophecy are dispersed and interwoven, and the same things left and returned to so often that it could not well be divided into parts, but we must endeavor to collect them under their proper heads. Let us then observe here,

I. An acknowledgment of the great pomp and power that Babylon had been in and the use that God in his providence had made of it (Jer 51:7): Babylon hath been a golden cup, a rich and glorious empire, a golden city (Isa 14:4), a head of gold (Dan 2:38), filled with all good things, as a cup with wine. Nay, she had been a golden cup in the Lord's hand; he had in a particular manner filled and favoured her with blessings; he had made the earth drunk with this cup; some were intoxicated with her pleasures and debauched by her, others intoxicated with her terrors and destroyed by her. In both senses the New Testament Babylon is said to have made the kings of the earth drunk, Rev 17:2; Rev 18:3. Babylon had also been God's battle-axe; it was so at this time, when Jeremiah prophesied, and was likely to be yet more so, Jer 51:20. The forces of Babylon were God's weapons of war, tools in his hand, with which he broke in pieces, and knocked down, nations and kingdoms, - horses and chariots, which are so much the strength of kingdoms (Jer 51:21), - man and woman, young and old, with which kingdoms are replenished (Jer 51:22), - the shepherd and his flock, the husbandman and his oxen, with which kingdoms are maintained and supplied, Jer 51:23. Such havoc as this the Chaldeans had made when God employed them as instruments of his wrath for the chastising of the nations; and yet now Babylon itself must fall. Note, Those that have carried all before them a great while will yet at length meet with their match, and their day also will come to fall; the rod will itself be thrown into the fire at last. Nor can any think it will exempt them from God's judgments that they have been instrumental in executing his judgments on others.

II. A just complaint made of Babylon, and a charge drawn up against her by the Israel of God. 1. She is complained of for her incorrigible wickedness (Jer 51:9): We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed. The people of God that were captives among the Babylonians endeavoured, according to the instructions given them (Jer 10:11), to convince them of the folly of their idolatry, but they could not do it; still they doted as much as ever upon their graven images, and therefore the Israelites resolved to quit them and go to their own country. Yet some understand this as spoken by the forces they had hired for their assistance, declaring that they had done their best to save her from ruin, but that it was all to no purpose, and therefore they might as well go home to their respective countries; "for her judgment reaches unto heaven, and it is in vain to withstand it or think to avert it." 2. She is complained of for her inveterate malice against Israel. Other nations had been hardly used by the Chaldeans, but Israel only complains to God of it, and with confidence appeals to him (Jer 51:34, Jer 51:35): "The king of Babylon has devoured me, and crushed me, and never thought he could do enough ruin to me; he has emptied me of all that was valuable, has swallowed me up as a dragon, or whale, swallows up the little fish by shoals; he has filled his belly, filled his treasures, with my delicates, with all my pleasant things, and has cast me out, cast me away as a vessel in which there is no pleasure; and now let them be accountable for all this." Zion and Jerusalem shall say, "Let the violence done to me and my children, that are my own flesh, and pieces of myself, and all the blood of my people, which they have shed like water, be upon them; let the guilt of it lie upon them, and let it be required at their hands." Note, Ruin is not far off from those that lie under the guilt of wrong done to God's people.

III. Judgment given upon this appeal by the righteous Judge of heaven and earth, on behalf of Israel against Babylon. he sits in the throne judging right, is ready to receive complaints, and answers (Jer 51:36): "I will plead thy cause. Leave it with me; I will in due time plead it effectually and take vengeance for thee, and every drop of Jerusalem's blood shall be accounted for with interest." Israel and Judah seemed to have been neglected and forgotten, but God had an eye to them, Jer 51:5. It is true their land was filled with sin against the Holy One of Israel. They were a provoking people and their sings were a great offence to God, as a holy God, and as their God, their Holy One; and therefore he justly delivered them up into the hands of their enemies, and might justly have abandoned them and left them to perish in their hands; but God deals better with them than they deserve, and, notwithstanding their iniquities and his severities, Israel is not forsaken, is not cast off, though he be cast out, but is owned and looked after by his God, by the Lord of hosts. God is his God still, and will act for him as the Lord of hosts, a God of power. Note, Though God's people may have broken his laws and fallen under his rebukes, yet it does not therefore follow that they are thrown out of covenant; but God's care of them and love to them will flourish again, Psa 89:30-33. The Chaldeans thought they should never be called to an account for what they had done against God's Israel; but there is a time fixed for vengeance, Jer 51:6. We cannot expect it should come sooner than the time fixed, but then it will come; he will render unto Babylon a recompence, for the avenging of Israel is the vengeance of the Lord, who espouses their cause; it is the vengeance of his temple, Jer 51:11, as before, Jer 50:28. The Lord God of recompences, the God to whom vengeance belongs, will surely requite (Jer 51:56), will pay them home; he will render unto Babylon all the evil they have done in Zion (Jer 51:24); he will return it in the sight of his people. They shall have the satisfaction to see their cause pleaded with jealousy. They shall not only live to see those judgments brought upon Babylon, but they shall plainly see them to be the punishment of the wrong they have done to Zion; any man may see it, and say, Verily there is a God that judges in the earth; for just as Babylon has caused the slain of Israel to fall, has not only slain those that were found in arms, but all without distinction, even all the land (almost all were put to the sword), so at Babylon shall fall the slain not only of the city, but of all the country, Jer 51:49. Cyrus shall measure to the Chaldeans the same that they measured to the Jews, so that every observer may discern that God is recompensing them for what they did against his people; but Zion's children shall in a particular manner triumph in it (Jer 51:10): The Lord has brought forth our righteousness; he has appeared in our behalf against those that dealt unjustly with us, and has given us redress; he has also made it to appear that he is reconciled to us and that we are yet in his eyes a righteous nation. Let it therefore be spoken of to his praise: Come and let us declare in Zion the work of the Lord our God, that others may be invited to join with us in praising him.

IV. A declaration of the greatness and sovereignty of that God who espouses Zion's cause and undertakes to reckon with this proud and potent enemy, Jer 51:14. It is the Lord of hosts that has said it, that has sworn it, has sworn it by himself (for he could swear by no greater), that he will fill Babylon with vast and incredible numbers of the enemy's forces, will fill it with men as with caterpillars, that shall overpower it will multitudes, and need only to lift up a shout against it, for that shall be so terrible as to dispirit all the inhabitants and make them an easy prey to this numerous army. But who, and where, is he that can break so powerful a kingdom as Babylon? The prophet gives an account of him from the description he had formerly given of him, and of his sovereignty and victory over all pretenders (Jer 10:12-16), which was there intended for the conviction of the Babylonian idolaters and the confirmation of God's Israel in the faith and worship of the God of Israel; and it is here repeated to show that God will convince those by his judgments who would not be convinced by his word that he is God over all. Let not any doubt but that he who has determined to destroy Babylon is able to make his words good, for, 1. he is the God that made the world (Jer 51:15), and therefore nothing is too hard for him to do; it is in his name that our help stands, and on him our hope is built. 2. He has the command of all the creatures that he has made (Jer 51:16); his providence is a continued creation. He has wind and rain at his disposal. if he speak the word, there is a multitude of waters in the heavens (and it is a wonder how they hang there), fed by vapours out of the earth, and it is a wonder how they ascend thence. Lightnings and rain seem contraries, as fire and water, and yet they are produced together; and the wind, which seems arbitrary in its motions, and we know not whence it comes, is yet, we are sure, brought out of his treasuries. 3. The idols that oppose the accomplishment of his word are a mere sham and their worshippers brutish people, Jer 51:17, Jer 51:18. The idols are falsehood, they are vanity, they are the work of errors; when they come to be visited (to be examined and enquired into) they perish, that is, their reputation sinks and they appear to be nothing; and those that make them are like unto them. But between the God of Israel and these gods of the heathen there is no comparison (Jer 51:19): The portion of Jacob is not like them; the God who speaks this and will do it is the former of all things and the Lord of all hosts, and therefore can do what he will; and there is a near relation between him and his people, for he is their portion and they are his; they put a confidence in him as their portion and he is pleased to take a complacency in them and a particular care of them as the lot of his inheritance; and therefore he will do what is best for them. The repetition of these things here, which were said before, intimates both the certainty and the importance of them, and obliges us to take special notice of them; God hath spoken once; yea, twice have we heard this, that power belongs to God, power to destroy the most formidable enemies of his church; and if God thus speak once, yea, twice, we are inexcusable if we do not perceive it and attend to it.

V. A description of the instruments that are to be employed in this service. God has raised up the spirit of the kings of the Medes (Jer 51:11), Darius and Cyrus, who come against Babylon by a divine instinct; for God's device is against Babylon to destroy it. They do it, but God devised it, he designed it; they are but accomplishing his purpose, and acting as he directed. Note, God's counsel shall stand, and according to it all hearts shall move. Those whom God employs against Babylon are compared (Jer 51:1) to a destroying wind, which either by its coldness blasts the fruits of the earth or by its fierceness blows down all before it. This wind is brought out of God's treasuries (Jer 51:16), and it is here said to be raised up against those that dwell in the midst of the Chaldeans, those of other nations that inhabit among them and are incorporated with them. The Chaldeans rise up against God by falling down before idols, and against them God will raise up destroyers, for he will be too hard for those that contend with him. These enemies are compared to fanners (Jer 51:2), who shall drive them away as chaff is driven away by the fan. The Chaldeans had been fanners to winnow God's people (Jer 15:7) and to empty them, and now they shall themselves be in like manner despoiled and dispersed.

VI. An ample commission given them to destroy and lay all waste. Let them bend their bow against the archers of the Chaldeans (Jer 51:3) and not spare her young men, but utterly destroy them, for the Lord has both devised and done what he spoke against Babylon, Jer 51:12. This may animate the instruments he employs, but assuring them of success. The methods they take are such as God has devised and therefore they shall surely prosper; what he has spoken shall be done, for he himself will do it; and therefore let all necessary preparations be made. This they are called to, Jer 51:27, Jer 51:28. Let a standard be set up, under which to enlist soldiers for this expedition; let a trumpet be blown to call men together to it and animate them in it; let the nations, out of which Cyrus's army is to be raised, prepare their recruits; let the kingdoms of Ararat, and Minni, and Ashkenaz, of Armenia, both the higher and the lower, and of Ascania, about Phrygia and Bithynia, send in their quota of men for his service; let general officers be appointed and the cavalry advance; let the horses come up in great numbers, as the caterpillars, and come, like them, leaping and pawing in the valley; let them lay the country waste, as caterpillars do (Joe 1:4), especially rough caterpillars; let the kings and captains prepare nations against Babylon, for the service is great and there is occasion for many hands to be employed it.

VII. The weakness of the Chaldeans, and their inability to make head against this threatening destroying force. When God employed them against other nations they had spirit and strength to act offensively, and went on with admirable resolution, conquering and to conquer; but now that it comes to their turn to be reckoned with all their might and courage are gone, their hearts fail them, and none of all their men of might and mettle have found their hands to act so much as defensively. They are called upon here to prepare for action, but it is ironically and in an upbraiding way (Jer 51:11): Make bright the arrows, which have grown rusty through disuse; gather the shields, which in a long time of peace and security have been scattered and thrown out of the way (Jer 51:12); set up the standard upon the walls of Babylon, upon the towers on those walls, to summon all that owed suit and service to that mother-city, now to come in to her assistance; let them make the watch as strong as they can, and appoint the sentinels to their respective posts, and prepare ambushes for the reception of the enemy. This intimates that they would be found very secure and remiss, and would need to be thus quickened (and they were so to such a degree that they were in the midst of their revels when the city was taken), but that all their preparations should come to no purpose. Whoever will may call them to it, but they shall have no heart to come at the call, Jer 51:29. The whole land shall tremble, and sorrow (a universal consternation) shall seize upon them; for they shall see both the irresistible arm and the irreversible counsel and decree of God against them. They shall see that God is making Babylon a desolation, and therein is performing what he has purposed; and then the mighty men of Babylon have forborne to fight, Jer 51:30. God having taken away their strength and spirit, so that they have remained in their holds, not daring so much as to peep forth, the might both of their hearts and of their hands fails; they become as timorous as women, so that the enemy has, without any resistance, burnt her dwelling-places and broken her bars. It is to the same purport with Jer 51:56-58. When the spoiler comes upon Babylon her mighty men, who should make head against him, are immediately taken, their weapons of war fail them, every one of their bows is broken and stands them in no stead. Their politics fail them; they call councils of war, but their princes and captains, who sit in council to concert measures for the common safety, are made drunk; they are as men intoxicated through stupidity or despair; they can form no right notions of things; they stagger and are unsteady in their counsels and resolves, and dash one against another, and, like drunken men, fall out among themselves. At length they sleep a perpetual sleep, and never awake from their wine, the wine of God's wrath, for it is to them an opiate that lays them into a fatal lethargy. The walls of their city fail them, Jer 51:58. When the enemy had found ways to ford Euphrates, which was thought impassable, yet surely, think they, the walls are impregnable, they are the broad walls of Babylon or (as the margin reads it), the walls of broad Babylon. The compass of the city, within the walls, was 385 furlongs, some say 480, that is, about sixty miles; the walls were 200 cubits high, and fifty cubits broad, so that two chariots might easily pass by one another upon them. Some say that there was a threefold wall about the inner city and the like about the outer, and that the stones of the wall, being laid in pitch instead of mortar (Gen 11:3), were scarcely separable; and yet these shall be utterly broken, and the high gates and towers shall be burnt, and the people that are employed in the defence of the city shall labour in vain in the fire; they shall quite tire themselves, but shall do no good.

VIII. The destruction that shall be made of Babylon by these invaders. 1. It is a certain destruction; the doom has passed and it cannot be reversed; a divine power is engaged against it, which cannot be resisted (Jer 51:8): Babylon is fallen and destroyed, is as sure to fall, to fall into destruction, as if it were fallen and destroyed already; though when Jeremiah prophesied this, and many a year after, it was in the height of its power and greatness. God declares, God appears against Babylon (Jer 51:25): Behold, I am against thee; and those cannot stand long whom God is against. He will stretch out his hand upon it, a hand which no creature can bear the weight of nor withstand the force of. It is his purpose, which shall be performed, that Babylon must be a desolation, Jer 51:29. 2. It is a righteous destruction. Babylon has made herself meet for it, and therefore cannot fail to meet with it. For (Jer 51:25) Babylon has been a destroying mountain, very lofty and bulky as a mountain, and destroying all the earth, as the stones that are tumbled from high mountains spoil the grounds about them; but now it shall itself be rolled down from its rocks, which were as the foundations on which it stood. It shall be levelled, its pomp and power broken. It is now a burning mountain, like Aetna and the other volcanoes, that throw out fire, to the terror of all about them. But it shall be a burnt mountain; it shall at length have consumed itself, and shall remain a heap of ashes. So will this world be at the end of time. Again (Jer 51:33), "Babylon is like a threshing-floor, in which the people of God have been long threshed, as sheaves in the floor; but now the time has come that she shall herself be threshed and her sheaves in her; her princes and great men, and all her inhabitants, shall be beaten in their own land, as in the threshing-floor. The threshing-floor is prepared. Babylon is by sin made meet to be a seat of war, and her people, like corn in harvest, are ripe for destruction," Rev 14:15; Mic 4:12. 3. It is an unavoidable destruction. Babylon seems to be well-fenced and fortified against it: She dwells upon many waters (Jer 51:13); the situation of her country is such that it seems inaccessible, it is so surrounded, and the march of an enemy into it so embarrassed, by rivers. In allusion to this, the New Testament Babylon is said to sit upon many waters, that is, to rule over many nations, as the other Babylon did, Rev 17:15. Babylon is abundant in treasures; and yet "thy end has come, and neither they waters nor thy wealth shall secure thee." This end that comes shall be the measure of thy covetousness; it shall be the stint of thy gettings, it shall set bounds to thy ambition and avarice, which otherwise would have ben boundless. God, by the destruction of Babylon, said to its proud waves, Hitherto shall you come, and no further. Note, if men will not set a measure to their covetousness by wisdom and grace, God will set a measure to it by his judgments. Babylon, thinking herself very safe and very great, was very proud; but she will be deceived (Jer 51:53): Though Babylon should mount her walls and palaces up to heaven, and though (because what is high is apt to totter) she should take care to fortify the height of her strength, yet all will not do; God will send spoilers against her, that shall break through her strength and bring down her height. 4. It is a gradual destruction, which, if they had pleased, they might have foreseen and had warning of; for (Jer 51:46) "A rumor will come one year that Cyrus is making vast preparations for war, and after that, in another year, shall come a rumour that his design is upon Babylon, and he is steering his course that way;" so that when he was a great way off they might have sent and desired conditions of peace; but they were too proud, too secure, to do that, and their hearts were hardened to their destruction. 5. Yet, when it comes, it is a surprising destruction: Babylon has suddenly fallen (Jer 51:8); the destruction came upon them when they did not think of it and was perfected in a little time, as that of the New Testament Babylon - in one hour, Rev 18:17. The king of Babylon, who should have been observing the approaches of the enemy, was himself at such a distance from the place where the attack was made that it was a great while ere he had notice that the city was taken; so that those who were posted near the place sent one messenger, one courier, after another, with advice of it, Jer 51:31. The foot-posts shall meet at the court from several quarters with this intelligence to the king of Babylon that his city is taken at one end, and there is nothing to obstruct the progress of the conquerors, but they will be at the other end quickly. They are to tell him that the enemy has seized the passes (Jer 51:32), the forts or blockades upon the river, and that, having got over the river, he has set fire to the reeds on the river side, to alarm and terrify the city, so that all the men of war are affrighted and have thrown down their arms and surrendered at discretion. The messengers come, like Job's, one upon the heels of another, with these tidings, which are immediately confirmed with a witness by the enemies' being in the palace and slaying the king himself, Dan 5:30. That profane feast which they were celebrating at the very time when the city was taken, which was both an evidence of their strange security and a great advantage to the enemy, seems here to be referred to (Jer 51:38, Jer 51:39): They shall roar together like lions, as men in their revels do, when the wine has got into their heads. They call it singing; but in scripture-language, and in the language of sober men, it is called yelling like lions' whelps. It is probable that they were drinking confusion to Cyrus and his army with loud huzzas. Well, says God, in their heat, when they are inflamed (Isa 5:11) and their heads are hot with hard drinking, I will make their feasts, I will give them their portion. They have passed their cup round; now the cup of the Lord's right hand shall be turned unto them (Hab 2:15, Hab 2:16), a cup of fury, which shall make them drunk that they may rejoice (or rather that they may revel it) and sleep a perpetual sleep; let them be as merry as they can with that bitter cup, but it shall lay them to sleep never to wake more (as Jer 51:57); for on that night, in the midst of the jollity, was Belshazzar slain. 6. It is to be a universal destruction. God will make thorough work of it; for, as he will perform what he has purposed, so he will perfect what he has begun. The slain shall fall in great abundance throughout the land of the Chaldeans; multitudes shall be thrust through in her streets, Jer 51:4. They are brought down like lambs to the slaughter (Jer 51:40), in such great numbers, so easily, and the enemies make no more of killing them than the butcher does of killing lambs. The strength of the enemy, and their invading them, are here compared to an irruption and inundation of waters (Jer 51:42): The sea has come up upon Babylon, which, when it has once broken through its bounds, there is no fence against, so that she is covered with the multitude of its waves, overpowered by a numerous army; her cities then become a desolation, an uninhabited uncultivated desert, Jer 51:43. 7. It is a destruction that shall reach the gods of Babylon, the idols and images, and fall with a particular weight upon them. "In token that the whole land shall be confounded and all her slain shall fall and that throughout all the country the wounded shall groan, I will do judgment upon her graven images," Jer 51:47 and again Jer 51:52. All must needs perish if their gods perish, from whom they expect protection. Though the invaders are themselves idolaters, yet they shall destroy the images and temples of the gods of Babylon, as an earnest of the abolishing of all counterfeit deities. Bel was the principal idol that the Babylonians worshipped, and therefore that is by name here marked for destruction (Jer 51:44): I will punish Bel, that great devourer, that image to which such abundance of sacrifices are offered and such rich spoils dedicated, and to whose temple there is such a vast resort. He shall disgorge what he has so greedily regaled himself with. God will bring forth out of his temple all the wealth laid up there, Job 20:15. His altars shall be forsaken, none shall regard him any more, and so that idol which was thought to be a wall to Babylon shall fall and fail them. 8. It shall be a final destruction. You may take balm for her pain, but in vain; she that would not be healed by the word of God shall not be healed by his providence, Jer 51:8, Jer 51:9. Babylon shall become heaps (Jer 51:37), and, to complete its infamy, no use shall be made even of the ruins of Babylon, so execrable shall they be, and attended with such ill omens (Jer 51:26): They shall not take of thee a stone for a corner, nor a stone for foundations. People shall not care for having any thing to do with Babylon, or whatever belonged to it. Or it denotes that there shall be nothing left in Babylon on which to ground any hopes or attempts of raising it into a kingdom again; for, as it follows here, it shall be desolate for ever. St. Jerome says that in his time, though the ruins of Babylon's walls were to be seen, yet the ground enclosed by them was a forest of wild beasts.

IX. Here is a call to God's people to go out of Babylon. It is their wisdom, when the ruin is approaching, to quit the city and retire into the country (Jer 51:6): "Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and get into some remote corner, that you may save your lives, and may not be cut off in her iniquity." When God's judgments are abroad it is good to get as far as we can from those against whom they are levelled, as Israel from the tents of Korah. This agrees with the advice Christ gave his disciples, with reference to the destruction of Jerusalem. Let those who shall be in Judea flee to the mountains, Mat 24:16. It is their wisdom to get out of the midst of Babylon, lest they be involved, if not in her ruins, yet in her fears (Jer 51:45, Jer 51:46): Lest your heart faint, and you fear for the rumour that shall be heard in the land. Though God had told them that Cyrus should be their deliverer, and Babylon's destruction their deliverance, yet they had been told also that in the peace thereof they should have peace, and therefore the alarms given to Babylon would put them into a fright, and perhaps they might not have faith and consideration enough to suppress those fears, for which reason they are here advised to get out of the hearing of the alarms. Note, Those who have not grace enough to keep their temper in temptation should have wisdom enough to keep out of the way of temptation. But this is not all; it is not only their wisdom to quit the city when the ruin is approaching, but it is their duty to quit the country too when the ruin is accomplished, and they are set at liberty by the pulling down of the prison over their heads. This they are told, Jer 51:50, Jer 51:51 : "You Israelites, who have escaped the sword of the Chaldeans your oppressors, and of the Persians their destroyers, now that the year of release has come, go away, stand not still; hasten to your own country again, however you may be comfortably seated in Babylon, for this is not your rest, but Canaan is." 1. He puts them in mind of the inducements they had to return: "Remember the Lord afar off, his presence with you now, though you are here afar off from your native soil; his presence with your fathers formerly in the temple, though you are now afar off from the ruins of it." Note, Wherever we are, in the greatest depths, at the greatest distances, we may and must remember the Lord our God; and in the time of the greatest fears and hopes it is seasonable to remember the Lord. "And let Jerusalem come into your mind. Though it be now in ruins, yet favour its dust (Psa 102:14); though few of you ever saw it, yet believe the report you have had concerning it from those that wept when they remembered Zion; and think of Jerusalem until you come up to a resolution to make the best of your way thither." Note, When the city of our solemnities is out of sight, yet it must not be out of mind; and it will be of great use to us, in our journey through this world, to let the heavenly Jerusalem come often into our mind. 2. He takes notice of the discouragement which the returning captives labour under (Jer 51:51); being reminded of Jerusalem, they cry out, "We are confounded; we cannot bear the thought of it; shame covers our faces at the mention of it, for we have heard of the reproach of the sanctuary, that is profaned and ruined by strangers; how can we think of it with any pleasure?" To this he answers (Jer 51:52) that the God of Israel will now triumph over the gods of Babylon, and so that reproach will be for ever rolled away. Note, The believing prospect of Jerusalem's recovery will keep us from being ashamed of Jerusalem's ruins.

X. Here is the diversified feeling excited by Babylon's fall, and it is the same that we have with respect to the New Testament Babylon, Rev 18:9, Rev 18:19. 1. Some shall lament the destruction of Babylon. There is the sound of a cry, a great outcry coming from Babylon (Jer 51:54), lamenting this great destruction, the voice of mourning, because the Lord has destroyed the voice of the multitude, that great voice of mirth which used to be heard in Babylon, Jer 51:55. We are told what they shall say in their lamentations (Jer 51:41): "How is Sheshach taken, and how are we mistaken concerning her! How is that city surprised and become an astonishment among the nations that was the praise, and glory, and admiration of the whole earth!" See how that may fall into a general contempt which has been universally cried up. 2. Yet some shall rejoice in Babylon's fall, not as it is the misery of their fellow-creatures, but as it is the manifestation of the righteous judgment of God and as it opens the way for the release of God's captives; upon these accounts the heaven and the earth, and all that is in both, shall sing for Babylon (Jer 51:48); the church in heaven and the church on earth shall give to God the glory of his righteousness, and take notice of it with thankfulness to his praise. Babylon's ruin is Zion's praise.

Matthew Henry (1662–1714) — Commentary on the Whole Bible. This section covers verses 1–58. Public domain.
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Source: Quotations drawn from early Church Fathers and historical Christian theologians (AD 100–1500). Some quotes address the surrounding passage context rather than this verse alone.
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