John Chrysostom — Commentary on Scripture

Daniel 1:16

At the end of the 10 days, Daniel and his three companions looked healthier; this was a miracle, not a proof that fasting is physically beneficial. (Fr. Most) And inasmuch as they brought to the work all the strength which they had, God also contributed His strength to it. For it was not God’s doing only that they achieved those things for the sake of which they were to receive a reward, but the beginning and starting point was from their own purpose, and having manifested that to be noble and brave, they won for themselves the help of God, and so accomplished their aim.

Daniel 2:24-30

Let us not then be looking open-mouthed toward others. For it is true, the prayers of the saints have the greatest power, on condition, however, of our repentance and change. Since even Moses, who had rescued his own brother and six hundred thousand men from the wrath that was then coming on them from God, had no power to deliver his sister. … And Samuel was not able to save Saul from the wrath from above, yet he oftentimes preserved the Israelites.… And Daniel saved the barbarians from slaughter, but he did not deliver the Jews from their captivity.… So on the one hand, if we are careless, we shall not be able to obtain salvation, no, not even by the help of others; if, on the other hand, we are watchful, we shall be able to do this by ourselves, and by ourselves rather than by others. Yes, for God is more willing to give his grace to us than to others for us, that we, by our zeal to avoid his wrath, may both enjoy a deep trust in him and become better people.

HOMILIES ON THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 5:7

Daniel 2:24-30

For nothing is so advantageous and so likely to pacify the hearers as to say nothing about one’s self of an honorable nature, but on the contrary, to forestall all suspicion of wishing to do so. And, in truth, much more did they [the apostles] increase their glory by despising glory and showing that what had just taken place was not a human act but a divine work; and that it was their part to join with the beholders in admiration rather than to receive it from them.… In the same manner also did the ancient fathers, for instance, Daniel, say, “Not because of any wisdom I have more than all the living has this mystery been revealed to me.” … And again Joseph, “Do not interpretations belong to God?”

HOMILIES ON THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES 30

Daniel 2:46

The people who were in Babylon say this: being there, I will remember you. Therefore, let us also, as being in Babylon, [do the same]. For although we are not sitting among warlike foes, yet we are among “enemies.” For some indeed were captives but did not feel their captivity, as Daniel, as the three children; who, even while they were in captivity became in that very country more glorious even than the king who had made them captive.… Do you see how great is virtue? When they were in actual captivity, he waited on them as masters. He therefore was the captive, rather than they.… Do you see that the really splendid things are those that relate to God, whereas human things are a shadow?… Let us fear God, beloved, let us fear [him]: even should we be in captivity, we are more glorious than all people. Let the fear of God be present with us, and nothing will bring us grief, even though they speak of poverty, or of disease, or of captivity, or of slavery or of any other grievous thing. In fact, even these very things will themselves work together for us the other way. These men were cap…

The people who were in Babylon say this: being there, I will remember you. Therefore, let us also, as being in Babylon, [do the same]. For although we are not sitting among warlike foes, yet we are among “enemies.” For some indeed were captives but did not feel their captivity, as Daniel, as the three children; who, even while they were in captivity became in that very country more glorious even than the king who had made them captive.… Do you see how great is virtue? When they were in actual captivity, he waited on them as masters. He therefore was the captive, rather than they.… Do you see that the really splendid things are those that relate to God, whereas human things are a shadow?… Let us fear God, beloved, let us fear [him]: even should we be in captivity, we are more glorious than all people. Let the fear of God be present with us, and nothing will bring us grief, even though they speak of poverty, or of disease, or of captivity, or of slavery or of any other grievous thing. In fact, even these very things will themselves work together for us the other way. These men were captives, and the king worshiped them. Paul was a tent maker, and they sacrificed to him as a god.

ON THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS, HOMILY 26:6-7

Daniel 2:47

Prophecy is both free from reproach among the unbelievers and has very great credit and usefulness. For none will say in regard to prophesying, “they are mad,” nor will anyone deride them that prophesy, but, on the contrary, they will be astonished at and admire them.… So also, Nebuchadnezzar worshiped God.… Observe the might of prophecy, how it changed that savage one and allowed him to be instructed and introduced him to faith.

HOMILIES ON 1 CORINTHIANS 36:3

Daniel 2:47

The king here does not say, “What must I do to be saved?” but the teaching is more obvious in his case than any language whatever. He immediately becomes a proclaimer; he does not need to be instructed like the jailor. The king proclaims God and confesses God’s power.… And what then followed? Not one single jailor but many are taught by way of the king’s writings, by way of the mere observance of the facts.… How great the force of praises that are sung in the midst of tribulation.

HOMILIES ON EPHESIANS 8

Daniel 3:2

The enemy prepares the theater, and the king himself collects the spectators and prepares the lists; a theater too, not of chance persons or of some private individuals but of all those who were honorable and in authority, so that their testimony may be worthy of credit with the multitude. They had come summoned for one thing; but they all departed having beheld another thing. They came in order to worship the image; and they departed, having derided the image and struck with wonder at the power of God through the signs that had taken place with respect to these young men.

HOMILIES CONCERNING THE STATUES 4:8

Daniel 3:4

See how the struggles are so difficult, how irresistible is the snare, how deep the valley, and a precipice on either hand. But be not afraid. By whatever means the enemy increases his machinations, so much the more does he make evident the courage of the young men. For this reason is there this symphony of so many musicians; for this reason the burning furnace; in order that both pleasure and fear might attack the souls of those gathered.… Thus was fear as well as pleasure present; the one entering to assault the soul by way of the ears, the other by the eyes. But the noble character of these youths was not by any such means to be conquered.

HOMILIES CONCERNING THE STATUES 4:8

Daniel 3:12

Consider along with me the wickedness of those who were their accusers, and how maliciously and bitterly they brought the accusation!… They did not merely mention the nation, but they also bring to mind their [the Jews’] honorable positions, that they may inflame the wrath of the king. It is almost as if they had said, “These slaves, these captives, who are without a city, you have made rulers over us. But they show contempt for such an honor and treat insolently the one who has given them this honor!” They go on then to say, “The Jews whom you have set over the province of Babylon do not obey or serve your gods.” The accusation becomes their greatest praise; and the crimes imputed, their encomium; a testimony that is unassailable as it is brought forward by their enemies.

HOMILIES CONCERNING THE STATUES 4:8

Daniel 3:13

Then the youths alone are led into the midst; in order that from this also the conquest may become even more illustrious, they alone conquering and being proclaimed victors among so vast a multitude. This courage would not have been so surprising if they had acted courageously at the outset, when no one had fallen prostrate. But the greatest and most astonishing fact was that the multitude of those who fell down neither made them frightened nor made them weak. They did not say to themselves such things as many often do, “If we were first, and the only persons to worship the image, this would have been a sin; but if we do this with so many persons, who will not make allowance? Who will not think us worthy of defense?” But nothing of this sort did they say or think when they beheld the shapes of so many princes.… What does the king do at this point? He commands that they should be brought into the midst, so that he may make them scared in every way. But nothing dismayed them, neither the wrath of the king, nor their being left alone in the midst of so many, nor the sight of the fire, n…

Then the youths alone are led into the midst; in order that from this also the conquest may become even more illustrious, they alone conquering and being proclaimed victors among so vast a multitude. This courage would not have been so surprising if they had acted courageously at the outset, when no one had fallen prostrate. But the greatest and most astonishing fact was that the multitude of those who fell down neither made them frightened nor made them weak. They did not say to themselves such things as many often do, “If we were first, and the only persons to worship the image, this would have been a sin; but if we do this with so many persons, who will not make allowance? Who will not think us worthy of defense?” But nothing of this sort did they say or think when they beheld the shapes of so many princes.… What does the king do at this point? He commands that they should be brought into the midst, so that he may make them scared in every way. But nothing dismayed them, neither the wrath of the king, nor their being left alone in the midst of so many, nor the sight of the fire, nor the sound of the trumpet nor the whole multitude looking wrathfully at them; for deriding all these things, as if they were about to be cast into a cool fountain of water, they entered the furnace uttering that blessed sentence, “We will not serve your gods.” … I have told you this history with good reason that you may learn that whether it is the wrath of a king, or the violence of soldiers, or the envy of enemies, or captivity, or destitution, or fire, or furnace or ten thousand terrors, nothing will work to shame or terrify a righteous person.

HOMILIES CONCERNING THE STATUES 4:8-9

Daniel 3:15

But I say all this now, and select all the histories that contain trials and tribulations and the wrath of kings and their evil designs, in order that we may fear nothing except offending God. For then also was there a furnace burning; yet they derided it but feared sin. For they knew that if they were consumed in the fire, they should suffer nothing that was to be dreaded, but if they were guilty of impiety, they should undergo the extremes of misery. It is the greatest punishment to commit sin, though we may remain unpunished; … it is the greatest honor and repose to live virtuously, though we may be punished.

HOMILIES CONCERNING THE STATUES 6:14

Daniel 3:16

The reason why I admire those youths and pronounce them blessed and enviable is not because they trampled on the flame and vanquished the force of the fire but because they were bound and cast into the furnace and delivered to the fire for the sake of true doctrine. For this was the whole of their triumph, and the wreath of victory was placed on their brows as soon as they were cast into the furnace. And yet, even before this momentous event, the wreath was woven for them. It was from the moment that they uttered those words as they spoke with such boldness and forthrightness to the king when they were brought into his presence. “We have no need to answer you concerning these things.” … After the utterance of these words, I proclaimed them conquerors; after these words, grasping the prize of victory, they hastened on to the glorious crown of martyrdom, following up the confession that they made through their words with the confession made through their deeds.

NONE CAN HARM HIM WHO DOES NOT INJURE HIMSELF 17

Daniel 3:16

Observe that they [the young men] by a special dispensation are ignorant of the future, for if they had foreknown, there would have been nothing wonderful in their doing what they did. For what marvel is it if, when they had a guarantee of safety, they defied all terrors? Then God indeed would have been glorified in that he was able to deliver them from the furnace, but they would not have been wondered at, inasmuch as they would not have cast themselves into dangers. For this reason, he caused them to be ignorant of the future that he might glorify them the more. And as they cautioned the king that he was not to condemn God of weakness though they might be burned, so God accomplished both purposes: manifesting his own power and making even more obvious the zeal of the children.… And so they entered into the fire; manifesting all courage and gentleness and doing nothing for reward or for compensation or return.… We also have already our compensation, for indeed we have it in that we have been given the full knowledge of him, being made members of Christ.

HOMILIES ON 1 CORINTHIANS 28:6

Daniel 3:26

“You servants of the most high God, come forth and come here!” How are they to come forth, O king? Did you not cast them into the fire bound? But because they sang praises to God, they were saved. The fire reverenced their readiness to suffer, and afterwards it reverenced that wonderful song and their hymns of praise. By what title do you then call them? As I noted earlier, “You servants of the most high God.” Yes, to the servants of God all things are possible; for if some, who are the servants of people, have, just so, power and authority … much more have the servants of God. He called them by the name most delightful to them; he knew that by this means he flattered them most; for indeed, if it was in order to continue to be servants of God that they entered into the fire, there could be no sound more delightful to them than this. Had he called them kings, had he called them lords of the world, yet he would not have brought them joy as when he called them “servants of the most high God.”

HOMILIES ON EPHESIANS 8

Daniel 3:28-30

“Blessed be God who has sent his angel.” … For how can it be otherwise than astonishing for the emperor of the world, with so many arms around him, and legions, and generals, and viceroys, and consuls and land and sea subject to his sway, to be despised by captive children; for the bound to overcome the binder and conquer all that army? Neither was there any power in the king and his company to do what they would, no, not even with the furnaces for an ally. But they who were naked, and slaves, and strangers and few (for what number could be more contemptible than three?), being in chains, vanquished an innumerable army. For already now was death despised, since Christ was henceforth about to sojourn in the world. And as when the sun is on the point of rising, even before his rays appear the light of the day grows bright; so also when the Sun of righteousness was about to come, death henceforth began to withdraw himself. What could be more splendid than that theater? What more conspicuous than that victory?

HOMILIES ON 1 CORINTHIANS 18:5

Daniel 3:28-30

Contemplate with me how he [the king] at first proclaims the Arbiter of the contest: “Blessed be God.” … This he proclaims as regards the power of God. He speaks also of the virtue of the combatants: “Because they trusted in him.” … Could anything equal the virtue of this? Before this, when they said, “We will not serve your gods,” he was inflamed more fiercely than the very furnace; but now, when by their deeds they had taught him this, he was so far from being indignant that he praised and admired them for not having obeyed him! So good a thing is virtue that it has even its enemies themselves to applaud and admire it! These young men had fought and conquered, but the vanquished party gave thanks that the sight of the fire had not terrified them but that the hope in their Lord had comforted them.… For this reason he both applauds those who had despised him, and passing by so many governors, kings and princes, those who had obeyed him, he stands in admiration of the three captives and slaves who derided his tyranny! For they did these things not for the sake of contention but for th…

Contemplate with me how he [the king] at first proclaims the Arbiter of the contest: “Blessed be God.” … This he proclaims as regards the power of God. He speaks also of the virtue of the combatants: “Because they trusted in him.” … Could anything equal the virtue of this? Before this, when they said, “We will not serve your gods,” he was inflamed more fiercely than the very furnace; but now, when by their deeds they had taught him this, he was so far from being indignant that he praised and admired them for not having obeyed him! So good a thing is virtue that it has even its enemies themselves to applaud and admire it! These young men had fought and conquered, but the vanquished party gave thanks that the sight of the fire had not terrified them but that the hope in their Lord had comforted them.… For this reason he both applauds those who had despised him, and passing by so many governors, kings and princes, those who had obeyed him, he stands in admiration of the three captives and slaves who derided his tyranny! For they did these things not for the sake of contention but for the love of wisdom; not of defiance but of devotion; not being puffed up with pride but on fire with zeal. For great indeed is the blessing of a hope in God.

HOMILIES CONCERNING THE STATUES 6:13

Daniel 3:29

There is none, there is no remedy better able to destroy sins than to continually recall them and to continually accuse oneself. In this way the publican could cancel his innumerable sins by saying, “God, have mercy on me, a sinner.” And thus also the Pharisee remained unjustified because, taking no care to think of his own sins, he condemned everyone else, saying, “I am not like other people, greedy and avaricious, or even like this publican.” Thus also Paul exhorted, “Let each one examine his own conduct, and then he will find reason to boast only in himself and not in others.” Did you know that even in the Old Testament the righteous accused themselves? Listen to them speak as with one voice. David said, “My iniquities have gone over my head. They oppress me like a heavy burden.” And Isaiah cried out, “Woe is me, wretched man, because I am a man of unclean lips!” The three young men, while they were in the furnace and offered their bodies to death for God, counted themselves among the greatest of sinners, saying, “We have sinned, we have done every kind of evil.” And yet what was…

There is none, there is no remedy better able to destroy sins than to continually recall them and to continually accuse oneself. In this way the publican could cancel his innumerable sins by saying, “God, have mercy on me, a sinner.” And thus also the Pharisee remained unjustified because, taking no care to think of his own sins, he condemned everyone else, saying, “I am not like other people, greedy and avaricious, or even like this publican.” Thus also Paul exhorted, “Let each one examine his own conduct, and then he will find reason to boast only in himself and not in others.” Did you know that even in the Old Testament the righteous accused themselves? Listen to them speak as with one voice. David said, “My iniquities have gone over my head. They oppress me like a heavy burden.” And Isaiah cried out, “Woe is me, wretched man, because I am a man of unclean lips!” The three young men, while they were in the furnace and offered their bodies to death for God, counted themselves among the greatest of sinners, saying, “We have sinned, we have done every kind of evil.” And yet what was more brilliant, more pure than they? And even if they had committed some sins, the nature of the flames would have cancelled all of them. They did not look at their virtues, however, but thought of their sins. - "On the Obscurity of Prophecies 2.9"

Daniel 4:1

Observe the piety of the children: they showed no indignation, no anger, no gainsaying, but they came forth … as though they were going forth from heaven itself.… And what the prophet says of the sun, that “he is as a bridegroom going out of his chamber,” so one could also say such a thing of them. But though he [the sun] goes forth [like the bridegroom], yet did they come out with even more glory than he, for he indeed goes forth to enlighten the world with natural light, they to enlighten the world in a different way, I mean, spiritually. For because of them the king immediately issued a decree, “The signs and wonders that the most high God has worked for me I am pleased to recount.” … So they went forth, shedding a yet more glorious radiance, beaming indeed in that very region, even more so by way of the king’s writings, being diffused over the world and thus dispelling the darkness that everywhere prevails.

HOMILIES ON EPHESIANS 8

Daniel 4:26

Do you not see that when the prophet [Daniel] gave that excellent advice to Nebuchadnezzar, he did not merely consider the poor; but what?… Give up your wealth not that others may be fed but that you may escape punishment. And Christ says, “Go and sell what you possess, and give it to the poor … and come follow me.” … Virginity and fasting and lying on the ground are more difficult than this, but nothing is so strong and powerful to extinguish the fire of our sins as almsgiving. It is greater than all other virtues. It places the lover of it by the side of the king, and justly.… Almsgiving extends to all and embraces the members of Christ, and actions that extend their effects to many are far greater than those that are confined to one. Almsgiving is the mother of love, of that love which is the characteristic of Christianity, which is greater than all miracles by which the disciples of Christ are made plain. It is the medicine of our sins, the cleansing of the filth of our souls, the ladder fixed to heaven; it binds together the body of Christ.

HOMILIES ON TITUS 6

Daniel 4:26

Do you wish that I should speak of the ways of repentance? They are many and various and different, and all lead to heaven … a fourth way is almsgiving. For Daniel said to Nebuchadnezzar, when he had come to all kinds of evil and had entered on all impiety, “O king, let my counsel be acceptable to you.” … What could be compared with this act of compassion? After countless sins, after so many transgressions, he is promised that he will be reconciled with him whom he has had conflict with if only he will show kindness to his own fellow servants.… So we have shown you five ways to repentance: first the condemnation of sins, next the forgiveness of our neighbor’s sins, third that which comes of prayer, fourth that which comes of almsgiving, fifth that which comes of humility. Do not then be lazy, but walk in this day by day.

CONCERNING THE POWER OF DEMONS, HOMILY 2:6